DEGRADATION OF DICAMBA IN PRAIRIE SOILS

Summary. Electron-capture gas chromatography was used to detect dicamba residues in three prairie soils, and the breakdown under different moisture conditions was studied. At rates equivalent to 1·1 kg/ha degradation was rapid in all soils at 25°C and at moisture levels in excess of the wilting point, with over 50% of the applied dicamba being dissipated in 2 weeks. Negligible breakdown occurred in the sterile soils, over a 4–week period, indicating that microbial decomposition could be an important factor contributing to dicamba degradation.
The persistence of dicamba was investigated under field conditions at three locations using small plots. Applications equivalent to 1·1 kg/ha were made in October 1971 for analysis in May 1972, and in May 1972 for analysis in August 1972. At both sampling dates no dicamha residues were detected in any of the treatments at the 0–5, 5–10 or 10–15 cm soil levels.
Degradation du dicamba dans les sots de prairies     

FACTORS AFFECTING THE ACTIVITY OF DI-ALLATE AND TRI-ALLATE

Summary. Factors investigated included the susceptibility of Avena fatua L. at various stages of growth, the amount of moisture needed to activate di-allate in Regina heavy clay, the vapour action of di-allate in soil, the effect of organic matter on the availability of di-allate, and the persistence of di-allate and tri-allate in Regina heavy clay.
A. fatua sown at depths of 5–15 cm was killed by di-allate or tri-allate. as were seedlings treated at the 15–2-leaf stage. Seedlings of spring wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) survived rates of 24 oz/ac if the shoots were 1–3 cm long prior to exposure.
When di-allate at 16 oz/ac was mixed with a 5 cm layer of Regina heavy clay (wilting point 19–6%) slightly less than 15% soil moisture was required to give complete control of A.fatua. Further experiments indicated that a large percentage of A. fatua seedlings were killed by the action of di-allate vapour in the soil.
In other tests the activity of di-allate and tri-allate was reduced when the percentage of organic matter in the soil was increased by adding peat. This could explain why there is little damage to wheat sown in treated soil of high organic content while similar rates can cause extensive damage in soils of low organic content.
Under comparable conditions tri-allate persisted for a longer period in the soil than di-allate. Both chemicals exhibited a lag period after which their breakdown appeared to follow a first-order reaction. Differences in the period of persistence were attributed to a much longer lag period and a slightly slower rate of biological breakdown for tri-allate as compared to di-allate.
Facteurs affectant l'activité du di-allate et du tri-allate     

RESIDUAL ACTIVITY OF PARAQUAT IN SOILS II. ADSORPTION AND DESORPTION

Glasshouse studies showed that low doses of paraquat inhibited the germination of Lolium perenne L. broadcast directly onto the paraquat-sprayed surfaces of a sphagnum and a peat soil, but that higher doses were necessary to produce phytotoxic symptoms on mineral soils, a compost and a loam. On all soils residual activity increased rapidly with increasing dose once the minimum phytotoxic dose was reached. On a sandy soil, residual activity increased almost linearly from the lowest to the highest dose applied. At 9·0, 4·5 and 2·24 kg/ha phytotoxicity on a compost was not affected by changes in the volume of application, but at 1·68 kg/ha and lower, reducing the volume from 562 1/ha to 281 and 112 1/ha resulted in increased phytotoxicity. Phytotoxic residues were eluted from paraquat-treated compost surfaces by percolating de-ionized water up soil columns but residual activity was not removed from the eluted surfaces. Surface irrigation of paraquat-treated surfaces with water previously percolated through columns of untreated soil reduced residual activity by 45%.     

