浑善达克沙地沙地榆土壤种子库特征与动态规律研究

在浑善达克沙地以沙地榆为研究对象,针对60年生、46年生、30年生3种不同树龄沙地榆林进行了土壤种子库调查,研究了沙地榆土壤种子库的组成、数量及动态变化规律。结果表明:1)不同树龄沙地榆林结实量差异明显,结实量大小顺序为60年生林分>46年生林分>30年生林分,结实量分别为2101粒/m2、451粒/m2、24粒/m2;2)在整个观测期内,不同树龄沙地榆林土壤种子库内种子总数呈下降趋势。2011年9月各林分种子总数比2011年6月分别减少了75.17%、47.46%和96.15%。3)从成熟种子组成及动态变化趋势来看,60年生和30年生沙地榆林土壤中成熟种子在整个观测期内呈逐月下降趋势,46年生沙地榆土壤中成熟种子总数呈先下降后增加的趋势。2011年7月,成熟种子的比例最小,种子质量最差,2011年9月,成熟种子的比例最大,不存在腐烂虫害种子,种子质量最好。4)不同树龄沙地榆林土壤种子库种子总数分布规律基本一致,表现为枯枝落叶层>0-2cm土层>2-4cm土层。枯枝落叶层土壤种子库种子总数随时间呈持续减少的趋势,0-2cm土层和2-4cm土层土壤种子库种子总数呈先减少后增加的趋势。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠土壤种子库特征初探

通过野外采样和室外萌发的方法,研究了塔克拉玛干沙漠公路沿线6种立地类型的土壤种子库特点.其主要结论:①所有立地类型的土壤种子库密度都很小.立地类型I,Ⅱ,Ⅲ,Ⅳ,V,Ⅵ的土壤种子库密度分别为:(46.20±4.45)粒/m2,(27.50±5.58)粒/m2,(15.00±3.37)粒/m2,(6.52±0.87)/m2,(10.00±2.42)粒/m2和(50.00±5.50)粒/m2.②所有立地类型土壤种子库中所出现的物种数量都很少.③所有立地类型土壤种子库中出现的物种生活型,一年生草本并不占优势.④在塔克拉玛干沙漠空间分布上,沙漠南缘和北缘的土壤种子库密度和物种多样性较大,而中部的密度和物种多样性较小.     

黄土丘陵植被恢复过程中土壤种子库萌发数量特征及动态变化

采用野外定点采样与室内土壤种子萌发试验相结合的研究方法,选取黄土丘陵区典型草原带宁夏固原地区不同植被恢复年限(2,5,12,24,35,55,75 a)及当年农地(对照)的8个样地,研究该区土壤种子库萌发数量特征及动态变化.结果表明,8个不同植被恢复年限样地土壤中可萌发的种子的平均数量为3542.5粒/m2,可萌发种子以双子叶植物为主,约占萌发总数的90%.0～5 cm土层可萌发种子数量变化于166.7～9100.0粒/m2;5～10 cm土层变化于133.38～2120.02粒/m2.土壤中可萌发种子数量随着恢复年限的增加表现先增加后下降的趋势.土壤中可萌发的种子数量随时间的变化近似单峰型,双子叶植物峰值主要出现在第4～6周,而单子叶植物萌发高峰在5～6周.表明在环境,气候等条件适宜时,黄土丘陵区典型草原带可萌发的土壤中的种子可形成萌发高峰.     

放牧和封育条件下科尔沁沙地小叶锦鸡儿群落土壤种子库特征

以科尔沁沙地小叶锦鸡儿群落为研究对象,对比分析了放牧干扰和不同封育年限下土壤种子库特征。结果表明:①放牧和封育样地土壤种子库均以一年生植物为主,物种丰富度没有明显差异;②放牧样地土壤种子库密度为(3 475±519)粒/m2,封育6年和封育12年样地土壤种子库密度分别为(20 241±1 714)粒/m2和(28 777±3 946)粒/m2,显著高于放牧样地;③Shannon-W iener多样性指数、S impson多样性指数和P ielou均匀度指数在放牧样地分别为1.36,0.68和0.56,并随着封育年限的增加而降低;④放牧和封育样地土壤种子库主要分布于0~2 cm的土壤表层,封育样地各层的种子库密度均显著高于放牧样地;⑤放牧和封育样地土壤种子库均为聚集分布,但放牧样地种子库的空间异质性高于封育样地。     

