外源SA浸种对不同浓度盐胁迫下小油菜幼苗根系渗透性物质及根系活力的影响

为明确外源SA浸种对不同浓度盐胁迫小油菜幼苗根系渗透性物质及根系活力的影响,以五月慢小油菜幼苗为材料,采用不同浓度梯度SA浸种及不同浓度NaCl胁迫处理,研究小油菜根系生理指标的变化情况,结果表明:1)清水浸种时,盐浓度越高,小油菜根系MDA含量越高,根系糖含量越少,根系Pro含量与根系活力在盐浓度为50mmol/L时增高,随后降低。2)无盐胁迫时,随SA浓度增加,根系Pro含量、可溶性糖含量、根系活力均先增大后减小,MDA含量先减小后增大。0.5~1.0mmol/L的SA浸种效果最好。3)不同的SA浸种对盐胁迫下小油菜根系缓解效应不同。     

硝酸镧浸种对低磷胁迫下红小豆幼苗生长的影响

采用1/2 Hongland缺磷营养液模拟低磷胁迫的方式,利用水培法研究了在低磷胁迫下,不同浓度硝酸镧(0,20,50,100 mg·L^-1)浸种对2个品种(保红8824-17和白红4号)红小豆幼苗地上部分生长的影响。结果表明:与对照组相比,硝酸镧浸种增加了2个品种红小豆幼苗的株高、叶面积、鲜重、干重和根冠比、降低了茎粗,但2个品种随硝酸镧浓度增加表现的趋势不一致;随着硝酸镧浓度增加,保红8824-17的POD活性呈先升高后降低的趋势、SOD活性表现出先降低后升高的趋势,白红4号的SOD活性的变化趋势为下降,POD活性的变化趋势为上升;2个品种MDA含量都表现为随浓度的增加而先降低后升高,当浸种浓度为50 mg·L^-1时达到最低值;随着浸种时硝酸镧浓度的增加,保红8824-17的叶绿素含量的变化趋势为先增大后减小,白红4号的叶绿素含量持续增大。综上所述,用硝酸镧对红小豆进行浸种可缓解低磷胁迫对红小豆幼苗生长产生的影响,最适浸种浓度为50 mg·L^-1。     

低温胁迫下高粱幼苗对外源脯氨酸的响应

以冷敏高粱晋303为试验材料,幼苗三叶期用不同浓度的脯氨酸处理后, 2~4℃低温胁迫,测定相关生理指标,探讨外源脯氨酸处理对高粱幼苗耐冷性的影响。结果表明,外源脯氨酸处理可以提高低温胁迫下高粱叶片SOD、POD的活性,分别在3 mmol·L^-1和5 mmol·L^-1浓度脯氨酸的处理提高幅度最大。外源脯氨酸处理能降低低温胁迫下高粱叶片MDA的含量,以5 mmol·L^-1脯氨酸的处理效果最好。外源脯氨酸处理对叶片可溶性糖含量的增加也有作用,在本试验脯氨酸浓度设置范围内,可溶性糖含量随处理浓度的增加而增加。外源脯氨酸处理可以维持高粱幼苗中较高的叶绿素含量,喷施5 mmol·L^-1浓度脯氨酸时幼叶叶绿素含量最高。说明外源脯氨酸处理可有效缓解低温胁迫对高粱幼苗的伤害,提高幼苗的耐冷能力。     

壳寡糖对PEG胁迫下小麦种子萌发、幼苗生长及渗透调节物质的影响

以小麦品种郑引1号为试材,探究不同浓度壳寡糖溶液(COS,5、25、50、100、200 mg·L^-1)浸种和叶面喷施对20%PEG胁迫下小麦种子萌发、幼苗生长、氧化损伤、渗透调节物质含量及脯氨酸代谢的影响。结果显示,PEG胁迫下小麦种子发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数、幼苗叶片相对含水量、株高、根长、地上部和根部干重、干物质相对增长率、叶绿素和游离氨基酸含量较ck明显降低,叶片类胡萝卜素、超氧阴离子(O·2^-)、丙二醛(MDA)、可溶性蛋白、葡萄糖、蔗糖、脯氨酸含量和吡咯琳-5-羧酸合成酶(P 5 CS)、脯氨酸脱氢酶(ProDH)活性明显提高。外源适宜浓度的COS溶液处理可明显促进PEG胁迫下小麦种子的萌发和幼苗的生长,降低叶片O·2^-、MDA含量和ProDH活性,提升叶片相对含水量、叶绿素、类胡萝卜素、渗透调节物质含量及P 5 CS、鸟氨酸δ-氨基转移酶(δ-OAT)活性,以COS浓度为100 mg·L^-1效果最佳。可见,外源适宜浓度COS溶液处理能增强小麦幼苗的渗透调节能力,减轻20%PEG胁迫对种子萌发和幼苗生长的抑制效应,降低叶片氧化损伤,在一定程度上提高了小麦的抗逆性。     