FACTORS AFFECTING THE LOSS OF TRI-ALLATE FROM SOILS

Summary. Electron-capture gas chromatography was used to detect tri-allate residues in persistence studies with two soils. At rates equivalent to 0–75, 15 and 3 Ib/ac, 50% of the amount applied was degraded in 8–11 weeks at 25°C in moist Regina heavy clay and Weyburn loam. No loss occurred in sterile soils, indicating that microbial degradation may be a, major factor contributing to tri-allate breakdown.
When aqueous solutions buffered at pH 4–8 were held at 25° G, only 10–15% of the tri-allate was chemically degraded during 24 weeks.
At the normal field rate of 1·25 Ib/ac, tri-allate was not readily leached. From soil columns of Weyburn loam, 5–7% was eluted by 9 in. of water; with clay the corresponding value was 12–13% of the amount applied. When field plots were sprayed with 125 lb/ac in April, tri-allate could still be detected until the soil froze in November.
Facteurs agissant sur la perte de tri-allate dans les sots     

CHLORTHAL DEGRADATION IN SOILS AND ITS UPTAKE BY PINE SEEDLINGS

Summary. Similar chlorthal (dimethyl 2,3,.5,6-tetrachloroterephthalate) degradation patterns were found in pot cultures of white pine and Monterey pine grown in a sandy soil and in fallow cultures of the same soil. After 120 days, the content of chlorthal plus its degradation products (as measured by ¹⁴C-activity) had decreased to 37% in the fallow and white pine cultures. A somewhat slower rate of degradation in soil (average 45%*C-activity remaining) was observed for the Monterey pine cultures. Thus in 120 days, 55–63% of the added chlorthal had been lost from the soil system. A negligible amount of this could be accounted for by plant uptake. After 60 days of growth the rate of degradation in soil was greatly curtailed suggesting that the accumulated degradation produces were able to inhibit the further degradation of the herbicide.
Analysis of *C-labelled extracts from the pine tissue showed that uptake of chlorthal varied from 0–25 to 1–2% of the total amount of the chemical added to the soil. Degraded, as well as intact chlorthal, were found in both Monterey and white pine tissue. Very limited mobility of chlorthal in the plant was observed and the concentration in the shoots was less than 10 pm. About 80% of the absorbed chlorthal remained in the root systems. Plant growth led to a rapid dilution of absorbed chlorthal. The growth of both species of pine was rapid and apparently healthy in chlorthal-treated soil and comparable to that of the control plants.     

ADSORPTION AND DESORPTION OF SIMAZINE BY SOME ROTHAMSTED SOILS

Summary. The adsorption of simazine from, and subsequent desorption into, 0–01 M calcium chloride solution was investigated using twenty-three Rothamsted soil samples from sites differing greatly in cropping history and manurial treatment. Organic carbon content was the only factor related to the ability of the soils to sorb simazine; this accounted for 90% or more of the variation between soils Equilibrium was attained during adsorption in from fewer than 2 to more than 24 hr. Equilibrium during desorption was only occasionally attained within 24 hr. Differences between theoretically predicted and measured concentrations of simazine in solution following desorption were least for soils that attained equilibrium fastest during adsorption. Differences in adsorption and desorption kinetics between soils could not be related to soil pH, organic carbon content or cropping and manuring history. Comparisons of unlimed and limed soils suggested that no simnazine was lost by acid hydrolysis during the experiments.
Adsorption et désorption de la simazine par quelques sols de Rothamsted     

THE ADSORPTION OF UREA AND SOME OF ITS DERIVATIVES BY A VARIETY OF SOILS

Summary. The absorption of urea and a number of its derivatives by different soils was investigated using a slurry-type procedure. The materials could be listed in the following order of increasing tendancy to be adsorbed: urea, fenuron, methylurea, phenylurea, monuron, monolinuron, diuron. linuron, neburon and chloroxuron. Both N -aryl and N -alkyl substituents appeared to play a part in adsorption. Increasing chain length in the alkyl substituents and chloro- and chlorophenoxy substitution in the aryl substituent increased adsorption. There was no relationship between adsorption and water solubility.
Organic matter content was the only soil property that could be related to adsorptive capacity. The evidence of Langmuir isothermal equilibrium plots suggests that only a fraction of the total soil surface is available for the adsorption of substituted ureas.
L'adsorption Je l'uré de ses dérivés sur dfférents sols     

