西藏阿里地区冰川棘豆(Oxytropis glacialis)毒性生物碱的鉴定

光谱分析表明 ,冰川棘豆生物碱结晶 为含有一分子结晶水的 2 ,2 ,6 ,6 -四甲基 - 4-哌啶酮 (2 ,2 ,6 ,6 - tetramethyl-4- piperidone,TMPD)。小鼠口服 L D50 为 935 .4m g/ kg,95 %可信限为 85 2 .7～ 10 2 1.4m g/ kg,小鼠 TMPD急性中毒症状与山羊冰川棘豆自然中毒症状基本相似。     

TMPD对山羊的毒性试验

每天给山羊灌服2,2,6,6-四甲基哌啶酮(TMPD)水溶液,每7天采血1次,进行血液生化检查。40 d后试验羊出现中毒症状。血清生化检查表明血清尿素氮(BUN)含量从试验第28天起明显升高,与试验前对照差异显著(P<0.05或P<0.01)。血清乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)和谷丙转氨酶(ALT)活性从试验初就明显升高,与试验前对照差异显著(P<0.05或P<0.01.)。血清碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性略有升高,但与试验前对照差异不显著(P>0.05)。α-甘露糖苷酶(AMA)第42天后显著低于试验前(P<0.05或P<0.01)。病理组织学检查发现,小脑、大脑、肝等组织细胞出现空泡变性。山羊TMPD中毒的症状、血液生化指标及病理变化与冰川棘豆中毒相似,表明TMPD是冰川棘豆中的主要有毒成分之一。     

冰川棘豆生物碱对小白鼠的毒性研究

将冰川棘豆生物碱粗提物，生物碱结晶Ⅱ和生物碱结晶Ⅰ即2，2，6，6－四甲基－4－哌啶酮（TMPD）分别给小鼠腹腔注射，结果表明，它们具有相似的急性毒性，症状为活动减少，闭目，不安，震颤，惊厥，呼吸困难和死亡。小鼠口服TMPD的LD50为935．4mg/kg,95%可信限为852．7－1021.4mg/kg，有每日200，300和400mg/kg剂量TMPD灌胃小鼠，30d左右出现目光呆滞，被毛粗乱，卧地，头部上下颤震，蹒珊行走等轻微的疯草中毒症。35d时进行检查发现，主要病理变化为肝脏，大脑和和小脑空泡变性。此外，中央静脉、小叶间静脉和叶下静脉以及肝窦隙扩张淤血，有的肝细胞大或轻度溶解，胞内出现多数红色细小颗粒，胞核大小和染色不一，窦壁细胞轻度肿胀增生；小脑蒲肯野氏细胞不同程度溶解，尼氏小体减少，大脑出血，胞核固缩。     

西藏阿里地区草原冰川棘豆有毒生物碱鉴定

本研究在西藏阿里的冰川棘豆（Oxytropis glacialis)中提取到一种结晶物，经红外光谱、核磁共振谱分析，确定为2．2．6．6－四甲基－4－哌啶酮，本品经口灌胃小鼠LD50为935.4mg/kg,95%可信限为852．7－1021．4mg/kg，是一种具有中等毒的生物碱。其中毒症状与羊自然中毒病例相似。     

西藏阿里地区草原冰川棘豆有毒生物碱鉴定

本研究在西藏阿里的冰川棘豆(Oxytropis glacialis)中提取到一种结晶物，经红外光谱、核磁共振谱分析，确定为2．2．6．6-四甲基—4—哌啶酮。本品经口灌胃小鼠LD50为935．4mg／kg，95％可信限为852．7—1021．4mg／kg，是一种具有中等毒性的生物碱，其中毒症状与羊自然中毒病例相似。     

四甲基哌啶酮对小鼠的急性和慢性毒性试验

为了探讨小鼠长期接触2,2,6,6-四甲基哌啶酮(TMPD)引起有害效应的剂量,以评价对其进行长期接触的危险性,对小鼠进行TMPD的急性和亚慢性毒性试验。结果表明,TMPD对小鼠具有一定急性毒性(LD50=292.429mg/kg-1);亚慢性毒性表现出一定的雌雄差异,肝脏和肾脏是其主要靶器官。     

TMPD体外抑菌试验

冰川棘豆主要生长在青藏高原地区,放牧动物大量采食可引起大批动物中毒,造成放牧家畜消瘦、生长缓慢、呆立、卧地不起,直至死亡,死亡率高达90%,给西藏地区的畜牧业带来了巨大的损失。目前,还未找到特效的解毒药或预防措施。2,2,6,6-     

