Effect of enrofloxacin and emodin on heat-shock proteins’ expression in hepatic cells of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus)

The aim of the present study was to compare the expression pattern of heat-shock protein 60 (HSP60), 70 (HSP70), and 90 (HSP90) mRNA in hepatic cells of grass carp exposed to enrofloxacin and emodin concentrations. The expression pattern of different genes encoding heat-shock proteins in hepatic cells of grass carp was exposed to graded levels of enrofloxacin (12.5, 25, 50, 100, and 200 μg/ml) or emodin (0.04, 0.2, 1, 5, and 25 μg/ml) for 24 h and were investigated by real-time quantitative PCR. When cells were exposed to up 50 μg/ml enrofloxacin, both HSP60 and HSP70 mRNA levels firstly were increased and thereafter significantly dropped at high concentrations (P < 0.05), while HSP90 decreased with increasing enrofloxacin concentration. Besides, HSP60 and HSP70 expressions were significantly inhibited in the high-concentration groups. In addition, the HSP90 mRNA levels in the treatment exposed to 100 and 200 μg/ml enrofloxacin were significantly lower than those of the control group (P < 0.05). Furthermore, when cells were exposed to graded levels of emodin, HSPs (HSP60, 70, and 90) mRNA levels significantly increased in the groups exposed to 5 and 25 μg/ml of emodin. The different expression pattern of HSPs implied that enrofloxacin could inhibit the expression levels of HSPs, while optimal level of emodin could trigger higher expression levels of HSPs in hepatic cell of grass carp to protect against further damage.     

Both TGF-β1 and Smad4 regulate type I collagen expression in the muscle of grass carp,Ctenopharyngodon idella

Fish Physiology and Biochemistry - Type I collagen is proven to make an important contribution to fish muscle quality. Our previous study has shown the Smad4-dependent regulation of type I collagen...     

Effect of diet and β-naphthoflavone on hepatic and renal glutathione S-transferase isoenzymes in carp (Cyprinus carpio)

Glutathione S-transferase (GST) isoenzymes were isolated from liver and kidney of carp (Cyprinus carpio) by glutathione affinity chromatography and chromatofocusing. Ten hepatic and eight renal catalytically active isoenzymes were identified. GST subunits from purified isoenzymes were further separated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and were used as standards for the experimental sample analysis. Experimental samples came from carp that were fed fish meal (standard diet) or soybean bas ed diets for one year, injected or not with -naphthoflavone (BNF; i.p. injection of 50 mg kg-1). HPLC did not allow us to identify precisely the GST isoenzyme pattern in experimental carp. However, GSTs could be pooled in three categories: homodimeric, heterodimeric and unidentified GST subunits. On this basis, the effect of diet and BNF on the GST isoenzyme pattern was investigated. The homodimer/heterodimer ratio was decreased in liver of carp fed a standard diet and in kidney of both dietary groups. BNF increased the total specific GST activity in liver and kidney. However, the GST isoenzyme pattern was not modified in carp fed the standard diet while tissue specific modifications occured in carp fed the soybean diet. BNF decreased the homodimer/heterodimer ratio in liver and increased it in kidney. Abbreviations: BNF - -naphthoflavone; CDNB - 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene; GSH - reduced glutathione; GST - glutathione S-transferase; HPLC - high-performance liquid chromatography; SDS-PAGE - SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.     

Oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion of black carp (Mylopharyngdon piceus Richardson) and allogynogenetic crucian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio ♀?×?Cyprinus carpio ♂) fed different carbohydrate diets

Oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion of black carp (Mylopharyngdon piceus Richardson) (4.6 ± 0.3 g) and allogynogenetic crucian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio ♀ × Cyprinus carpio ♂) (5.7 ± 0.5 g) were examined when fish fed two types of carbohydrate (dextrin and glucose) at two levels (20 and 40%) each. The diets were isonitrogenous (40% dry matter) and isocaloric at 18.5 kJ g⁻¹ (dry matter) by adjusting the oil content to 10.1 and 1.5%, respectively. In black carp, the interactions between the carbohydrate type and level were found in oxygen consumption at 3 and 6 h and in ammonia excretion at 6 h after feeding. At 20% carbohydrate, no significant difference was observed between dextrin and glucose in oxygen consumption. However, at 40% carbohydrate, oxygen consumption in fish fed glucose was significantly higher than that in fish fed dextrin at 3 and 6 h after feeding. Within the dextrin diets, no significant differences in both oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion were detected between the two carbohydrate levels. Within the glucose diets, however, fish fed 40% glucose showed significantly higher oxygen consumption than those fed 20% glucose at 3 and 6 h after feeding. Ammonia excretion in black carp fed 40% glucose was higher than that in black carp fed 40% dextrin at 6 h and also found higher than those in the other three treatments at 24 h after feeding. The postprandial oxygen consumption and the ammonia excretion in crucian carp fed 40% glucose were the highest, but no significant differences were observed. Our data indicate that the escalation of glucose to 40% in a fish diet results in high oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion in black carp, suggesting that the efficiency of glucose as an energy source for this fish is compromised by the high metabolic expenditure after feeding. Crucian carp, on the other hand, have a better ability to cope with dietary carbohydrates.     

恩诺沙星对湘云鲫(Triploid crucian carp)组织转氨酶(GPT、GOT)活性的影响

采用胸腔注射法,研究了恩诺沙星对湘云鲫(Triploid crucian carp)组织谷草转氨酶(GOT)和谷丙转氨酶(GPT)活性的影响。结果显示,给药后5 d,各试验组GPT、GOT酶活性均升高,与对照组之间呈显著差异水平(P<0.05);给药后10 d,各浓度组GPT酶活性有所降低,而GOT酶活性则继续升高,鳃的GOT酶活性达到了最大值;给药后15、20 d,各浓度组GPT酶活性继续下降,而肝脏、肾脏GOT酶活性在给药后15 d时达到最大值,之后开始下降;给药后25 d,鳃的GPT酶活性除200 mg/kg组外都恢复至正常水平,而肝脏、肾脏各浓度组的GPT酶活性显著低于对照组(P<0.05),肝脏的GOT酶活性恢复到了正常水平,而鳃和肾脏的GOT酶活性略高于对照组水平。     

Changes in ide Leuciscus idus (L.) females’ reproductive parameters after stimulation with carp pituitary homogenate (CPH) and Ovopel: the effect of domestication?

Three groups (wild—WS, semi-pond—SPS, and pond-cultured—PS) of ide Leuciscus idus (L.) were examined. Each group consisted of 30 females and 10 males, aged 5–8 years. All groups were stimulated with two agents: carp pituitary homogenate (CPH) and a synthetic hormonal preparation Ovopel. The amount of ovulating females decreased in conjunction with females’ domestication level, mainly because of very low efficacy of CPH for pond-reared ide stimulation. The percentage of ovulating females stimulated with Ovopel (97.0 %) was significantly higher comparing to CPH (63.0 %). No significant differences were found in latency time between the groups but spawning synchronization increased in conjunction with ide domestication. The positive correlation between domestication level and latency time, i.e., the higher the domestication level, the higher the latency time, was stated. No significant differences were found in PGSI as well as in total volume of obtained eggs, but groups differed significantly in the number of dry eggs and in number of swollen egg. Significant negative correlation between domestication level and number of swollen eggs, i.e., the higher the domestication level, the lower the number of eggs, was detected. The survival rate at the eyed stage was the highest in WS group (60.4 %) and PS group (57.7 %), and was significantly higher than in SPS group (51.8 %). Eggs obtained after CPH stimulation had higher survival rate at the eyed-egg stage (60.3 %) than eggs obtained from the fish stimulated with Ovopel (53.0 %). The data suggest that some form of domestication appeared in ide cultivated for several generations in carp pond.     