苏云金素在水中和植株上的衰减与残留

用ＨＰＬＣ检测了苏云金素在鱼塘水和清水中的衰减速率。清水中该物质的半衰期长达４３３小时；在鱼塘水中苏云素的衰减呈双指数消除模型，开始消除半衰期为２．４３－１０．６８小时，终末消除半衰期为１２８．５７－１４２．０１小时。     

甲基托布津在小麦和土壤中的降解与残留研究

采用高压液相色谱法研究甲基托布津在土壤及小麦中的消解动态和两年三地在小麦中的残留。其原理是将甲基托布津定量转化为它的有毒代谢物多菌灵进行检测。该方法的回收率达80%以上,在麦粒、土壤、麦秆、小麦鲜绿茎叶中最小检测浓度分别为0.03、0.03、0.05和0.05ppm。甲基托布津在土壤中的半衰期约1.3—2.75天。田间试验结果表明,按照推荐的剂量施药,在杭州、苏州地区最终残留低于允许标准0.1ppm,在北京地区,施药2次,其残留略有超过。     

绿洲吨粮田土肥因素的分析

分析论证绿洲吨粮田土肥因素,结果表明培肥提高地力任务之艰巨。同时,为了良田常在,永续利用,必须改变单一种植业结构,农、林、牧相结合,科学地轮作施肥管理,方可实现生态良性循环的持续农业。     

THE PERSISTENCE AND MOVEMENT OF FLUORODIFEN IN SOILS AND PLANTS

Summary. Miller clay and Lufkin sandy loam soils were treated with fluorodifen (4-nitrophenyl 2-nitro-4-trifluoromethylphenyl ether) at 3–4 and 5 kg/ha. The disappearance was monitored using electron-capture gas chromatography. Less than 10% of the herbicide remained 6 months after application. Persistence was increased by incorporation in the loam but not in the clay soil. Little leaching was detected in either soil. Fluorodifen was applied to both roots and leaves of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), grain sorghum (Sorghum vulgare Pers.), peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) and morning glory (Ipomoea purpurea L.). The herbicide was absorbed by the treated tissue, but limited trans-location into other plant parts was detected by gas chromatography, autoradiography and liquid scintillation spectrometry. Following root application, higher concentrations of fluorodifen were found in the lower stems of morning glory and grain sorghum than in other species. La persistance et la migration du fluorodifene dans divers sols et plantes Résumé. De I'argile de Miller et des sols sablo-limoneux de Lufkin ont été traités avec du fluorodiféne (4-nitrophényl 2-nitro-4-trifluorométhylphényl éther) à 3, 4 et 5 kg/ha. La degradation a été suivie en utilisant la chromatographic en phase gazcuse avec détecteur à capture d'électrons. Aprés 6 mois d'application il ne fut détecté que moins de 10% de l'herbicide. La persistance fut accrue par l'incorporation dans le sol limoneux mais non dans le sol argileux; il ne fut mis en évidence qu'un faible lessivage dans les deux sols. Le fluorodifene fut appliquéà la fois sur les racines et sur les feuilles du soja (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), le sorgho à grains (Sorghum vulgare Pers.), l'arachide (Arachis hypogaea L.) et le volubilis (Ipomoea purpurea L.). L'herbicide fut absorbs par les tissus traites, mais il ne fut décelé qu'une migration limitée dans les autres parties de la plante, au moyen de la chromatographie en phase gazeuse, de l'autoradiographie, et de la spectrométrie à scintillation liquide. A la suite d'application par les racines, les concentrations de fluorodifene constatées dans les tiges basses du volubilis et dans le sorgho à grain furent supérieures à celles trouvées dans les autres espéces. Persistenz und Translokation von Fluorodifen in Böden und Pflanzen Zusammenfassung. Miller-Ton und Lufkin-Lehmboden wurden mit 3,5 und 5 kg/ha Fluorodifen (4-NitrGphenyl 2-nitro-4-trifluoromethyIphenylather) behandelt. Der Verlust der Aktivsubstanz wurde mit Hilfe der Elektroneneinfang-Gaschromatographic bestimmt. Sechs Monate nach der Behandlung waren weniger als 10% der ursprünglich ausgebrachten Aktivsubstanz noch nachweisbar. Die Persistenz war im Lehmboden, nicht jedoch im Tonboden, durch Inkorporation erhöht; in keinem Boden war nennens-werte Einwaschung zu beobachten. Fluorodifen wurde bei Sojabohnen (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), Körner-Hirse (Sorghum vulgare Pers.), Erdnuss (Arachis hypogaea L.) und Ipomoea purpurea L. sowohl über das Blatt als auch über die Wurzel angewandt. Das Herbizid wurde in das brhandelte Gewebe aufgenommen. Es erfolgte jedoch nur cine geringe Translokation in andere Pflanzenteile, wie die Untersuchung mit Hilfe der Gaschromatographic, Autoradio-graphic und Flüssigkeits-Scintiliations-Spectrometrie ergab. Nach Wurzelapplikation wurden in den unteren Sprossteilen von Ipomoea purpurea und Sorghum vulgare grössere Fluorodifen-Konzentrationen gefunden als bei den anderen Arten.     