"疯草灵"解毒缓释丸预防绵羊黄花棘豆中毒试验

将8只绵羊随机分为试验组和对照组,每天按10 g/kg饲喂黄花棘豆Oxytropis ochrantha鲜草,同时试验组投服疯草灵解毒缓释丸3丸,对照组不投服,以探索疯草灵解毒缓释丸对绵羊黄花棘豆中毒的预防作用.结果表明:对照组在试验第16-21天出现黄花棘豆中毒症状,试验组在试验第50-72天出现黄花棘豆中毒症状;实验室结果为2组羊血清谷草转氨酶(SGOT)、血清碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性、尿素氮(BUN)含量比试验前明显升高(P＜0.05或P＜0.01).表明投服3丸疯草灵解毒缓释丸对绵羊黄花棘豆中毒具有预防作用,但还不能完全防止黄花棘豆对绵羊肝脏和肾脏等组织器官的损害.     

冰川棘豆提取物的体外抑菌试验

采用冰川棘豆提取物对金色葡萄球菌、多杀性巴氏杆菌、无乳链球菌、埃希氏大肠杆菌、鼠伤寒沙门氏菌和酵母进行抑菌试验。结果表明,醇类提取物中酸化氯仿部分、碱化乙酸乙酯部分、碱化正丁醇部分及TMPD对金色葡萄球菌、多杀性巴氏杆菌、无乳链球菌有明显的抑制作用,对埃希氏大肠杆菌、鼠伤寒沙门氏菌、酵母没有抑制作用。冰川棘豆的蒸馏水提取物对供试菌没有抑制作用。     

疯草灵解毒缓释丸对黄花棘豆中毒绵羊血液常规指标的影响

为了探讨疯草灵解毒缓释丸对黄花棘豆中毒绵羊血液常规指标的影响,试验将16只绵羊随机分为1个对照组和3个试验组,每天按体重10 g/kg饲喂黄花棘豆,同时3个试验组羊分别投服1丸、2丸、3丸疯草灵解毒缓释丸,对照组不投服。结果表明:对照组绵羊在试验16～21 d出现黄花棘豆中毒症状,试验组分别在试验33～48 d、62～66 d、50～72 d出现黄花棘豆中毒症状;所有试验羊红细胞数、白细胞数、血细胞比容、血红蛋白与试验前相比没有明显变化。说明投服疯草灵解毒缓释丸对绵羊黄花棘豆中毒具有一定预防作用,但对血液常规指标没有明显影响。     

饲料中磺胺二甲嘧啶、磺胺六甲氧嘧啶、磺胺氯哒嗪、磺胺甲恶唑的检测方法

试验的目的是建立测定饲料中磺胺二甲嘧啶、磺胺六甲氧嘧啶、磺胺氯哒嗪、磺胺甲恶唑含量的反相高效液相色谱方法。以ZorbaxSB-C18为色谱柱;乙腈-冰乙酸-水(18+1+81)为流动相;紫外检测波长为285nm;柱温为40℃;进样量为10μl。结果表明,线性在20～160mg/kg良好,平均回收率较高;检测限达到10mg/kg。该法准确度高、精密度好、简便快速。     

Determination of brodifacoum and bromadiolone residues in rodent and canine liver

A method to determine residue concentrations of anti-coagulant rodenticides, brodifacoum (BF) and bromadiolone (BD) in liver was developed, using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Nine dogs were given 1.1 mg of BF/kg of body weight, PO, in polyethylene glycol 400, one time. Rats were fed BF or BD (via commercial baits) in amounts from 0.28 to 11.25 mg/kg over 1- to 4-day periods. Fresh liver samples were collected at necropsy from all rats and 3 dogs, ground with Na2SO4, and extracted with CHCl3:MeOH (9:1). After evaporation and silica cartridge purification were performed, residues were oxidized with a 0.16M chromic acid solution, and an oxidation product (4-bromobenzoic acid) was partitioned into CHCl3. The methylated derivative (port derivatization with trimethylanilinium hydroxide) was assayed, using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Bromadiolone was detected in livers from rats given greater than 6 mg of BD/kg of body weight, but not in livers of rats given 1.25 mg of BD/kg. In contrast, BF was detected (with one exception) in livers from dogs (given 1.1 mg of BF/kg) and from rats given high (11.25 mg of BF/kg) and low (0.28 mg of BF/kg) doses. This protocol, which does not differentiate between BF and BD because of the formation of a common product after chromic acid oxidation, was used to diagnose anticoagulant toxicosis in 3 dogs, 1 human being and 1 llama naturally poisoned.     