Molecular cloning and expression analysis of common carp Cyprinus carpio tumor necrosis factor-α

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a pleiotropic and potent inflammatory cytokine produced during inflammation. In this study, we cloned the tumor necrosis factor-?? (TNF??) complementary DNA (cDNA) gene from common carp Cyprinus carpio. The TNF??4 cDNA was 1318?bp in length and contained a 768-bp open reading frame, which putatively encoded 255 amino acids. The cloned sequences have several polymorphisms in the 3?? untranslated regions. The TNF?? putative protein retains the TNF?? family signature and consists of a four-exon, three-intron structure similar to other known TNF??4 genes. Aeromonas hydrophila Ahcs01 induced expression of TNF??4 in carp; differential expression was observed at different times. Our results indicate that TNF??4 is a central regulatory and effector cytokine of carp inflammatory and antimicrobial responses.     

Bioaccumulation of hexachlorocyclohexane,dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, and estradiol-17β in catfish and carp during the pre-monsoon season in India

This investigation was performed to monitor hexachlorocyclohexane isomers (HCHs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT, and its metabolites, refered to as DDTs), plasma levels of estradiol-17β (E2), and the gonadosomatic index (GSI) between sampling sites of unpolluted ponds of Gujartal, Jaunpur (control site) and the polluted rivers Gomti (Jaunpur) and Ganga (Varanasi), which affect the reproductive physiology of some edible catfish and carp during the pre-monsoon season. HCHs and DDTs were measured by gas liquid chromatography (GLC) and hormones by radioimmunoassay (RIA). The results indicated that the level of HCHs and DDTs was very high in both the catfish and the carp captured from the polluted rivers compared with the fish captured from the control site. The GSI and E2 values were lower in both groups of fish when compared to the fish from the control site. The results also indicate that catfish showed greater bioaccumulation of HCHs and DDTs than carp, above the permissible limit, as compared to the fish from the control site. In conclusion, fish from the Gomti and Ganga rivers were highly polluted when compared with fish from the control site, as was evident from high levels of tissue bioaccumulation of HCHs and DDTs and decreased levels of plasma E2, inhibiting the reproductive physiology of these species at the receptor level. The levels exceeded the maximum residue limits (MRL) as recommended by Codex, hence it is suggested that the fish should be avoided for food purposes.     

Comparison of 5′-inosine monophosphate and p-nitrophenyl phosphate degrading activities among red,pink, and white muscle fibers of cultured carp

ABSTRACT:   As part of a study to clarify the differences in the temporal change in K -value among fish species, the temporal change in K -value and the 5'-inosine monophosphate (5'-IMP) and p-nitrophenol phosphate (p-NPP) degrading activities in the red, pink, and white muscle fibers in the dorsal muscle of the carp were compared. The temporal change in K -value was fastest in red, followed by pink, and white muscle fibers, at both 0°C and 32°C. Moreover, the 5'-IMP and p-NPP degrading activities were highest in red, followed by pink, and white muscle fibers at near optimum pH concentrations. The 5'-IMP degrading activity at pH 7.0 had a positive correlation with the increasing rate of K -value at 32°C for all types of muscle fibers. These results suggest that differences in increasing rates of K -values between red, pink, and white muscle fibers corresponded to the 5'-IMP degrading activities.     

Fatty acid compositions of the major phosphoglycerides from fish neural tissues; (n−3) and (n−6) polyunsaturated fatty acids in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) and cod (Gadus morhua) brains and retinas

The fatty acid compositions of brain phosphoglycerides from a freshwater fish, the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri), and a marine fish, the cod (Gadus morhua), were determined and compared with those from a terrestrial mammal, the rat. Fish brain lipids were characterized by a higher degree of unsaturation encompassing increased percentages of (n–3)PUFA (226 and 205) and lower percentages of (n–6)PUFA (204 and 224). However the distribution of fatty acids and specific PUFA between different phosphoglycerides was essentially similar in rat and fish brain tissue. PE and PS contained the highest percentages of 226(n–3), PI was characterized by higher 180 and 204(n–6)/205(n–3), and PC had higher 160 and the lowest percentage of PUFA in all species. A generally similar pattern was found in the fish retinal phosphoglycerides except that PC was also rich in 226(n–3). Overall trout brain phosphoglycerides were slightly more unsaturated than the cod lipids but with lower (n–3)/(n–6) ratios whereas cod retinal lipids were more unsaturated than the trout retinal lipids.     