定虫隆在大白菜上的残留研究

1988、1989年在北京和四川两地对定虫隆在大白菜和土壤中的消解与残留进行了研究。结果表明,定虫隆在大白菜中的消解较快,半衰期为4—6天,但在土壤中消解缓慢,半衰期为69—186天。按推荐剂量和次数施药,大白菜最终残留量均低于最大残留限量(MRL)0.5ppm。     

THE DEGRADATION OF TRIAZINE AND URACIL HERBICIDES IN SOIL*

Summary. The rates of degradation of three triazine and two uracil herbicides were followed at 13·2 and 31·2°C in one soil. Soil was treated with 8 ppm of 2-chloro-4-ethyl-amino-6-isopropylamino-1,3,5-triazine (atrazine), 2-chloro-4,6-bisethylamino-1,3,5-triazine (simazine), 2-mcthylthio-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-1,3,5-triazine (ametryne), 3-sec-butyl-5-bromo-6-methyluracil (bromacil) and 3-tert-butyl-5-chloro-6-methyluracil (terbacil) and monthly samples analysed chemically to determine the amounts remaining. Evaluation of the rate constant at two temperatures permitted calculation of the energy of activation from the Arrhenius equation. It was determined to a first approximation that soil degradation followed a first order rate law with no lag period and that the rate could be related to molecular structure. The energies of activation in kcals/mole were: atrazine 10-8, simazine 9-2, ametryne 6-1, bromacil 3-0, and terbacil 6-1. These values suggest breakage of the common carbon-chlorine bond in atrazine and simazine but breakage of a different bond in ametryne. Examination of bond energies and known mechanisms of breakdown for triazines supported the hypothesis of breakage of the bond at the two position. The data on decomposition of the uracils indicate that the carbon-halogen bond was broken in each molecule. Dégradation des triazines et des uraciles herbicides dans le sol Résumé. Les taux de dégradation de trois triazines et de deux uraciles herbicides ont été observés α 13,2 et 31,2° C dans un sol. Ce sol a été traitéà la concentration de 8 ppm avec la 2-chloro-4-éthyIainino-6-isopropylamino-1,3,5-triazine (atrazine), la 2-chloro-4,6-biséthylamino-l,3,5-triazine (simazine), la 2 méthylthio-4-éthylamino-6-isopropylamino-1,3,5-triazine (amétryne), le 3-sec-butyl-5-bromo-6-méthyluracile (bromacil) et le 3-tert-butyl-5-chloro-6-méthyluracile (terbacil). Des échunlillons ont été analysés chimiquement tous les mois pour déterminer les résidus. L'évaluation du taux constant à deux températures a permis le calcul de l'energie d'activation d'aprés l'équation d'Arrhenius. Selon une premiére approximation, la dégradation a suivi une loi de taux de premier ordre sans période de retard et le taux peut être reliéà la structure moléculaire. Les énergies d'activation en kcals/mole furent: atrazine 10,8, simazine 9,2, amétryne 6,1, bromacil 3,0 et terbacil 6,1. Ces valeurs suggérent une rupture d'une liaison carbone-chlore dans I'atrazine et la simazine mais la rupture d'une liaison différente dans l'amétryne. L'examen des énergies de liaison et des mécanismes connus de dégradation pour les triazines amène à formuler l'hypothése de la rupture d'une liaison en position deux. Les résultats relatifs aux uraciles indiquent tjue