三聚氰胺对雌性Wistar大鼠的慢性毒性研究

三聚氰胺（melamine,MA）对小鼠的经口LD50为4550mg/（kg.bw）,急性毒性属于低毒物质。为证实和客观评价其慢性毒性,以每千克饲料500、1000和2000mgMA/kg饲料的剂量对6周龄雌性Wistar大鼠进行了6个月慢性毒性试验。结果表明,各剂量组雌性Wistar大鼠肾、肝和膀胱均有不同程度地功能异常和器质性病变;血液ALT、AST、CRE和UA等生化指标均有不同程度地升高,肾、肝和膀胱黏膜均有不同程度地病理变化或损伤;每千克饲料2000mgMA/kg饲料的剂量能够抑制大鼠生长和采食,肾病理变化显著,出现结石;染毒组大鼠脾脏、骨髓等未见病变;MA对大鼠的最大无作用剂量应小于（35.7±15.4）mg/（kg.bw.d）。     

Superphosphate poisoning of sheep: the role of fluoride

Earlier work confirmed that the fundamental lesion of superphosphate poisoning is an acute toxic tubular nephritis in which both phosphate and fluoride may play a part but their respective roles could not be determined. In this study, sheep poisoned by sodium fluoride (NaF) were compared with sheep poisoned by superphosphate containing approximately 1.5% fluoride. The LD₅₀ of NaF was in the range 100 to 300 mg/kg (45 to 135 mg F/kg). This range is of the same order as the amount of fluoride in a toxic dose of superphosphate (70 to 90mg F/kg).

A lethal dose of NaF caused severe depression, salivation, hyperpnoea, blindness, ataxia and incoordination. Death ensued three to 52 hours after dosing. Acute necrotizing rumino-reticulitis and abomasitis and necrosis of epithelial cells in the proximal convoluted tubules of the kidney were the characteristic lesions of NaF toxicity.

Superphosphate poisoning took a more protracted course with depression and diarrhoea as the predominant clinical signs until the terminal coma. As with NaF, the notable lesions were in the gastrointestinal tract and kidneys, but were less severe.

Although there were differences in the clinical and pathological manifestations of the two forms of poisoning, the comparable toxic dose of NaF and of the fluoride in a toxic dose of superphosphate, and the similar target organs involved, support the view that fluoride plays a dominant role in the pathogenesis of superphosphate poisoning. It is probable that phosphate plays a contributory role but the nature of the interaction of fluoride and phosphate remains to be established.     

Superphosphate poisoning of sheep: the role of fluoride

Earlier work confirmed that the fundamental lesion of superphosphate poisoning is an acute toxic tubular nephritis in which both phosphate and fluoride may play a part but their respective roles could not be determined. In this study, sheep poisoned by sodium fluoride (NaF) were compared with sheep poisoned by superphosphate containing approximately 1.5% fluoride. The LD50 of NaF was in the range 100 to 300 mg/kg (45 to 135 mg F/kg). This range is of the same order as the amount of fluoride in a toxic dose of superphosphate (70 to 90 mg F/kg). A lethal dose of NaF caused severe depression, salivation, hyperpnoea, blindness, ataxia and incoordination. Death ensued three to 52 hours after dosing. Acute necrotizing rumino-reticulitis and abomasitis and necrosis of epithelial cells in the proximal convoluted tubules of the kidney were the characteristic lesions of NaF toxicity. Superphosphate poisoning took a more protracted course with depression and diarrhoea as the predominant clinical signs until the terminal coma. As with NaF, the notable lesions were in the gastrointestinal tract and kidneys, but were less severe. Although there were differences in the clinical and pathological manifestations of the two forms of poisoning, the comparable toxic dose of NaF and of the fluoride in a toxic dose of superphosphate, and the similar target organs involved, support the view that fluoride plays a dominant role in the pathogenesis of superphosphate poisoning. It is probable that phosphate plays a contributory role but the nature of the interaction of fluoride and phosphate remains to be established.     