糖浸种对盐胁迫玉米种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

以耐盐玉米品种伟科702和盐敏感玉米品种蠡玉16为试验材料,在150 mmol·L~(-1) NaCl胁迫下,采用不同浓度(5、10、15 g·L~(-1))外源糖(葡萄糖、果糖、蔗糖、壳聚糖、海藻糖)浸种处理,分析外源糖对玉米种子发芽指标、幼苗生长、叶绿素含量、SOD活性、POD活性和MDA含量的影响。结果表明,外源糖处理后两个品种的发芽势、发芽率、最终发芽率、发芽指数、生物量、叶绿素含量、SOD活性和POD活性均显著增大,且随着糖浓度的增加呈先升高后下降的趋势,浓度为10 g·L~(-1)时最高;平均发芽时间和MDA含量减小,且随着糖浓度的增加呈先下降后上升的趋势,浓度为10 g·L~(-1)时最低。不同糖处理间比较,果糖处理的各项指标显著优于其他糖处理。因此,外源糖浸种能有效改善盐胁迫下玉米幼苗生长状况,10 g·L~(-1)果糖的改善效果最好。     

金莲花种子发芽的条件因素及组织培养研究

以金莲花种子为材料,探索种子在普通环境中最适宜发芽的条件,并将发芽的种子播种至不同的培养基质,探究适宜幼苗生长的基质种类和配比;同时在无菌条件下接种于培养基上,筛选适宜种子萌发及生长的激素浓度及配比。试验表明,种子在25℃条件下,用400 mg·L^-1 GA 3浸种2 d,萌发效果最佳;在离体条件下,先采用800 mg·L^-1 GA 3浸种4 d打破种子休眠,再将其播种在MS+0.1 mg·L^-1 TDZ+0.5 mg·L^-1 IBA的培养基中,萌发效果最佳;移栽时,0~60 d选用纯草炭土,60~120 d选用草炭土∶蛭石∶珍珠岩为3∶2∶1的基质,幼苗生长状态较好,株高与其他处理相比高1~2 cm,叶片数多2片左右,茎较粗壮,叶片翠绿,生长旺盛。研究结果可为金莲花的种质保育及种苗繁育提供参考。     

6-BA对关苍术种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响研究

为研究6-BA对关苍术种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响,采用完全随机设计,设置7个不同浓度6-BA处理关苍术种子,测定各处理下关苍术种子萌发和幼苗性状指标。结果表明:低浓度的6-BA处理可显著提高关苍术种子发芽率和发芽势,其中以1.5 mg·L^-1处理为最好,发芽率和发芽势比对照提高25.6%和25.4%;1.5 mg·L^-1 6-BA和2.0 mg·L^-1的6-BA处理能显著提高关苍术出苗率,同时也能增强根系活力而达到壮苗效果;1.5 mg·L^-1 6-BA处理对关苍术幼苗高度、叶长和叶宽均有促进作用,而对叶绿素含量无显著的影响。关苍术人工栽培时用1.5 mg·L^-1 6-BA处理种子不仅可促进种子萌发,也能促进关苍术幼苗生长。     

DCPTA浸种对寒地玉米种子萌发及根系生长的影响

为了探究DCPTA［2-(3,4-dichorophenoxy)triethylamine]浸种对寒地玉米种子萌发及根系建成的影响。以郑单958为材料,设置不同浓度的DCPTA(0,0.5,1.0,1.5mg/L)浸种处理,研究DCPTA浸种对玉米子粒萌发、幼苗根系特征参数(根长、根系表面积、根体积、根平均直径)、根系生物量积累及根系活力的调控作用。结果表明,0.5~1.5mg/L的DCPTA溶液浸种对玉米种子萌发均有显著促进作用,种子发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数及单株幼苗鲜重增加,与对照相比差异显著,1.0mg/L的DCPTA浸种处理效果最好。0.5~1.5mg/LDCPTA浸种处理发芽出苗后进行水培的幼苗,其根系特征参数均增加,根系生物量增加,根系活力增强口DCP-TA处理能够促进玉米种子萌发的全苗和壮苗,同时促进幼苗根系的生长,增强其吸收转运养分的能力,为玉米生育后期的生长发育莫定坚实的物质基础。     

