芸芥与芸薹属属间杂交亲和性研究

选用 5个芸芥与 6个芸薹属种进行杂交 ,研究了芸芥与芸薹属属间杂交的亲和性 ,试验结果表明 :芸芥与芸薹属的远缘杂交属于高度不亲和 ,结角率为 2 .76 % ,结籽率为 1.35 %。影响其杂交亲和性的因素有杂交亲本基因型、杂交组合方式 ,其中以芸薹属作母本的杂交亲和性要高于以芸芥作母本的组合的杂交亲和性。     

芸芥自交亲和系与自交不亲和系 sOD、POD和CAT酶活性

对芸芥( Eruca sativaMill)自交亲和系( SC)与自交不亲和系( SI)柱头SOD、POD和CAT三种酶活性进行 了测定。自交亲和系和自交不亲和系在授粉后都能引起SOD、POD和CAT三种保护性酶活性的变化。比较SC和 SI的酶活性发现,在未授粉时二者SOD酶活性差异显著,而POD和CAT酶活性则无显著性差异;异花授粉后SC 和SI的三种酶活性表现了相似的趋势,在各个时间段上无差异;自花授粉后自交亲和系的酶活性显著高于自交不 亲和系的酶活性。结果表明, SOD、POD和CAT三种酶活性的变化与自交亲和系所具有的自交亲和基因的调控有 关。     

茶树自交花粉管在活体花柱中的不亲和性观察

采用以苯胺蓝染色的荧光显微技术对茶树无性系品种龙井43活体花柱上(中)的自交和异交花粉(管)生长特性进行观察。结果发现,自交花粉可以在柱头上正常萌发生长;授粉后24h内自交与异交花粉管生长特性无明显差异,24h之后自交花粉管生长速度明显慢于异交,最后在花柱基部停止伸长,且伴随产生花粉管顶端形态异常,荧光异常明亮等不亲和(受抑制)现象。由此进一步证实茶树自交花粉管生长受抑制的形态学表现与植物配子体自交不亲和性类型特征相符合。     

芸芥种质资源的遗传多样性研究

用100个随机引物对18份芸芥材料的基因组DNA进行扩增,结果有10个随机引物得到了稳定一致的RAPD谱带,每个引物扩增出2～17条谱带,共扩增出91条谱带.采用UPGMA法对扩增出的谱带进行遗传聚类分析,在遗传距离(D)=0.1333处,将18个芸芥材料分为2类8组,揭示了芸芥种质资源的遗传多样性.     

PCR步行法克隆油菜自交不亲和基因

同源序列法与PCR步行法相结合,在油菜中克隆自交不亲和基因SLG和eSRK (extra-cellular SRK).所克隆的SLG序列长为882bp,克隆的eSRK序列长度分别为1495bp(青海大黄)、1494bp(黄籽沙逊)、1727bp(关中油白菜);其GeneBank登陆号分别为AY448025、AY448026、AY448027、AY448028、AY448029、AY448030.缺失突变可能是导致青海大黄和黄籽沙逊自交亲和的原因.克隆的SLG基因与甘蓝和白菜型油菜的SLG基因有很高的同源性,而eSRK基因与甘蓝和白菜型油菜的SRK基因的同源性较高.同源序列法与PCR walking法相结合,可以有效地克隆基因;但在克隆SLG基因的两翼序列时遇到了困难,说明PCR步行法仍有待改进.     

萝卜与甘蓝型油菜和黑芥的远缘杂交亲和性研究

2004年利用3个甘蓝型油菜品种和1个黑芥品种与日本樱岛大根萝卜进行正反交，以研究远缘杂交的亲和性。试验结果表明：萝卜与油菜的远缘杂交存在严重的生殖障碍，F1种子的产生与杂交的组配方式、杂交亲本的基因型有关;授粉子房离体培养能够提高属间杂交种产生的频率;F1植株的形态大多数偏向母本。     

不同生态环境下水稻穗部性状QTL鉴定

【目的】发掘与产量相关的穗粒性状QTL对进一步克隆和利用高产基因具有重要意义。【方法】以超级粳稻龙稻5号和典型高产籼稻中优早8号杂交衍生的重组自交系群体为试材,在4种环境下对穗部性状进行比较和QTL分析。【结果】共检测到63个穗部性状QTL,分布于除第9染色体外的11条染色体上。在4个环境下分别检测到27、27、18和35个QTL。其中,16个QTL能在2个环境下被检测到,12个在3个以上环境下稳定表达,分别占QTL总数的25.40%和19.05%;第1、3、4和5染色体的多效QTL簇能在不同环境下稳定表达,对穗部性状具有明显的调控作用。【结论】第3染色体STS3.3-STS3.6区间的qSNP3、第4染色体RM5688-RM1359区间的qSNP4.1是2个新的稳定表达的多效性QTL簇。此外,上位性效应是调控穗部性状的重要组分。     

一份水稻OsWOX3B基因敲除突变体的鉴定

[目的]水稻OsWOX3B基因调控叶片形态和表皮毛发育,根据表型被命名为LSY1、DEP、NUDA和GLR1等.深入了解OsWOX3B基因对水稻发育调控的功能具有重要意义.[方法]利用CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术对籼稻品种R401的OsWOX3B进行基因敲除.对所获材料进行突变位点分析和表型分析,同时进行相关基因...     