塔里木河下游植被退化区土壤种子库特征

本文在塔里木河下游选择了四个典型荒漠植被退化区,通过土壤种子库萌发实验,对土壤种子库的基本特征以及与地上植被的关系进行了对比研究。结果表明:1)四个植被退化区土壤种子库总共含有10个物种(属),平均密度1633.33粒/m2。2)四个植被退化区种子库密度总和来看,0-5cm层>5-10cm>层10-30cm层,但在各个研究区中种子库密度的垂直分布异质性差异很大,没有一致的规律。3)各个研究区土壤种子库种子的生活型组成,草本物种密度均明显高于灌木。4)土壤种子库与地上植被的相似性系数在四个研究区均很低;随着退化程度的加重,种子库的密度和物种数均呈现明显的下降趋势,但土壤种子库物种组成的稳定性要高于地上植被。     

塔里木河上游湿地土壤种子库特征

以塔里木河上游阿拉尔地区不同湿地类型土壤种子库为研究对象。通过野外调查取样和室内萌发试验相结合的方法,对土壤种子库的组成、物种多样性和空间分布特征进行分析。研究结果表明:研究区内各湿地类型土壤种子库物种匮乏,多样性低,萌发的物种数在仅10-13种之间,种子库密度在168-2093粒/m2之间,属于较低水平。各湿地土壤种子库密度表现为人工湿地>河流湿地>湖泊湿地,受保护的人工湿地土壤种子库最高。种子库的空间分布为聚集分布。     

子午岭主要森林类型土壤种子库研究

对子午岭天然油松林、人工油松林、人工落叶松林、人工刺槐林四种林分的土壤种子库特征初步研究结果表明 :人工油松林种子库储量平均为 675 .9粒 /m2 ,人工刺槐林为648.8粒 /m2 ,人工落叶松林为 839.4粒 /m2 ,天然油松林为 45 5粒 /m2 ,各林分土壤种子库储量属中等水平 ;本次调查的天然油松林种子库种子活力为零 ,人工油松林种子库活力种子占 0 .5 % ,人工落叶松林种子库活力种子占 4.2 % ,刺槐林种子库活力种子占 74.4%。除人工刺槐林种子库种子质量较高外 ,针叶林各林分种子库种子质量都较差 ;人工油松林林下油松幼苗的分布密度平均为 1～ 3株 /m2 ,人工刺槐林林下多见灌木幼苗 ,另两种林分林下幼苗较少 ,表明不同林分土壤种子库种子都具有一定的萌发能力 ;从各林分土壤种子库的组成看 ,主要树种的种子在种子库中所占比例都在 85 %以上 ,人工油松林土壤种子库物种多样性指数较高 ,而其它林分土壤种子库物种多样性指数均较小 ;土壤种子库中 80 %左右的种子集中分布在枯枝落叶层和 0 - 2 cm土壤层中 ,下层种子数量很少 ;方差分析表明 ,枯枝落叶层厚度、树高、郁闭度、胸径等因子变化对土壤种子库储量影响显著。综合分析认为 ,子午岭主要森林类型土壤种子库能够为林分的天然更新提供基本条件。     

季节性轮牧对阿巴嘎旗典型草原土壤养分的影响

为揭示季节性轮牧对土壤养分的影响,利用内蒙古阿巴嘎旗北部娜仁宝力格苏木4种季节轮牧草场的89个样品的化验结果,进行统计分析,采用对比法和主成分分析法研究了季节性轮牧对土壤有机质、氮素、磷素、钾素的影响。结果表明:锡林郭勒典型草原季节性轮牧对土壤养分含量影响显著。土壤养分综合状况表现为:冬季草场>春季草场>秋季草场>全禁牧草场>夏季草场;在0-15cm土层,各轮牧季节草场随着土层深度的增加,土壤有机质、氮素、磷素、钾素含量有逐渐减少的规律。季节性轮牧是合理的放牧管理方式,与禁牧相比,冬季与春季轮牧对土壤养分影响最小,夏季则最大。因此,降低夏季牧场的放牧强度有利于保持土壤养分,实现草场的可持续利用。     