外源硒对60Co-γ辐射下菜豆幼苗生长和生理的影响

为探讨外源硒对⁶⁰Co-γ辐射下菜豆幼苗生长以及生理的影响,以菜豆品种‘13-6-1-2’和‘紫冠’为试验材料,通过外源喷施50 μg/mL的亚硒酸钠(Na₂SeO₃)溶液,研究⁶⁰Co-γ辐射(120 Gy)下外源Se对菜豆的表型、抗氧化酶活性(POD、SOD、CAT)、丙二醛(MDA)、叶绿素以及硒含量的影响。结果显示,⁶⁰Co-γ辐射下外源硒显著提高了菜豆幼苗体内的硒含量,也不同程度提高了抗氧化酶活性及MDA和叶绿素的含量。研究表明,叶面喷施适当浓度的外源硒可以促进菜豆的生长发育,提高菜豆自身的硒含量,提高其抗氧化能力,缓解⁶⁰Co-γ射线对菜豆幼苗生长的影响。     

赤霉素对盐胁迫下泡桐种子萌发及幼苗生理特性的影响

为探讨外源赤霉素(GA_3)对NaCl胁迫下泡桐种子萌发及幼苗生理特性的影响,以毛泡桐、台湾泡桐和白花泡桐种子为试材,于不同浓度的GA_3溶液中浸种12 h,在0.3%NaCl胁迫下研究泡桐种子发芽参数和幼苗抗氧化酶活性变化,以及对丙二醛(MDA)、脯氨酸(Pro)和叶绿素(Chl)含量的影响。结果表明,NaCl胁迫明显抑制了泡桐种子的萌发和幼苗生长,适宜浓度GA_3浸种处理提高了NaCl胁迫下泡桐种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数和活力指数,促进泡桐根和芽的生长,增强了NaCl胁迫下幼苗中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性,降低了MDA含量,促进Pro和Chl的含量,明显缓解NaCl胁迫对泡桐种子和幼苗生长的抑制作用,且不同品种间存在差异,毛泡桐、白花泡桐和台湾泡桐分别在400、600 mg·L~(-1)和600 mg·L~(-1) GA_3处理时缓解盐胁迫效果最好。     

Investigation of the mode of action of the X locus in tomato

Summary The mode of action of the X locus in tomato was investigated. The X is a microgametophytic factor which operates only in X x. In X x, the X causes the abortion of microgametophytes carrying x. On account of this, X x gives rise to 50% pollen abortion. The segregation of hl which is linked with x at a distance of 18 units was also studied. hl x/Hl X causes 50% pollen abortion and aberrant segregation of hl, indicating that the microgametophytes which are aborted are those carrying x. hl X/Hl X results in low pollen abortion and normal 3:1 segregation of hl indicating that X does not operate in the homozygotes of X.     

Second supplementary list of genotypes of hybrid necrosis of wheat varieties

Male sterile “lines” are being made carrying either Ne ₁ ^sor Ne ₂ ^sin homozygous condition. The “lines” will be used to determine the necrosis genotype of wheat varieties and at the same time to trace genes restoring fertility in cytoplasmic sterile “lines”. It is suggested that hybrid necrosis could be used in hybrid seed production. The article is concluded with a list of 100 varieties and selections of which the genotype for hybrid necrosis is given.     