la liaison carbone-halogéne a été rompue dans chaque molécule. Der Abbau von Triazin- und Uracilherbiziden im Boden Zusammenfassung. Die Abbaurate von 3 Triazin- und 2 Uracilherbiziden im Boden wurde bei 13,2 und 3l,2°C untersucht. Aus dem mit 8 ppm 2-Chlor-4-athylamino-6-isopropylamino-1,3,5-triazin (Atrazin),2-Chlor-4,6-bisathylamino-[3,5-lriazin (Simazin), 2-Methyllhio-4-athylamino-6-isopropylamino-1,3,5-triazin (Ametryn), 3-scc-Butyl-5-brom-6-methyluracil (Bromacil) und 3-tert-Butyl-5-chlor-6-methyluracil (Terbacil) behandelten Bodenrückständen wurden monatlich Proben entnommen und chemisch die Rückstände erniittelt. Die Bestimmung der Geschwindigkeitskonslantcn bei zwei Temperaturen eriaubte die Borechnung der Aktivicrungscnergic nach der Arrhenischen Gleichung. In erster Annäierung verlief der Abbau als Prozcss erster Ordnung ohne Latenzphase und die Abbaurate stand in Beziehung zur Struktur des Molekuls. Die Aktivierungsenergie betrug fur Atrazin 10,8, Simazin 9,2, Ametryn 6,1, Bromacit 3,0 und Terbacil 6,1 kcal/Mol. Diese Werte lassen für Simazin und Atrazin einen Bruchder der bcide Herbizide gemeinsamen Kohlensloff-Chlorbindung vermuten, wahrend im Falle des Ametryn eine andere Bindung hiervon betroffen war. Die Prufung der Bindungsenergien und der bekannten Abbau me chanismen bei Triazinen unterstCitzcn die Hypothcse, dass der Bruch in der 2-Position erfolgte. Die Ergebnisse fur die Uracile deuten darauf hin, dass bei beiden Moleküien der Abbau an der Kohlenstoff-Halogenbindung ansetzte.     

SOME PHYSICO-CHEMICAL INTERACTIONS OF PARAQUAT WITH SOIL ORGANIC MATERIALS AND MODEL COMPOUNDS I. EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE, TIME AND ADSORBATE DEGRADATION ON ARAQUAT ADSORPTION

Summary. Some investigations were carried out on the adsorption of paraquat by a range of organic materials which included an organic soil, various humic fractions from that soil, model polymers prepared by the oxidative coupling of benzoquinone, the ion exchange resins Zeo-Karb 216 and 226, and Amberlite XAD-2. The time required for the adsorption process to reach equilibrium ranged from about 3 h (for the soil and humic preparations) to about 48 h (for the more highly cross-linked materials). Adsorption by Amberlite XAD-2, a cross-linked polystyrene resin, was very small, presumably because it lacked ion-exchange sites.
The results suggested that particle diffusion control was operating and the different equilibrium times reflected different degrees of molecular complexity within the adsorbents.
Temperature, within the 20°–70°C range, did not affect the adsorption equilibrium, and this is indirect evidence for ion exchange as the primary adsorption mechanism. No evidence was found for decomposition of paraquat in the adsorption systems studied.
Quelques interactions physico-chimiques du paraquat avec des inatéaux de sol organique et des composes modéles I. Effets de la température, du temps et de la dégradation sur I'adsorption du paraquat     