利用同工酶标记水稻亲本遗传差异及其在杂交水稻育种中的利用

利用淀粉凝胶和聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳显示的同工酶差异，分析17个杂交水稻亲本、3个新株型株系和22个光壳稻、爪哇稻品种的遗传差异，研究光壳稻和爪哇稻及其与温带粳稻之间的关系，探索同工酶标记水稻亲本遗传差异在杂交稻育种中利用的可能性。在本研究中，8个同工酶18个多态性位点至少在2个基因型间存在差异。每个具有多态性的酶谱带分别以1和0记录存在与否，由同工酶数据计算的Nei’s遗传距离创建聚类树状图。聚类分析结果表明，籼稻和粳稻容易被分开，普通粳稻与光壳稻、爪哇稻混合聚在一起；光壳稻与爪哇稻之间的遗传距离要比它们与普通粳稻之间的遗传距离小。利用光壳稻、爪哇稻选育不同生态群方向的恢复系和不育系，已配组育成了强优势的杂交稻组合。     

Correlation between Chloroplast Ultrastructure and Chlorophyll Fluorescence Characteristics in the Leaves of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Grown under Salinity

Abstract

The seedlings of Oryza sativa L. cv. Nipponbare grown by hydroponic culture for 3 wks were treated with 75, 100, 150 and 200 mM NaCl for 14, 14, 6 and 3 days, respectively, and examined for chloroplast ultrastructure in the region where chlorophyll fluorescence had been recorded. NaCl treatment decreased the ratio of variable to maximum chlorophyll fluorescence yield (F_v/F_m) and caused swelling of thylakoids. The swelling of thylakoids was quantified by the percentage of the length of swollen thylakoids to the total length of thylakoids. This value was increased with increasing NaCl concentration. Although F_v/F_m decreased at all concentrations of NaCl, the minimal fluorescence yield F₀ was not increased by the treatment with 75 or 100 mM NaCl. The percentage of the length of swelling was low at 75 and 100 mM NaCl. On the other hand, F₀ increased and the swelling of thylakoids was prominent with 150 and 200 mM NaCl treatment. These results suggest that the decrease in F_v/F_m due to the increase in F₀ under salt stress correlates with the ultrastructural damage. The decrease in F_v/F_m due to the increase in F₀ is expected to be useful as an indicator to evaluate the damage in chloroplasts, especially in thylakoid membranes, under salinity.     

Genotypic Variation of Stomatal Conductance in Relation to Stomatal Density and Length in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Abstract

Stomatal conductance (g_s) is an important trait responsible for the genotypic difference in gas diffusion for photosynthesis and transpiration in rice (Oryza sativa L.). We measured g_s, stomatal density and stomatal length (guard-cell length) at two weeks before heading for 64 accessions from a rice diversity research set of germplasm (RDRS) and for three high-yielding cultivars (HYC) under field conditions. Considerable variations in g_s, and stomatal length were observed among varieties in RDRS, and it was considered that RDRS covers the species diversity of the stomatal characteristics in rice. When it was compared among the varieties with similar plant earliness, g_s was higher in HYC than in most varieties of RDRS. Stomatal density did not correlate with g_s, and there was a negative correlation between stomatal density and stomatal length. However, noticeable variance existed in the latter relation, where HYC exhibited a higher stomatal density and slightly shorter stomatal length than RDRS. High g_s in HYC is attributable to their high stomatal density and moderate specific stomatal conductance (g_s / stomatal density) while the high-g_s varieties in RDRS tended to have a lower stomatal density and higher specific stomatal conductance. Stomatal length is related to specific stomatal conductance, but there are remarkable differences between these traits. Specific stomatal conductance in HYC has not reached the upper limit for their stomatal size, which raises a possibility of further improvement of HYC in g_s.     

“三系”不育系微效恢复基因表现型研究

对胞质雄性不育系的3个育性指标:套袋自交结实率、黑染花粉率、嵌合颖花率,在4个不同育性水平的不育系的多个转育世代中的表现进行了比较。结果表明,3个指标均是微效恢复基因的遗传表现型,但嵌合颖花率因为易于考查、数据绝对值大、表现稳定性好而最适合作为微效恢复基因遗传分析的量化指标。该结论的重要意义在于量化的表现型是微效恢复基因遗传规律及进一步分子研究的基础。