绿肥作物箭筈豌豆种质产量性状综合评价

通过对124份绿肥箭筈豌豆种质资源品种产量性状指标进行主成分分析及聚类分析.结果表明,第3主成分(荚果数)偏高,第1主成分(株高)偏低,第2主成分(分枝数)适中,箭筈豌豆种子产量较高;第1,2主成分偏高,第3主成分偏低,即株高高,分枝数多的材料,干草产量高,可作为绿肥和饲用作物材料.聚类分析可综合评价箭筈豌豆的表现,发掘产量性状突出的材料,对于箭筈豌豆的育种具有重要的现实意义.     

渭北丘陵山区箭筈豌豆栽培要点

箭筈豌豆是一种越年生或一年生豆科作物。它既是良好的绿肥作物,又是优质饲料作物,适应性强,耐旱,耐瘠薄,生育期一般为80～120天。1.选茬整地箭筈豌豆多种在丘陵山区的轮歇地,是小麦作物的良好前茬,也可与春玉米间套,或夏播用作绿肥。山区轮歇地种植箭筈豌豆,应在冬前     

西藏拉萨市‘白燕2号’与箭筈豌豆不同混播比较研究

为了提高西藏高寒牧区饲草产量,缓解草畜矛盾。在西藏拉萨研究了‘白燕2号’与箭筈豌豆不同混播比例草地,在适宜刈割时期牧草养分比较研究。结果表明,各混播比例间的产草量、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗纤维、粗灰分、Ca和P含量差异显著,混播可显著提高产草量和牧草品质;且随着箭筈豌豆比例的增加,粗蛋白含量随之增加,最高为单播箭筈豌豆达到22.58%。各混播比例以H4为佳,鲜草产量达到7.71 kg/m2、粗蛋白含量达到13.66%、粗脂肪含量达到1.99%、粗纤维含量达到35.99%、粗灰分含量达到6.77%、Ca:P为5.36。在西藏气候适宜的地区可将‘白燕2号’与箭筈豌豆按此比例（箭筈豌豆40%+‘白燕2号’60%）混播推广以改善饲草品质。     

伊犁河谷小麦绿肥适宜种植模式研究

在伊犁河谷农区进行冬小麦套种、复播不同种类绿肥作物试验研究,探索适宜的小麦绿肥种植利用模式。结果表明,麦田复种绿肥作物,冬小麦套种草木樨对小麦产量有一些影响,但影响不大。从绿肥作物综合利用的角度出发,若以发展农区畜牧业、鲜草喂饲为主要目的,优先选择箭筈豌豆、毛叶苕子;若以培肥地力为主、喂饲为辅,应选择小麦套种草木樨。     

箭筈豌豆与燕麦不同间作混播模式对产量和品质的影响

豆科牧草与禾本科牧草混播是提高饲草产量和品质的重要措施。在低氮条件下比较分析12种燕麦与箭筈豌豆不同间作与混播模式对饲草产量和品质的影响。研究结果表明,燕麦蜡熟期与箭筈豌豆枯黄期混合饲草产量和粗蛋白产量最高。所有处理中H7（燕麦与箭筈豌豆3∶1间作）干物质产量和粗蛋白产量最高,土地利用率提高了76%。其中干物质产量在灌浆期比单播燕麦增产47%,蜡熟期增产40%;粗蛋白产量在灌浆期分别比单播燕麦和箭筈豌豆增产52.6%和2.6%;在蜡熟期增产97.2%和103.2%,均显著高于单播燕麦和单播箭筈豌豆（P<0.05）。同行混播各处理干物质产量均显著高于单播燕麦和单播箭筈豌豆（P<0.05）,且同行混播各处理之间并无显著差异;粗蛋白产量在2次刈割期H9（燕麦与箭筈豌豆1∶2混播）较高,土地利用率与单作相比提高了51%。间作混播处理有利于提高混合草的RFV值,与单播燕麦相比间混作提高饲草RFV值的幅度为0.3%~22.7%。综合全年牧草的产量、品质以及土地当量比分析,燕麦与箭筈豌豆3∶1的间作种植模式最好,能更好地发挥燕麦和箭豆的种间互补优势,获得较高的干物质产量,说明间作增产可能与燕麦和箭筈豌豆田间带距和行比的合理搭配有关。     