毛乌素沙地天然臭柏群落种子产量、种子库及幼苗更新

采用样方调查法,研究了毛乌素沙地臭柏(Sabinavulgaris)群落的种子产量、种子库及幼苗更新。结果表明:毛乌素沙地天然臭柏群落的球果丰富,约为3093. 83粒/m2,种子产量为9118. 5粒/m2,优良种子达2954. 4粒/m2。5种立地条件间的土壤种子库差异大、质量低,种子优良度最高的也仅为3. 7%。土壤种子集中分布于0 ~5cm土层内,并随着土壤深度增加,优良种子数由0~5cm的30. 52粒/m2减少到5~10cm的1. 3粒/m2。5 种立地中当年幼苗数的平均值仅为7. 98株/m2,最高的(A类立地)为14. 7株/m2,仅占表土优良种的30%左右,最低的(D类立地)已经丧失了更新能力。臭柏群落内种子更新苗少,而且种子更新集中在少数滩地小生境中。种子库小、质量差、更新环境的丧失是限制臭柏群落天然更新与拓展的主要因子。     

干旱区盐渍化荒地不同开垦年限土壤碳氮储量研究

在天山北坡绿洲区分别选取连续开垦3 a、8 a、15 a盐渍化棉田和未开垦的盐渍化荒地,采集0~10、10~20、20~40、40~60、60~100 cm土层土壤样品,测定土壤有机碳、全氮含量。结果表明:盐荒地开垦后棉田0~100 cm土层土壤有机碳含量随开垦年限呈逐渐增加的趋势;开垦后棉田土壤全N含量随开垦年限的增加而增加,但处理间无显著差异;盐荒地与开垦棉田土壤有机碳、全N含量随土层深度增加而降低,其中盐荒地不同土层间土壤有机碳含量差异显著,0~40 cm土层土壤有机碳、全N含量明显高于40 cm以下土层;开垦棉田土壤C/N随开垦年限的增加呈现增加的趋势,盐荒地和开垦棉田土壤C/N随土壤深度的增加而降低,二者之间差异不显著;开垦棉田土壤有机碳储量随开垦年限的增加呈先减少后增加的趋势。结论:干旱区盐荒地开垦后,棉田土壤有机碳、全N含量均随开垦年限的增加而增加,而土壤有机碳储量随开垦年限的增加先减小后增加。盐荒地与开垦棉田土壤有机碳和全N含量随土层深度增加而减少。     

Effect of spatial scale and topography on spatial heterogeneity of soil seed banks under grazing disturbance in a sandy grassland of Horqin Sand Land, Northern China

Soil seed banks play an important role in the distribution and composition of plant communities in semiarid grassland ecosystems.However,information on how spatial scale influences the spatial heterogeneity of soil seed banks in a grassland under grazing disturbance is still lacking.Based on field sampling and greenhouse germination,we measured the species composition and seed density of soil seed banks at different spatial scales (30 m×30 m,30 m×60 m and 30 m×90 m)along a topographical gradient in a sandy grassland in Horqin Sand Land, Northern China.By applying geostatistical methods,we examined how spatial scale and topography affected the spatial distribution of soil seed banks in the study area.Our results showed that the total number of species in soil seed banks,as well as the number of dominant annuals,increased with the increase of spatial scales.Seed density in soil seed banks decreased with the increase of spatial scales due to an increase in the slopes and relative heights of the sampling points.Geostatistical analysis showed that the relative structural variance(C/(C0+C))of seed density and species richness were over 65%for all spatial scales,indicating that these variables had an obvious spatial autocorrelation and the spatial structured variance accounted for the largest proportion of the total sample variance.Spatial autocorrelation of seed density in soil seed banks increased with the increase of measured scales,while that of species richness showed a reverse trend.These results suggest that the total number of species in soil seed banks is spatial scale dependent and lower topography may accommodate more seeds.Spatial distribution of seed density in soil seed banks is also scale dependent due to topographic variation.Grassland management,therefore,needs to consider local grazing disturbance regime,spatial scale and topography.     

