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J H Kim J K Lee H S Yoo N R Shin N S Shin K H Lee D Y Kim 《Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation》2002,14(3):260-262
Endocarditis associated with Escherichia coli was diagnosed in a 2-year-old male California sea lion (Zalophus californianus). The diagnosis was based on light microscopic examination and bacterial isolation from the valvular lesion. This is the first case of bacterial endocarditis reported in a sea lion. 相似文献
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Tsuneo Sato Tomomi Higuchi Hisashi Shibuya Shigeo Ohba Sadao Nogami Wataru Shirai Hideaki Watanabe Shigeaki Honda 《Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine》2002,33(4):367-370
A 28-yr-old female California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) in a commercial aquarium developed an ulcerated lingual tumor and died. Necropsy revealed a moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma. Immunohistochemical staining and electron microscopic studies revealed that the tumor cells were strongly positive with anti-keratin-cytokeratin antibody and had abundant tonofibrils and desmosomes. The neoplasm had metastasized to a mandibular lymph node. 相似文献
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An approximately 31-yr-old California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) with a history of chronic visual impairment and corneal disease presented with slow onset, progressive neurologic deficits. Treatment for rear flipper paresis was not effective and the animal was euthanatized. Histopathologic findings included hepatocellular and biliary neoplasia, ocular amyloidosis, adrenal adenoma and pheochromocytoma, and spinal cord changes consistent with multicentric neurofibromatosis. This is the first documentation of these conditions in a California sea lion. 相似文献
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Johanna Sherrill George M Peavy Mark J Kopit Michael M Garner Chris H Gardiner Lance M Adams 《Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine》2004,35(2):232-241
Laser rhinoscopy was used to treat a nasal obstruction in a captive California sea lion (Zalophus californianus). The rehabilitated, adult, female sea lion developed mucopurulent, intermittent, bilateral nasal discharge and functional nasal obstruction 20 mo after acquisition by the Aquarium of the Pacific in Long Beach, California. A 3-mm-thick soft tissue structure spanning the region between the soft and hard palates, a deviated nasal septum, and several nasopharyngeal polyps were identified. Biopsies and cultures of the obstructive web showed ulcerative granulation tissue with suppurative inflammation, bacterial infection, and a partial section of an arthropod larva (not speciated). Laser rhinoscopy was performed to relieve the caudal nasopharyngeal obstruction and ablate the polyps. The sea lion appeared to breathe through the nares with lessened nasal discharge for a period of 6 wk after laser therapy, but within 8 wk the mucopurulent nasal discharge returned, the obstruction had reformed, and the sea lion was euthanized. Postmortem examination confirmed antemortem diagnoses of caudal nasopharyngeal obstruction secondary to inflammatory tissue; however, no additional sections of arthropod parasites were located microscopically. 相似文献
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Sophie Dennison Frances Gulland Martin Haulena Helio De Morais Kathleen Colegrove 《Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine》2007,38(1):114-120
Nephrolithiasis has rarely been reported in marine mammals. During 2004 and 2005, two cases of nephrolithiasis were diagnosed during routine necropsy examination, one in a northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris) and one in a California sea lion (Zalophus californianus). Nephroliths were found throughout both kidneys during necropsy examination, varying in size from 1-10 mm in diameter in the northern elephant seal and from 1-15 mm in diameter in the California sea lion. Necropsy and histopathology revealed nephroliths in association with renal pelvic dilation and pyelonephritis in both animals. In addition, hydronephrosis was noted in the sea lion. Nephroliths were composed of uric acid and ammonium urate in the northern elephant seal and of ammonium urate in the California sea lion. The underlying disease leading to nephrolith formation was not determined; however, it is hypothesized that unknown metabolic derangements due to morphologic or physiologic differences may have played a role. This is the first report of urate nephrolithiasis in the California sea lion and northern elephant seal. 相似文献