行距及间作对箭筈豌豆与燕麦青干草产量和品质的影响

在我国西北地区,普遍应用燕麦与箭筈豌豆间作生产饲草。为了研究不同间作模式的增产效果,2009—2010年在吉林省白城市采用两因子完全随机区组设计,研究了2种行距(A1：33 cm;A2：16.5 cm)和3种种植方式(B1：燕麦单作;B2：箭筈豌豆单作;B3：燕麦箭筈豌豆1∶1间作)对饲草产量、品质的影响。结果表明,行距减小播量增大时,作物单株重量减小,饲草总产量提高13%;行距减小播量不变,燕麦单株重量增大,饲草总产量提高29%;B3饲草产量比B1提高24%,比B2提高30%;B3粗蛋白产量比B1高1倍,比B2低20%;间作使燕麦的株高、单株重和粗蛋白质含量提高,使箭筈豌豆的株高增加,单株重、含氮量降低,节数减少,分枝减少。采用行距16.5 cm、燕麦播量87.5 kg hm^–2、箭筈豌豆播量75 kg hm^–2的燕麦与箭筈豌豆间作处理,全年两茬饲草产量为19.8 t hm^–2,粗蛋白产量为2.43 t hm^–2,可作为白城及气候相似地区饲草生产的基本模式。     

不同绿肥品种翻压对玉米产量及土壤肥力的影响

为确定不同生态区最佳绿肥对象,通过大田小区试验研究不同绿肥翻压对玉米产量及对土壤性状的影响。结果表明：光叶紫花苕综合生物学性状较好,是提高玉米直径、长度与生物学产量及养分的较好绿肥,尤其在缺磷地区是较好的绿肥,但应提早掩埋时间,以提高玉米有效株数;紫云英是提高玉米籽粒产量、秸秆产量的较好绿肥;小麦对板结的粘土改良有积极意义,小麦与黑麦草应提早播种期,黑麦草在缺磷地区是较好绿肥;箭筈豌豆是提高土壤微生物及酶活性的较好绿肥,综合生物学性状较好;肥田萝卜是改良酸化土壤与提高生物学产量及养分的良好绿肥,在缺磷地区是较好绿肥。以综合指标来看,箭筈豌豆是湘西州绿肥种植较适宜对象。     

不同绿肥翻压对玉米产量及土壤肥力的影响

为确定不同生态区最佳绿肥对象,通过大田小区试验研究不同绿肥翻压对玉米产量及对土壤性状的影响。结果表明:光叶紫花苕综合生物学性状较好,是提高玉米直径、长度与生物学产量及养分的较好绿肥,尤其在缺磷地区是较好的绿肥,但应提早掩埋时间,以提高玉米有效株数;紫云英是提高玉米籽粒产量、秸秆产量的较好绿肥;小麦对板结的粘土改良有积极意义,小麦与黑麦草应提早播种期,黑麦草在缺磷地区是较好绿肥;箭筈豌豆是提高土壤微生物及酶活性的较好绿肥,综合生物学性状较好;肥田萝卜是改良酸化土壤与提高生物学产量及养分的良好绿肥,在缺磷地区是较好绿肥。以综合指标来看,箭筈豌豆是湘西州绿肥种植较适宜对象。     

三种野豌豆属牧草种子萌发期抗旱性的研究

以毛叶苕子、箭筈豌豆及光叶苕子种子为材料,用不同浓度（0、5%、10%、15%、20%）的聚乙二醇（PEG-6000）模拟干旱进行发芽试验。对供试牧草种子的生物学特性及干旱胁迫下种子萌发期的相对发芽势、相对发芽率、相对发芽指数、相对活力指数、相对芽长、抗旱指数等指标进行研究,并采用隶属函数法对三种牧草种子萌发期的抗旱性进行综合评价。结果表明：（1）箭筈豌豆种子吸水率大于光叶苕子、毛叶苕子种子,光叶苕子种子含水量、种子活力大于其他两种牧草种子。（2）随着PEG浓度的升高,三种牧草种子相对发芽势、相对发芽率、相对发芽指数、相对活力指数与抗旱指数总体呈下降趋势。（3）5% PEG能促进毛叶苕子种子的萌发。（4）三种牧草的抗旱性强弱顺序为箭筈豌豆>光叶苕子>毛叶苕子。     