Aerial seed germination and morphological characteristics of juvenile seedlings in Commelina benghalensis L.

Seed germination, seedling emergence, and the morphological characteristics of juvenile seedlings of Commelina benghalensis L. were observed. For aerial seeds collected in September and October, seedling emergence peaked in April and June for large seeds and from June to August for small seeds, whereas seedling emergence for large seeds collected in November showed peaks in March and April under natural rainfall conditions, and in April and June under irrigation conditions. Seedlings from small seeds emerged intermittently over a longer period from April to August under both conditions. Aerial seeds of C. benghalensis germinated on wet filter paper on the second day after seeding (DAS) for large seeds and the fourth DAS for small seeds. The germination percentage for large seeds was higher than that for small seeds by the 14th DAS. The germination percentage for large aerial seeds showed no significant difference between light and dark conditions. However, the percentage for small aerial seeds was higher under light than under dark conditions. Seedlings from large aerial seeds emerged on the third DAS at 0–50 mm soil depths. The percentage of emergence at 0 and 1 mm soil depths increased until the 30th DAS, whereas those at soil depths of 5–50 mm showed no change after the 9th DAS. There was no emergence at a soil depth of 100 mm. Seedlings from small aerial seeds emerged on the 6th DAS at 0–1 mm soil depths, with the percentage increasing until the 30th DAS. Although seedlings at 5 and 10 mm soil depths also emerged on the 6th DAS, there was no change in the percentage after the 12th DAS. There was no emergence at soil depths of 20–100 mm. The hypocotyl and taenia (part of the cotyledon connected to the seed) in juvenile seedlings that emerged from soil depths of 50 mm were longer than those in seedlings emerging from a soil depth of 1 mm.     

Correlation between the soil seed bank and weed populations in maize fields

Annual weed populations establish every year from persistent seed banks in the soil. This 3 year study investigated the relationship between the number of weed seeds in the soil seed bank and the resultant populations of major broadleaf and grass weeds in 30 maize fields. After planting the crop, 1 m² areas were protected from the pre-emergence herbicide application. Soil samples were collected soon after spraying to a depth of 100 mm and the weed seeds therein were enumerated. The emerged weed seedlings in the field sampling areas were counted over the following 8 weeks. Up to 67 broadleaf species and five grass weeds were identified, although not all were found at every site and some were specific to a region or soil type. For the most abundant weeds in the field plots, on average 2.1–8.2% of the seeds of the broadleaf species and 6.2–11.9% of the seeds of the grass weeds in the soil seed bank emerged in any one year, depending on the species. Overall, the results showed a strong linear relationship between the seed numbers in the soil and the seedling numbers in the field for all the grasses and for most broadleaf weeds. For some species, like Trifolium repens , only a weak relationship was observed. In the case of Chenopodium album , which had the largest seed bank, there was evidence of asymptotic behavior, with seedling emergence leveling off at high seed numbers. An estimate of the soil seed bank combined with knowledge of the germination and behavior of specific weed species would thus have good potential for predicting future weed infestations in maize fields.     

不同放牧制度对荒漠草原短花针茅空间异质性的影响

在不同放牧制度下,以荒漠草原短花针茅植物种群为研究对象,采用GS＋软件和地统计学分析方法对其空间异质性分布进行了研究。结果显示：对照区和划区轮牧区或自由放牧区都表现出很强的空间自相关性,且结构是导致短花针茅空间变异的主要因素。对照区、划区轮牧区和自由放牧区,短花针茅空间格局的分形维数相近,都接近于2。不同放牧制度下短花...     