Microbiological aspects of common carp (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cyprinus carpio</Emphasis>) and its processing—relevance for final product quality: a review

The aquaculture production of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) is one of the biggest on a global scale, although European production represents a minor part. Thus, common carp is a little-exploited, low-cost, and highly nutritious food source. For development of new quality products that have customers’ appeal and are safe, a combination of traditional and novel technologies can be used. However, good quality raw material is of basic importance for further processing and final product quality. Fish microbiota have a major role in fish spoilage and as potential human pathogens. To diminish the negative impact of the microbiota on fish, different methods and technologies can be used. The important steps before the final product processing in the production of common carp products include purging, transport, pre-slaughter storage, slaughter method, bleeding, cleaning, desliming, descaling, and gutting. The most important factor in fish spoilage prevention is chilling, although to assure longer freshness and shelf-life, the concept of hurdle technology should be used. Many preservation and packaging techniques have been developed for fish products, but not all have been researched for common carp products. This review aims to identify the gaps in research, knowledge, and practice for the microbiological aspects that impact upon the production of high-quality common carp food products.     

Common carp (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cyprinus carpio</Emphasis>) response to two pieces of music (“Eine Kleine Nachtmusik” and “Romanza”) combined with light intensity,using recirculating water system

The objective of this study was to further investigate the effects of music on fish physiology, bearing in mind available information regarding the involvement of endogenous and exogenous factors in fish farming. Therefore, Cyprinus carpio (50.5 ± 0.36 g) were reared in a recirculating water system under 80 and 200 lux and subjected to no music at all (control, ambient noise only), 4 h of Mozart’s “Eine Kleine Nachtmusik”, or 4 h of anonymous “Romanza-Jeux Interdits” for 106 days. Both music treatments resulted in increased growth performance at both light intensities, with Romanza treatment at 200 lux resulting in better growth performance than Mozart treatment. Furthermore, feed efficiency for the Romanza groups was significantly better than for the control. Although no significant music effect was apparent for brain neurotransmitters, lower anterior intestine alkaline protease levels were detected for both music treatments. Taking into consideration the numerous advantages of recirculating water systems, it should be emphasised that fish response to music expresses the results of various physiological and biochemical processes, especially when fish notably respond differently when subjected to two different pieces of music.     

Water quality,phytoplankton composition and growth of Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) in an integrated biofloc system with Gracilaria birdiae (Greville) and Gracilaria domingensis (Kützing)

A 28-day indoor trial was conducted to evaluate the water quality, phytoplankton composition and growth of Litopenaeus vannamei in an integrated biofloc system with Gracilaria birdiae and Gracilaria domingensis. The experimental design was completely randomized with three treatments: control (shrimp monoculture); SB (shrimp and G. birdiae) and SD (shrimp and G. domingensis), all with three replicates. Random sampling was done (6 % of total population per experimental unit) to confirm white spot syndrome Virus (WSSV) infection using nested-PCR analysis due to suspicion of presence of the virus in the experiment (treatment and control groups). Shrimp L. vannamei (2.63 ± 0.10 g) were stocked in experimental tanks at a density of 425 shrimp m^?3, and the Gracilaria was stocked at a biomass of 2.0 kg m^?3. Shrimp mortality began in both the experimental and control groups at 10 days of culture. The integrated biofloc system (shrimp and seaweed) increased settleable solids (by 26–52 %); final weight (by 6–21 %); weekly growth (by 17–43 %); weight gain (by 17–43 %); specific growth rate (by 16–36 %); and yield (by 5–7 %) and decreased feed conversion ratio (by 21–28 %) and Cyanobacteria density about 16 % as compared to the control (shrimp monoculture). The use of red seaweed Gracilaria in an integrated biofloc system can enhance shrimp growth and reduce Cyanobacteria density in the presence of WSSV.     