燕麦与箭筈豌豆不同混播比例对生物量的影响研究

为了研究燕麦与箭筈豌豆不同混播模式的增产效应。在农业部兰州黄土高原生态环境重点野外科学观测试验站对一年生牧草燕麦和箭筈豌豆进行了混播试验。结果表明：丹麦444燕麦50%和333/A春箭筈豌豆50%的混播处理,地上生物量、种子产量及0~50 cm的地上生物量均最高,分别为22193.33 kg/hm2、4776.67 kg/hm2和11792.90 kg/hm2,且与其他混播处理的差异显著(P<0.05)。该混播模式具有较好的协同效应,可在黄土高原及类似地区推广应用。     

The contribution of Hordeum chilense to partial resistance of tritordeum to wheat brown rust

Summary Hexaploid and octoploid tritordeum and their Triticum spp. parents were studied in the seedling stage to compare their components of partial resistance to Puccinia recondita f.sp. tritici. The components studied were infection frequency, latency period and size of uredia. The non-host Hordeum chilense parent does not confer any increase of partial resistance to wheat brown rust to its amphiploids with wheat.     

Practical breeding strategies to improve resistance to Septoria tritici blotch of wheat

Septoria tritici blotch (STB), caused by fungal agent Zymoseptoria tritici (previously known as Mycosphaerella graminicola) is a devastative foliar wheat diseases globally. Importance and potential threat of STB have been discussed historically and geographically. This paper reviews information on the Z. tritici—wheat pathosystem and proposes approaches to identify resistance genes and to advance in breeding for STB resistance. Screening of resistant lines/cultivars, QTL mapping analysis within genetic populations derived from crosses, detection of new resistance gene(s) and finally application of Stb gene carrier line/cultivar in crosses are the major stages of a practical wheat-breeding program against STB of wheat. Phenotyping and genotyping outputs on the top of each other should confirm each other, so it needs to expose a resistance gene carrier line/cultivar in the epidemic condition at seedling/adult plant stage to confirm resistance performance of detected gene(s) in the real condition. On the other word, detecting an associated QTL to resistance should not be considered as the end of investigation. Climate change resulted geographical disease pattern conversion where some diseases became more important in some area where they had not been serious in the past and vice versa. Hence, a reconsideration of wheat disease importance zone is necessary to predict regions where STB is and will be a limitation for wheat yield improvement.     

烟蚜茧蜂繁育及对烟蚜的防治效果探索

653100云南省玉溪市红塔区许家湾路26号（农职院生活区）     

Challenges to design-oriented breeding of root system architecture adapted to climate change

Roots are essential organs for capturing water and nutrients from the soil. In particular, root system architecture (RSA) determines the extent of the region of the soil where water and nutrients can be gathered. As global climate change accelerates, it will be important to improve belowground plant parts, as well as aboveground ones, because roots are front-line organs in the response to abiotic stresses such as drought, flooding, and salinity stress. However, using conventional breeding based on phenotypic selection, it is difficult to select breeding lines possessing promising RSAs to adapted to abiotic stress because roots remain hidden underground. Therefore, new breeding strategies that do not require phenotypic selection are necessary. Recent advances in molecular biology and biotechnology can be applied to the design-oriented breeding of RSA without phenotypic selection. Here I summarize recent progress in RSA ideotypes as “design” and RSA-related gene resources as “materials” that will be needed in leveraging these technologies for the RSA breeding. I also highlight the future challenges to design-oriented breeding of RSA and explore solutions to these challenges.     

Evaluation of greenhouse inoculation techniques to screen sorghum for resistance to downy mildew

Summary Six inoculation techniques were compared for the artificial promotion of downy mildew (Peronosclerospora sorghi) in sorghum. These were (1) sprouted seeds incubated between sporulating infected leaves, (2) sprouted seeds depped in conidial suspension, (3) sprouted seeds sprayed with conidial suspension, (4) seedlings at plumule stage inoculated with drops of a conidial suspension, (5) seedlings at plumule stage sprayed with a conidial suspension, and (6) seedling showered with conidia falling from infected leaves. Seedlings at the one-leaf stage sprayed with a conidial suspension (6 × 10⁵ ml^-1) showed the highest systemic infection (100%) in the susceptible lines IS 643 and IS 18433. This technique is effective, repeatable, and allows the deposition of a conidial suspension as a fine mist on the entire seedling surface. In the greenhouse, the technique was used to test the downy mildew reaction of genotypes previously reported as resistant (< 5% incidence) in 3–4 years of field screenings. Of the 61 genotypes tested, 21 were free from downy mildew, 14 had less than 5% incidence, and the rest showed variable susceptible reactions. Therefore, the technique can be reliably and effectively used in the greenhouse to detect disease escapes and to indentify resistance.     