短花针茅荒漠草原土壤种子库对不同放牧强度的响应

在内蒙古短花针茅荒漠草原,采用野外随机定点取样与室内萌发相结合的方法,对不同放牧强度下围封草地土壤种子库的密度、垂直结构、多样性、丰富度、均匀度、以及种子库与地上植被的相似性进行了研究。结果表明,在各试验区土壤种子库主要分布在0～20cm土层,占种子库总密度的87%～96%;随着放牧强度的增加,土壤种子库总密度减少,同时地上植被与土壤种子库的相似物种数减少,种子库组成的相异性增加;轻度放牧对土壤种子库中一二年生草本所占比例影响较小,而中度和重度放牧使土壤种子库中一二年生草本所占比例增加;土壤种子库的物种丰富度、多样性、均匀度均随放牧强度的增加而减小。     

Ni~(2+)、Cu~(2+)胁迫对柠条种子萌发特征的影响

干旱区矿业废弃地生态修复植物的科学选择是生态治理的前提。文中以干旱区生态恢复的优势植物柠条(Caragana korshinskii Kom)为研究对象,研究了Ni2+、Cu2+在不同浓度条件下对其种子萌发特征的影响,以期为矿业废弃地及重金属污染土壤的生态修复提供科学依据。结果表明:在Ni2+或Cu2+胁迫条件下,柠条种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数及活力指数都有不同的响应特征,低浓度时对种子萌发影响不明显,甚至有促进作用,当Ni2+浓度为20mg/L或Cu2+浓度为50mg/L时柠条种子的萌发较快,发芽率相对较高,且有利于干物质的积累;高浓度时则有较强的抑制作用,其中Ni2+的抑制作用要高于Cu2+;Ni2+和Cu2+对胚根的生长均具有抑制作用并随着浓度的升高而逐渐增强。     

围栏与不同放牧强度对东祁连山高寒草甸植被和土壤的影响

在东祁连山高寒草地,对围栏7年和不同放牧强度的草地进行了物种数、地上生物量、地下生物量、土壤理化性质等研究。结果表明,围栏7年的高寒草地鲜草产量为425.8 g·m-2,显著高于夏季中牧159.3 g·m-2和夏季重牧91.0 g·m-2,但与冬季轻牧、夏季轻牧差异不显著。围栏条件下的物种数为26.3种·16 m-2,显著低于其他放牧条件下的物种数,但显著高于夏季重牧条件下的物种数23.0种·16 m-2;轻度或重度放牧都会使物种数减少,夏季中牧下的物种数最高(33.5种·16 m-2)。在0~10 cm的表层土壤中,围栏7年的草地根系生物量显著高于其他放牧强度。随着放牧强度的增加,根系生物量在0~10 cm土壤中呈下降趋势,在30~40 cm土壤中则表现为升高趋势。围栏7年的土壤容重低于其他放牧强度下的土壤容重,但差异不显著;夏季重牧的土壤容重显著高于围栏7年和其他放牧强度的土壤容重。随着放牧强度的增加,0~10 cm土壤碱解氮增加,围栏7年草地最低。围栏封育可有效改善和恢复草地植被,但不能长时间禁牧不进行放牧利用。合理的放牧能够维护高寒草甸草地生态系统功能、促进物种丰富度和土壤营养的均衡。     

Factors affecting the seed germination and seedling emergence of redflower ragleaf (Crassocephalum crepidioides)

Redflower ragleaf (Crassocephalum crepidioides) is a weed, as well as a minor vegetable, in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. The influence of environmental factors and seed conditions on the germination and emergence of redflower ragleaf have been evaluated in order to help understand its distribution and to develop effective management strategies. The seeds germinated at a constant temperature in the range of 10–30°C and reached a maximum at 15–20°C. The highest germination rate was recorded at an alternating temperature of 20/15°C (day/night). The seeds germinated over a wide pH range (2–12), with the highest germination rate at between 4 and 10. Germination under saturated and flooded conditions was also high. The germination of seeds from opened (mature) capitula was significantly higher than from partially opened or unopened capitula. The germination of seeds without a pappus was significantly higher than for seeds with a pappus. The germination rate of 1 year old seeds decreased drastically when compared to that of freshly harvested seeds. The seedling emergence rate was ～63% for those seeds placed on the soil surface, but no seedling emerged from a depth of ≥1 cm. These results indicate that redflower ragleaf seeds can germinate in various environmental conditions, but that the percentage that germinates will be different in different environments. Regeneration could be effectively prevented by at least a 1 cm soil covering or by destroying the plant before the capitula open. In contrast, freshly harvested seeds from opened capitula should be sown on the soil surface when redflower ragleaf is to be cultivated as a vegetable.