First results on migrating shad (Alosa fallax) and mullet (Mugil cephalus) echocounting in a lock on the Rhône River (France) using a split-beam sounder,and relationships with environmental data and fish caught

The application of fisheries acoustics in shallow waters opens new fields of observation and allows new methods for abundance estimates. In this paper we deal with echocounting of migrating fish crossing the Beaucaire-Vallabrègues lock, the first obstacle encountered on the Rhône, using a SIMRAD EY500 split-beam sounder, 70 kHz frequency. Two transducers sampled a section of water and evaluated approximately 35% of the lock section, based on a calibration sphere. The number of fish crossing the lock was calculated for each fish lock. Crossing data for the fish were recorded (dates, position, exit time). The present analysis did not allow the identification of the two major species that cross the dam: shad (Alosa fallax) and mullet (Mugil cephalus). The number of fish counted was positively correlated with the catches per unit effort (CPUE) by recreating fishermen below the dam and with increasing water temperature.     

Does the gastrointestinal tract serve as the infectious route of Aeromonas hydrophila in crucian carp (Carassius carassius)?

Under experimental challenges, the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of fish has been proposed as an infectious route of several pathogenic bacteria. Is this also the case for diseased fishponds? A field research was conducted to verify this hypothesis. A crucian carp (Carassius carassius) reared fishpond with motile Aeromonas septicaemia outbreak was sampled in this study. A total of 62 strains of Aeromonas hydrophila were isolated and identified. The clonal relationship among these strains was determined by sequencing the gyrB gene, ERIC‐PCR, RAPD‐PCR, and the presence of seven virulence genes. Strains with identical genotypes were further confirmed as the same clone by multilocus sequence typing analysis. Experimental infection assays were also conducted in zebrafish (Danio rerio). The results show that the same clone strains identical to those in the blood of diseased fish existed in the intestinal digesta of diseased and uninfected fish. Regardless of their origins, all these strains were highly pathogenic to zebrafish. The result indicates that pathogenic strains of A. hydrophila had existed in the GI tract of fish before the infection occurred. This increases our knowledge on infectious route of A. hydrophila in crucian carp.     

Effect of Neguvon® and Nuvan® treatment on crabs (Cancer pagurus,C. maenas), lobster (Homarus gammarus) and blue mussel (Mytilus edulis)

Survival tests were carried out with crabs, lobsters and blue mussels held in tanks of flowing seawater and subjected to Neguvon at 10, 1, 0.5 and 0.1 ppm and to Nuvan at 1, 0.01 ppm. Homarus gammarus was the most susceptible species; the animals died within 24 h at Neguvon levels of 0.5 ppm and higher and at Nuvan levels of 0.1 ppm and higher. The use of these chemicals in salmon farming appears to have deterious effects on marine invertebrate species.     

Quality Changes and Shelf Life of Cultured and Wild Hot-Smoked Mediterranean Horse Mackerel (Trachurus mediterraneus) at Refrigerated (4 ± 1°C) Conditions

ABSTRACT

Mariculturing of horse mackerel is not known in the world. Additionally, limited studies exist on quality changes of smoked horse mackerel at refrigerated temperatures. Therefore, in this study, between 1+ and 2-year-old wild and cultured horse mackerels were hot smoked and stored at refrigerated conditions. Chemical, microbiological, and sensory analyses were performed weekly to investigate quality changes and to determine the shelf stability of the products. The results of thiobarbituric acid, trimethylamine, and total bacteria counts were obtained within the acceptable levels. Although the counts of histamine-forming bacteria increased significantly (p < 0.05) during storage, histamine values were well below the permitted limits set by Food and Drug Administration and European Union (EU). Sensory results showed that both storage groups had 3 weeks of shelf life. Total volatile basic nitrogen values supported sensory results. Therefore, the results indicate that culturing of horse mackerel did not alter the quality during storage at 4 ± 1°C.