Resistance of Cucurbita moschata to watermelon mosaic virus type 2 and its genetic relation to resistance to zucchini yellow mosaic virus

Summary Cucurbita moschata Menina originating from Portugal is known to carry a single dominant gene, Zym, for zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) resistance. Resistance to watermelon mosaic virus type 2 (WMV2) was found in the same cultivar. In resistant plants, WMV2 migration from inoculated leaves or cotyledons seems to be limited and blocked. Resistance to WMV2 is conferred by one dominant gene and is effective against eight strains from different geographic origins. Results of linkage studies, based on co-inoculation of plants with WMV2 and ZYMV, indicate that resistance to these two viruses is conferred by the same gene, probably Zym, or perhaps by two closely linked genes.     

Greenhouse technique to evaluate onion resistance to pink root

Summary An assay for resistance of onion to pink root Pyrenochaeta terrestris was developed, employing infested vermiculite medium with an adequate inoculum concentration of the fungus to minimize escapes of susceptible plants.Plant material other than seed was used. Either root-excised 6–8 week-old seedlings or onion sets were planted in infested vermiculite, and kept for two successive 2-week periods of growth differing in light and temperature regimes. During the first phase a short-day regime of 10 h and 17±1°C was kept, under which a vigorous root system was obtained. For an additional 12–14 days under 26±1°C and 12 h light the prolific roots were then exposed to the optimal temperature for disease development.This technique enables one to distinguish easily between susceptible Allium cepa material and a resistant line of A. fistulosum.Contribution from the Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel. No. 1022-E, 1984 series.     

Analysis of the level of eyespot resistance due to genes transferred to wheat from Aegilops ventricosa

Summary The variety Roazon possesses genes for resistance to eyespot including that on the 7D chromosome transferred from Aegilops ventricosa. In order to assess the level of resistance due to the latter, we developed the intervarietal substitution for the 7D chromosome of Roazon into Courtot which is very susceptible to eyespot. As Roazon contains Aegilops ventricosa cytoplasm, the substitution lines were produced both with wheat and Aegilops cytoplasm. Resistance was assessed at the seedling and the adult plant stage. No cytoplasmic effect was observed. The substitution lines were as resistant as Roazon. This shows that the chromosome 7D genes for resistance introduced from Aegilops ventricosa result in a high level of resistance in wheat.     

Use of molecular markers to accelerate the breeding of common bean lines resistant to rust and anthracnose

The main goal of this work was to introduce resistance genes for rust, caused by Uromyces appendiculatus, and anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, in an adapted common bean cultivar through marker-assisted backcrossing. DNA fingerprinting was used to select plants genetically closer to the recurrent parent which were also resistant to rust and to race 89 of C. lindemuthianum. DNA samples extracted from the resistant parent (cv. Ouro Negro), the recurrent parent (cv. Rudá), and from BC₁, BC₂ and BC₃ resistant plants were amplified by the RAPD technique. The relative genetic distances in relation to the recurrent parent varied between 9 and 59% for BC₁, 7 and 33% for BC₂, and 0 and 7% for BC₃ resistant plants. After only three backcrosses, five lines resistant to rust and anthracnose with, approximately, 0% genetic distance in relation to the recurrent parent were obtained. These lines underwent field yield tests in two consecutive growing seasons and three of them presented a good yield performance, surpassing in that sense their parents and most of the reference cultivars tested.     

Relationship of plant height and days to maturity with resistance to spot blotch in wheat

A total of 1,407 spring wheat (T. aestivum) lines of Indian and CIMMYT (International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre, Mexico) origin were evaluated for plant height, days to maturity and resistance to spot blotch (caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana) during the 1994–95, 1995–96 and 1996–97 crop seasons. The frequency distribution of genotypes, based on disease score ignoring the growth stages, differed from the distribution in which disease score was assessed on a similar growth stage. Two crosses each,between `tall resistant × dwarf susceptible' and `late resistant × early susceptible' genotypes, were made. The evaluation of homozygous resistant lines in the F₃, F₄ and F₅ generations of both crosses showed a wide range of plant height and days to maturity. These lines showed significant differences for plant height and days to maturity but did not show a significant difference for AUDPC values of spot blotch. The correlation coefficients for AUDPC versus plant height or days to maturity were weak, i.e., – 0.336 and 0.061, respectively. Results indicated that resistance to spot blotch severity was independent of plant height and days to maturity in progenies from these crosses.