西北干旱区土壤的生态特征与变化

本文利用详实的资料,分析了干旱区主要土壤类型、分布及其生态意义,土壤的理化性状、养分特征以及在盐碱化、沙化和灌耕条件下的变化,并论证了这种变化在生态功能上的影响。其结果表明：①干旱土壤分布具明显空间垂直地带性及径向分布规律。极端干旱条件下的暖温带棕漠土的生态功能最差,其他土壤的生态功能排序依次为灰棕漠土＜ 灰漠土＜ 灰钙土（棕钙土）＜ 灌耕土＜ 草甸土类;②土壤生态性能在灌耕,风沙及盐碱化条件下发生显著变化,耕灌条件下使高生态性能的土壤逐渐退化而低生态性能土壤有所改善;盐碱化和风沙化的结果使土壤贫瘠化和粗质化,生态性能严重退化;干旱区平原土壤的生态特征与变化规律决定了其具有潜在荒漠化倾向。对干旱区土壤和生态特性及其变化的认识,是干旱区水土资源合理利用与生态保护的基础     

KINETICS OF DICHLOBENIL DEGRADATION IN SOIL

Summary. The rates of degradation of dichlobenil (2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile) in soil were determined at 67 and 267°C. The degradation followed first-order kinetics but at 67°C this occurred after an initial lag period of 10 weeks. The half-lives were 28 weeks (+ 10 weeks lag) at 6.7°C and 19 weeks at 26.7°C. The activation energy for the decomposition was the relatively low value of 3.57 kcal/mole, indicating that the degradation of dichlobenil is not as markedly affected by temperature as that of many other herbicides. The only detectable metabolite was 2,6-dichlorobenzamide, a compound that should have a substantially lower vapour pressure and a higher affinity for surfaces than the parent compound. Cinétique de la dégradation du dichlobénil dans le sol Résumé. Les taux de dégradation du dichlobénil (2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile) dans le sol ont été détermines à 6,7 et 26,7°C. La déSgradation suivit une loi cinétique du premier ordre, mais à 6,7°C ceci se produisit aprés une période initiate de latence de 10 semaines. Les demi-vies furent de 28 semaines (plus 10 semaines de latence) a 6,7°C et 19 semaines à. 26,7°C. L'énergie d'activation pour la décomposition s'établit à la valeur relativement faible de 3,57 kcal/mole; ceci indique que la dégradation du dichlobénil n'est pas aussi profondément affcctée par la température quc celle de beaucoup d'autres herbicides. Le seul métabolite detectable fut le 2,6-dichlorobenzamide, composé qui devrait avoir une pression de vapeur notablement plus faible et une affinité plus grande pour les surfaces que le composé apparenté. Kinetik des Dichlohenil-Abbaus im Boden Zusammenfassung. Es wurde die Abbaugeschwindigkeit von Dichlobenil (2,6-Dichlorbenzonitril) im Boden bei 6,7°C und 26,7°C bestinimt. Der Abbau entsprach einer Reaktion erster Ordnung. Bei 6,7°G setzte der Abbau nach einer lag-Phase von 10 Wochen ein. Die Halbwertzeiten betrugen 28 Wochen (+10 Wochen lag-Phase) bei 6,7°C und 19 Wochen bei 26,7°C. Die Aktivierungsenergie war verhältnisniässig niedrig und betrug 3,57 Kcal/Mol und zeigt, dass der Abbau von Dichlobenil durch Temperatur nicht so stark beeinflusst wird wie bei vielen anderen Herbiziden. Der einzige nachweisbare Metabolit war 2,6-Dichlorbenzamid, der einen wcsentlich nieddgeren Dampfdruck und eine grössere Affinität gegenüber Oberfiächen haben dürfte als die ursprüngliche Verbindung.     

柴达木盆地农田土壤盐渍化特征及其防治对策研究

本文首先分析了柴达木盆地农田土壤盐渍化类型和分级;其次结合卫片探讨了农田盐化程度及分布状态;最后,主要围绕降低农田盐化土壤地下水位、改良土壤物理化学性状和减少蒸发强度三个方面提出了盐渍化土壤的改良措施,主要包括：水利工程改良、农业改良、生物改良、化学改良。