黑木耳菌种及培养基的筛选

为优化黑木耳产业化生产,进行了黑木耳菌种和培养基的筛选试验,结果表明:(1)于7种黑木耳菌种中筛选出的延明1号、延明11和蛟耳329优良菌种可以作为黑木耳产业化生产菌种;黑木耳最适的母种培养基配方为马铃薯200g,葡萄糖20g,KH_2PO_43g,MgSO_41.5g,VB110mg,琼脂20g,水1 000mL。(2)最佳的原种培养基配方为:木屑78%,麦麸20%,蔗糖1%,石灰0.5%,石膏0.5%;其次为:木屑78%,米糠21%,蔗糖0.5%,石膏0.5%。(3)最佳栽培种培养料配方为锯末86.5%,麦麸10%,豆饼粉2%,生石灰0.5%,石膏粉1%。     

蛹虫草栽培技术

蛹虫草人工栽培的培养基为大米70.0%、蚕蛹粉23.0%、蔗糖5.0%、蛋白胨1.5%、酵母粉0.5%、维生素B1微量,pH值6.0,含水率60%左右.北虫草菌丝生长的最适温度为18℃～25℃,原基分化温度为10℃～25℃,子座生长温度为10℃～25℃,孢子弹射温度为28℃～32℃,最高应控制在32℃以下.     

麻疯树组培苗的生根及移栽技术研究

以麻疯树优良无性系组培苗为试验材料,研究了基本培养基、蔗糖、活性炭、IBA、NAA、温度及光照等对组培苗生根的影响;研究了移栽季节和基质对组培苗移栽成活率的影响。结果表明,麻疯树生根的最适基本培养基是3/4 MS＋蔗糖20 g＋活性炭0.05 g/L;最佳激素配方是3/4 MS＋IBA1.0 mg·L-1＋NAA0.2 mg·L-1;最适温度为25℃～30℃;光照为2 000 Lux～3 000 Lux;最佳移苗时间为春季（3月～4月）,移栽成活率达80.5%;泥炭土：黄心土=3：1的基质是最适合的移栽基质。     

冬枣黑斑病菌生物学特性的研究

通过对冬枣黑斑病菌的生物学特性研究,结果表明,菌落在玉米培养基、燕麦培养基、土豆培养基上均生长良好,其中在玉米培养基上生长最快;菌丝生长最适温度25℃,孢子萌发最适温度为28℃;菌落在不同光照条件下生长良好,差异不显著;菌丝生长适宜pH值为6～9,最适pH值为6～7.0,孢子萌发的最适pH值为7.0;不同营养条件下,孢子萌发差异不显著。     

木霉菌株T95生物学特性的研究

木霉菌株Ｔ９５在ＰＤＡ培养基、麦芽糖培养基、查彼培养基、苹果树皮煎汁和基本培养基上均能生长。其中在ＰＤＡ、查彼和基本培养基上,菌丝生长较快,产孢量也较多。在ＰＤＡ培养基上,菌丝生长的温度范围是１５～３５℃,产孢的温度范围是１０～３７℃,菌丝生长和产孢的最适温度为２５℃;菌丝生长和产孢的ｐＨ值范围是２～１１,最适ｐＨ值为４。在基本培养基上,葡萄糖为菌丝生长的最佳碳源,木糖为产孢的最佳碳源;蛋白胨和牛肉浸膏是菌丝生长的最佳氮源,天门冬素是产孢的最佳氮源;维生素Ｂ１和Ｂ２对产孢作用较大。菌丝生长和产孢的最佳微量元素是Ｍｇ。分生孢子萌发需要一定的营养,ＰＤＡ膜好于２％琼脂膜。孢子萌发的温度范围是１５～３５℃,最适温度为２５℃;ｐＨ值范围是２～１１,ｐＨ值为３～５时萌发率较高;接种后８ｈ开始萌发,时间集中在１６～２４ｈ内。在２５℃时,孢子萌发的最适相对湿度为７０～８０％,最低相对湿度为５０％。     

红花槐离体培养及植株再生体系的建立

进行红花槐离体培养技术研究结果表明：红花槐离体培养不需要较高质量浓度的矿质营养，使用1／2MS基本培养基较好。对试管苗增殖最佳配方为1／2MS BA1.5mg／L NAA0.1mg／L；高生长最佳配方为1／2MS BA0.5rag／L NAA0.2mg/L；培养最适温度28℃，光照强度3000lx，每日光照16h；在1／2MS IBA0.5mg／L条件下，生根处理7-10d，移栽成活率达90％以上：     

厚壁轮枝菌摇瓶液体发酵培养的研究

厚壁轮枝菌对根结线虫虫卵有很强的寄生力,是线虫的生防菌,本文对其最适培养条件进行了研究.每12 h对其产孢情况进行跟踪,探讨了不同C、N源,初始pH值,无机盐对其产孢量的影响,确定了适宜的培养条件及发酵终止时间.结果显示,28 ℃下,在160 r·min-1 摇床上,以500 mL三角瓶200 mL的装量进行液体培养,筛选出的最佳复合培养基配方为:葡萄糖20 g·L-1,玉米粉20 g·L-1, 黄豆粉20 g·L-1,KH2PO4 0.5 g·L-1 ,MgSO4·7 H2O 0.5 g·L-1.最佳pH值范围5.0～7.0,最适发酵终止时间120～144 h.     

白灵菇A号生物学特性的研究

对白灵菇A号茵株,在生态学、生物学特性、进行了系统的研究。结果表明：菌丝生长最适温度20～24℃,pH值6．5～7．5,培养基含水量65％为宜;最佳培养基,母种选用A1,原种选用麦粒培养基。关键词：白灵菇A号;生长条件;菌丝体。     

莱氏野村菌(Nomuraea rileyi)固液双相发酵配方研究

莱氏野村菌(Nomuraea rileyi)通过基础培养基基质、碳、氮、维生素筛选,玉米(50 g)、葡萄糖(1.5 g)、水解酪蛋白(1.5 g)、抗坏血酸(0.5 mg)、水50 m L为最佳固体培养基质(培养10 d),产孢量达4.78×1010cfu·m L-1。以SMY为液体培养基质,莱氏野村菌最适发酵条件:1.0×108cfu·m L-1接种浓度,25℃、p H=6、全天光照、180 r·min-1振荡培养7 d,菌丝干重为690.2 mg。固体发酵为复合粉炮生产提供基础配方,液体发酵缩短时间后可作为固体培养生产莱氏野村菌菌粉的二级种子,发酵产品为杜仲梦尼夜蛾粉炮防治重要生物制剂。     

榆干离褶伞菌丝培养特性的研究

测定不同碳源、氮源、温度、pH值、含水量对榆干离褶伞菌丝生长的影响。结果表明：榆干离褶伞菌丝生长的最适碳源是葡萄糖、果糖、蔗糖；豆饼粉、麸皮、蛋白胨为最适氮源；菌丝生长的最适温度为25℃左右；最适pH值为6～7．5。在木屑培养基上生长最适含水量为55%～60％。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.