Field measurement of the hydraulic properties of soil

Disc permeameters are used here on two contrasting soils to determine absorption and transmission characteristics in the potential range from saturation down to ψ₀ = −100 mm. One soil was a recently-ploughed loam, the other a cracking-prone heavy clay. Despite the dominance of gravity in the former case, and of capillarity in the latter, a rapid onset of geometrically-induced steady flows q_∞, was observed from disc permeameters in both cases. For the loam a twin-disc analysis of q_∞ from discs of different radii, had to be used to determine the sorptivity S₀. Whereas for the clay the ample square-root-of-time behaviour gave S₀ as well. The conductivity K₀ was then derived from q_∞ via Wooding's equation. Another value of K₀ derived for the ploughed loam from a standard determination with a large, buffered ring, did not agree with that from the disc permeameter. This failure arose because of the vertical drop-off in K that rendered impossible the attainment of one-dimensional flow from the inner ring. The loam possessed the hydraulic properties expected of such a medium-textured soil that had recently been disturbed by ploughing. The clay however had a 40-fold jump in K right at saturation reflecting the presence of cracks.     

Determination of the critical nitrogen concentration of white cabbage

A measure of a crop's nitrogen (N) status can be obtained by relating the actual N concentration of the crop to the critical plant nitrogen concentration (PNC_c), the minimum N concentration required for maximum growth. In annual crops, PNC_c declines as plant size increases. Describing this decline is one of the main challenges for the implementation of the PNC_c concept in fertilizer management strategies. From two field experiments with repeated harvests of Dutch white cabbage and with N supply ranging from limitation to excess, the relation between PNC_c and weight per unit ground area of plant dry matter exclusive of roots (W) was estimated as: PNC_c = 5.1W^−0.33% for the linear growth phase (W > 1.5 t ha⁻¹; LAI > 1.4). From a third field experiment, a value of 4.5% N was estimated for PNC_c for the pre-linear growth phase. Also a power function: LAR = 0.011W^−0.33 described the relationship between leaf area ratio and weight. The exponent of the power function determines the rate of the decline. Therefore, having the same value of the exponent: −0.33, LAR and PNC_c declined at the same rates. The proportional decline in LAR and PNC_c corresponded to a constant nitrogen content on a leaf area basis of 4.7 g N m⁻² until onset of head formation.     

In-vitro Fertilization of Ovules of Some Species of Brassicaceae*

The method of in-vitro fertilization of ovules can be successfully applied to various species of Brassincaceae. Mature embryos and plants were obtained after in-vitro pollinating the ovules of Arabis caucasica, Brassica napus, B. oleracea var. sabellica (kale), B. oleracea var. italica (broccoli), Diplotaxis tenuifolia, Moricandia arvensis and Sisymbrium Loeselli. In the case of Sinapis alba fertilization and embryo development did not occur. The same method has been successfully used for obtaining hybrid immature embryos at different stages of development from crosses between B. napus X D. tenuifolia, B. napus X M. arvensis, B. oleracea var. italica X D. tenuifolia, D. tenuifolia x B. napus, D. tenuifolia. X M. arvensis and D. tenuifolia X S. Loeselli. The present findings show that in-vitro pollination of ovules of various species of Brassicaceae makes it possible to (a) perform the whole process of fertilization and embryogenesis; and (b) obtain intergeneric hybrid embryos.     

Evaluation of the use of chlorine dioxide by fogging for decreasing postharvest decay of fig

Postharvest diseases limit the storage period and marketing life of figs. The efficacy of chlorine dioxide by fogging was tested for the control of postharvest diseases of black fig (Ficus carica L. cv. Bursa Siyahi). Fruit were fogged with various concentrations of chlorine dioxide in a cold storage unit for 60 min at room temperature. Treated fruit were stored either in air or modified atmosphere bags for 7 d at 1 °C followed by 2 d shelf-life at 20 °C. Fogging at 300–1000 μL L⁻¹ significantly reduced natural incidence of decay, most of which was gray mold. The efficacies of fogging at 500 and 1000 μL L⁻¹ were at the same level and fogging at 1000 μL L⁻¹ was superior to that at 300 μL L⁻¹ in fruit stored in air. Modified atmosphere packaging did not improve the efficacy of fogging in reducing decay incidence. The epiphytic population on the fruit surface was similarly reduced by chlorine dioxide fogging. All treatments significantly reduced total microorganisms, fungal and bacterial populations in fruit. In addition, microorganisms in the storage atmosphere were significantly reduced. None of the treatments affected the visual quality and taste of fruit.     