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Field CL Tuttle AD Sidor IF Nyaoke A Deering KM Gilbert-Marcheterre K Risatti G Spoon T Meegan J Romano TA Frasca S Dunn JL 《Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine》2012,43(1):144-152
A 6-yr-old, intact male California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) with a systemic mycosis died after 5 wk of antifungal drug therapy. Antemortem clinical findings included hind flipper swelling, ring-lesions on skin of the flippers, and dermal nodules that increased in size and number spreading from the hind flippers and ventral abdomen to the foreflippers and muzzle. Lesions were accompanied by severe lymphadenopathy and development of systemic clinical signs despite therapy using itraconazole and later voriconazole. Histopathologic evaluation of biopsies revealed granulomatous dermatitis due to infection by fungus-producing yeast cells in tissue. Isolation attempts, using biopsied skin and tissue samples collected at necropsy, failed to yield growth of a fungus producing yeast cells like those in histologic section. Consensus polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests of biopsied skin for fungal DNA produced an amplicon having significant sequence identity with a Cystofilobasidiales, a fungus belonging to a subclade that includes several Cryptococcus spp. Histopathologic evaluation of necropsy tissues revealed a systemic mycosis with yeast cells disseminated throughout subcutis, lymph nodes, and viscera. Hepatic necrosis was identified associated with acute liver failure, possibly from the voriconazole administration. This is the first report documenting the clinical presentation, treatment, and pathologic findings of infection associated with Cystofilobasidiales in a marine mammal and serves to expand the understanding of mycoses in pinnipeds. 相似文献
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Sathya K Chinnadurai Arnaud Van Wettere Keith E Linder Craig A Harms Ryan S DeVoe 《Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine》2008,39(2):274-278
A 16-yr-old, captive-born, female California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) was evaluated for intermittent lethargy, partial anorexia, and polydipsia of 2 wk duration. The animal was immobilized for physical examination. It was in thin body condition, with multifocal mucosal ulcerations over the caudal and ventral tongue. Blood was collected for hematology, serum chemistry, and leptospirosis serology. Serum chemistry revealed severe azotemia, mild hyperglycemia, and severe hyperphosphatemia. The animal went into cardiac arrest during recovery from anesthesia and died. On histopathology, abundant amorphous, finely fibrillar, eosinophilic material was deposited in the kidneys, and smaller amounts of the same material were found in the splenic and pancreatic vessels; these findings are consistent with systemic secondary amyloidosis. The animal also had chronic nephritis, which, coupled with renal amyloidosis, resulted in renal failure and death. Systemic amyloidosis should be considered as an additional differential diagnosis for renal failure in California sea lions. 相似文献
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L S Zwick M B Briggs S S Tunev C A Lichtensteiger R D Murnane 《Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine》2000,31(2):211-214
Two captive California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) from different facilities were diagnosed with disseminated blastomycosis. The first, a 12-yr-old male, died after a 3-wk history of progressive anorexia and lethargy. Gross examination revealed acute jejunitis with focal perforation and associated peritonitis, along with severe purulent bronchopneumonia. The second, a 15-yr-old female, was euthanized after a 2-wk history of severe cutaneous ulceration and declining clinical condition. Gross examination revealed severe pyogranulomatous bronchopneumonia and ulcerative dermatitis. Histopathologic examination in both individuals revealed severe multifocal subacute to chronic pyogranulomatous pneumonia associated with massive numbers of fungal organisms morphologically compatible with Blastomyces sp. Fungal organisms were 8-20-microm-diameter broad-based budding yeasts with thick, refractile, double-contoured walls. The male sea lion had multifocal transmural Blastomyces-induced enteritis with subsequent rupture and peritonitis. The organism was also present in the liver, with minimal associated inflammation. The female had severe multifocal pyogranulomatous ulcerative dermatitis associated with large numbers of intralesional fungal organisms. Dissemination to the spleen had occurred in both animals. A serologic immunodiffusion test for Blastomyces dermatitidis was positive in the male. The presumptive primary pathogen in both cases was Blastomyces dermatitidis. 相似文献