冰川棘豆生物碱的提取分离

将冰川棘豆阴干 ,粉碎 ,过 2 0目筛。用 15倍量MeOH冷渗 ,减压回收溶剂 ,浓缩物加 0 1mol/LHCl溶解 ,过夜 ,过滤 ,酸水液以 80 0～ 10 0 0ml/ (min·cm2 )流经H+ 阳离子交换树脂。树脂出柱 ,水洗去悬浮物 ,上柱继续洗至无色 ,改用Me2 CO洗至流出液遇NH3 ·H2 O不变色后 ,将树脂倒入烧杯中 ,加 2mol/LNH3 ·H2 O适量 ,密闭 30min ,挥去NH3 ·H2 O ,再上柱 ,Me2 CO洗脱 ,回收溶剂得粗提物 ,粗提物用 1%HCl溶解 ,CHCl3 振摇洗涤数次 ,酸水层调pH 10 ,CHCl3 萃取 ,减压回收溶剂得粗碱 ,用石油醚溶出总碱 ,经硅胶G(含微量NaOH)柱层析 ,CHCl3 Me2 CO恒沸物洗脱 ,每 10ml收 1份 ,TLC检查 ,同类合并 ,石油醚重结晶 ,得晶Ⅰ和晶Ⅱ。并对它们的理化特性进行了初步测定。     

The Preventive Effect of Nicotinic Acid on Carbon Tetrachloride Toxicity in Sheep

The blood glucose response following the intravenous injection of butyric acid, 2.5 mM/kg, was studied in normal and carbon tetrachloride poisoned sheep. In normal sheep there was a rapid increase in blood glucose. Carbon tetrachloride greatly reduced the glucose response. In animals pretreated with nicotinic acid, 50 mg/kg, on the day before carbon tetrachloride administration, the glucose response was not altered. When a larger dose of nicotinic acid, 100 mg/kg, was given simultaneously with carbon tetrachloride, the glucose response was reduced more than after only carbon tetrachloride. Nicotinic acid alone at the dose of 100 mg/kg reduced the glucose rise somewhat more than carbon tetrachloride. There was a good agreement between the glucose rise following butyric acid and the glycogen content of the liver. It thus seemed clear that butyric acid has a glycogenolytic effect when given intravenously. Carbon tetrachloride caused severe necrosis and fatty changes in the liver. These pathological changes were reduced by pretreating the animals with 50 mg/kg of nicotinic acid. The larger dose of nicotinic acid, 100 mg/kg, caused a diffuse degeneration of the liver cells and a complete disappearence of glycogen. All liver injuries were followed by a rise in serum OCT.     

Emory milkvetch (Astragalus emoryanus var emoryanus) poisoning in chicks, sheep, and cattle.

A severe outbreak of Emory milkvetch poisoning in cattle and sheep occurred near Roswell, New Mexico, in the spring of 1975. Mortality averaged 2% to 3% and morbidity averaged 15% to 20%. Emory milkvetch collected from the infested area contained miserotoxin measured as 5 to 9 mg of NO2/g of plant (dry weight). Chicks fed extracts of Emory milkvetch showed toxic signs when fed one dose as 300 mg of NO2/kg of body weight, and died within 5 to 8 hours when fed milkvetch as 400 mg of NO2/kg. A sheep fed Emory milkvetch for 7 days in the form of 38 mg of NO2/kg/day developed signs of nitro poisoning on the 7th day. Cattle were poisoned or died when fed Emory milkvetch as 12 to 20 mg of NO2/ig for several days. The toxic signs observed in the field and under experimental conditions were similar.     

迈士通除草剂对天然草地毒草黄花棘豆的防除效果及其植被的影响

研究了迈士通除草剂对天然草地黄花棘豆的防除效果及对植被的影响。结果表明,迈士通250mL/hm2的喷洒剂量即可达到对于黄花棘豆98.0%的防除效果。除黄花棘豆以外,迈士通的喷施也对草地其他植物产生影响;对单子叶植物的影响相对较小,施药当年并不明显影响禾本科和莎草科牧草的生长,甚至对株高和鲜重等有一定的增加作用;施药第2年,禾本科和莎草科牧草的鲜重和株高呈下降趋势。另外,对于钉柱委陵菜、蒲公英等一些双子叶植物的生长有明显的抑制作用;而对于其他植物,如二裂委陵菜、重齿叶风毛菊等的生长,则呈现低浓度促进而高浓度抑制的现象。试验表明,随迈士通喷施浓度的增加,草地植物多样性和植被盖度呈显著降低趋势。