The potential role of PR-8 gene of apple fruit in the mode of action of the yeast antagonist,Candida oleophila,in postharvest biocontrol of Botrytis cinerea

Several pathogenesis-related (PR) genes of apple have been cloned and their response to different pathogens has been studied. Different PR genes, however, may have a variable response depending on the specific organ or tissue as well as microbe. The objective of the current study was to characterize the expression of specific apple PR genes in fruit tissues in response to the antagonistic yeast, Candida oleophila (a common postharvest biocontrol agent), and the fungal pathogen, Botrytis cinerea (a major postharvest pathogen). Apple PR-5 and PR-8 gene expression was characterized in fruit in response to C. oleophila and B. cinerea. Results indicated that PR-8 expression was significantly elevated in response to both fungi. In contrast, neither C. oleophila nor B. cinerea treatment markedly affected PR-5 expression. The PR-8 gene was then synthesized and cloned into a Pichia pastoris expression system to study the antifungal activity of the PR-8 protein against B. cinerea both in vitro and in vivo. Collectively, the PR-8 gene of apple is associated with the response to B. cinerea infection, and may play a role in the mechanism by which C. oleophila effectively inhibits B. cinerea disease in apple fruit, namely by the induction of this specific host PR gene.     

Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of S-RNase fragments for identification of S-genotypes of Japanese pear (Pyrus pyrifolia)

Japanese pear (Pyrus pyrifolia) exhibits gametophytic self-incompatibility (GSI) controlled by a complex and multiallelic S locus. The pistil-part product of the S locus is the polymorphic ribonuclease, S-RNase. Information on S-genotypes is important for the production and breeding of Japanese pears. Molecular analyses of S-genotypes of Japanese pear have been conducted with the CAPS (cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence) system; PCR amplification of S-RNase fragments by a common primer pair followed by digestion with restriction enzymes each of which cleaves a specific S haplotype. Here, we show that the separation of S-RNase fragments by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) distinguishes four out of nine S haplotypes of Japanese pear without restriction digestion. S³-, S⁵-, S⁶- and S⁸-RNases were identified as distinct bands by PAGE. S³- and S⁵-RNases were separated by PAGE despite their identical fragment sizes. Using this system, three Japanese pear lines with unknown S-genotypes were analyzed. The newly determined S-genotypes of the lines were confirmed by CAPS analysis.     

Yield Performance of Wheat Isolines with Different Dosages of the Short Arm of Rye Chromosome 1

Translocations of the short arm of rye (Secale cereale L.) chromosome 1 (1RS) in wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Pavon 76) are known to increase root biomass. Such an increase enhances water and nutrient uptake and may improve grain yield. Two greenhouse experiments and a field experiment were carried out at the University of California, Riverside, in 2012 and 2013 under well‐watered and terminal drought treatments to evaluate phenotypic characters associated with varying dosages of 1RS, including grain yield. The genotypes used were cultivar Pavon 76 (R₀), Pavon 76/Pavon1RS.1AL (F₁ hybrid) with a single dosage of 1RS (R₁A), Pavon 1RS.1AL with two dosages of 1RS (R₂A), Pavon 1RS.1DL (R₂D) also with two dosages of 1RS and Pavon 1RS.1AL‐1RS.1DL (R₄AD) with four dosages of 1RS. There was a significant positive correlation between number of dosages of 1RS and root biomass. However, no correlation was found between root biomass and grain yield per plant. Drought in the field experiment reduced grain yield significantly. Under well‐watered field conditions, grain yield of R₂A (215.9 g plant^?1) was significantly greater than those of R₂D (191.8 g plant^?1) and R₄AD (161.7 g plant^?1). Also, grain yield of R₄AD was significantly less than those of F₁, Pavon 76 and R₂D under well‐watered conditions. Under drought field conditions, no significant differences were found among the genotypes for grain yield was found between F₁ (14.7 g plant^?1) and R₄AD (12.4 g plant^?1). Harvest index was significantly greater in well‐watered (44.2 %) than in drought (34.6 %) field conditions. On average, genotypes F₁ (42.3 %) and R₂A (40.6 %) had higher harvest index than R₂D (38.3 %) and R₄AD (35.5 %) in the field. Also, Pavon 76 (40.2) and R₂D (38.3) had higher harvest index than R₄AD. Drought tolerance was lowest for R₄AD due to its relatively lower grain yield potential. In general, Pavon 1RS.1AL carrying two dosages of 1RS showed higher grain yield under wet treatments. Pavon 1RS.1AL‐1RS.1DL carrying four dosages of 1RS produced the largest shoot and root biomasses, but the least grain yield.