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A 23-year-old captive female California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) developed an inferiotemporal subconjunctival swelling of the right eye. Surgical excision of the mass was performed and a diagnosis of orbital fat prolapse was confirmed histopathologically. There was no recurrence of orbital fat prolapse at 15 months post operatively. This is the first known case of orbital fat prolapse in the California sea lion. 相似文献
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Hernández-Castro R Martínez-Chavarría L Díaz-Avelar A Romero-Osorio A Godínez-Reyes C Zavala-González A Verdugo-Rodríguez A 《Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)》2005,170(3):359-363
Nasal swab samples from clinically healthy California sea lions pups (Zalophus californianus) from six different reproductive rookeries in the Gulf of California were collected to determine the type and frequency of the representative aerobic bacterial microflora of their nasal mucosa. A total of 114 samples were examined and 100 bacterial isolates were identified and typified by microbiological and biochemical standard tests. Fifty four isolates corresponded to Gram positive bacteria (54%) and 46 isolates to Gram negative bacteria (46%). Fifteen bacterial genera were identified, including Micrococcus, Arcanobacterium, Corynebacterium, Moraxella, Neisseria, Escherichia, Kurthia, Acinetobacter, Staphylococcus, Brevibacillus, Bacillus, Klebsiella, Stenotrophomonas, Pseudomonas and Aeromonas. The most frequently isolated genera were Moraxella (24%), Micrococcus (18%), and Corynebacterium (15%). These results show the presence in the nasal cavity of sea lions of several microorganisms. Although considered part of the normal microflora, they may also be opportunistic pathogens for their hosts and may act as a potential natural sentinel of environmental changes. 相似文献
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King DP Hure MC Goldstein T Aldridge BM Gulland FM Saliki JT Buckles EL Lowenstine LJ Stott JL 《Veterinary microbiology》2002,86(1-2):131-137
The incidence of neoplasia in California sea lions (CSLs) is considered to be unusually high. Electron microscopic examination of some of these urogenital tumours revealed the presence of virions with typical herpes-like structure. While current attempts to cultivate this virus have not been successful, molecular studies employing DNA extracted from tumour tissues allowed both the classification of the agent and its identification in tumours and archived tissue samples. Two genome fragments generated using degenerate primers in PCR demonstrated highest identities with other mammalian gammaherpesviruses. Phylogenetic analysis showed that this novel virus, tentatively designated Otarine herpesvirus-1 (OtHV-1), grouped with members of the gammaherpesvirus subfamily and was distinct from PHV-2, a previously described pinniped gammaherpesvirus. An OtHV-1 specific PCR was established and used to investigate the presence of this virus in CSL tissues. PCR of DNA isolated from animals with these tumours, demonstrated that this virus was present in 100% (16/16) of tumours. Furthermore, DNA extracted from archived brain and muscle tissues was also positive in 29% (4/14) and 50% (7/14) of cases examined. This preliminary study provides evidence to support the hypothesis that the presence of this novel gammaherpesvirus is a factor in the development of urogenital carcinoma in CSLs. 相似文献
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Nine free-ranging Galápagos sea lions were immobilised for marking, using a combination of ketamine (3 to 5 mg per kg) and xylazine (0.5 to 1.0 mg per kg). The degree of effect depended largely on the animals' behavioural and physiological state before immobilisation (after parturition, high arousal, subject to aggression, etc.) All nine animals survived. Overheating in the immobilised state may quickly result in heart and circulatory failures. 相似文献
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Yamaya Y Ohba S Koie H Watari T Tokuriki M Tanaka S 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2006,33(5):302-306
OBJECTIVE: To (1) evaluate a purpose-built chamber for inducing isoflurane anaesthesia in sea lions and (2) assess isoflurane as an anaesthetic for dental surgery in these species. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective case study. ANIMALS: Four sea lions, aged between 5 and 12 years and weighing 74-110 kg, with dental disease. METHODS: Sea lions were restrained in a custom-built acrylic chamber into which 5% isoflurane (vapourizer setting) was delivered in O(2) (30 L minute(-1)) from three anaesthetic machines. When the animals were recumbent, the chamber was opened and induction completed using a face mask. Anaesthesia was maintained with 1.5-3.0% isoflurane (vapourizer setting) for 10-15 minutes and after tracheal intubation, was maintained with 1.0-3.0% isoflurane (end-tidal) for 41-255 minutes, using a partial rebreathing system with CO(2) absorption. RESULTS: During induction, the sea lions attempted to support their weight on their thoracic limbs before slipping into sternal or lateral recumbency. Sea lions underwent either root canal surgery, 'crowning' or canine tooth extraction. The animals were completely unresponsive during these operations and apnoea was never encountered at any point during anaesthesia. After surgery, the sea lions were placed into transport cages and their tracheae extubated once they began to move their heads. Thereafter, recovery from anaesthesia was smooth and no signs of distress were observed. Animals were able to raise their forequarters using their flippers within 1 hour of the operation and were returned to the aquarium about 2 hours after surgery. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The purpose-built induction chamber is safe for inducing isoflurane anaesthesia in spontaneously breathing sea lions and isoflurane is an effective anaesthetic in this species. 相似文献
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Stringer EM Van Bonn W Chinnadurai SK Gulland FM 《Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine》2012,43(2):233-239
The objective of this study was to identify risk factors associated with perianesthetic mortality of stranded free-ranging California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) undergoing rehabilitation. Hospital records of California sea lions that underwent heavy sedation or general anesthesia from 2004 through 2008 were reviewed, including records from 419 anesthetic events. Procedures that resulted in death during or in the subsequent 72 hr of anesthesia were classified as cases (n = 15). Procedures in which the animal survived were classified as controls (n = 334). Procedures that resulted in euthanasia (n = 70) were removed from subsequent analysis. The following risk factors were reviewed: gender, age class, health status, duration of anesthetic period, atropine premedication, induction protocols, maintenance protocols, and history of prior anesthesia. The prevalence of fatalities during anesthesia was 3.4% (n = 12) over the 5-yr period. With the inclusion of animals that died within 72 hr after anesthesia, the total mortality prevalence rose to 4.3% (n = 15). The most common time of death was during anesthetic maintenance. Health status was the single best predictor of anesthetic outcome, and sea lions premedicated with atropine had increased odds of anesthetic-related death. 相似文献
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Over 100 free-ranging adult California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) and one Northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus), predominantly adult females, were intoxicated by domoic acid (DA) during three harmful algal blooms between 1998 and 2000 in central and northern California coastal waters. The vector prey item was Northern anchovy (Engraulis mordax) and the primary DA-producing algal diatom was Psuedonitzschia australis. Postmortem examination revealed gross and histologic findings that were distinctive and aided in diagnosis. A total of 109 sea lions were examined, dying between 1 day and 10 months after admission to a marine mammal rehabilitation center. Persistent seizures with obtundation were the main clinical findings. Frequent gross findings in animals dying acutely consisted of piriform lobe malacia, myocardial pallor, bronchopneumonia, and complications related to pregnancy. Gross findings in animals dying months after intoxication included bilateral hippocampal atrophy. Histologic observations implicated limbic system seizure injury consistent with excitotoxin exposure. Peracutely, there was microvesicular hydropic degeneration within the neuropil of the hippocampus, amygdala, pyriform lobe, and other limbic structures. Acutely, there was ischemic neuronal necrosis, particularly apparent in the granular cells of the dentate gyrus and the pyramidal cells within the hippocampus cornu ammonis (CA) sectors CA4, CA3, and CA1. Dentate granular cell necrosis has not been reported in human or experimental animal DA toxicity and may be unique to sea lions. Chronically, there was gliosis, mild nonsuppurative inflammation, and loss of laminar organization in affected areas. 相似文献