牛的巴贝斯虫18S rRNA基因序列比较研究

对中国已报道的8株牛的巴贝斯虫（包括1株牛巴贝斯虫、1株双芽巴贝斯虫、1株大巴贝斯虫、3株卵形巴贝斯虫和2株巴贝斯虫未定种）的18S rRNA基因序列进行了测定与比较。自感染动物的血液中纯化虫体，提取基因组DNA，PCR扩增靶基因，然后将其连接到pGEM—T Easy载体上，进行克隆测序。研究结果显示：牛的巴贝斯虫18S rRNA基因大小在1653～1699bp之间；用所测得的和自GenBank下载的各种动物的巴贝斯虫18S rRNA基因序列构建了系统发生树，发现由刻点血蜱传播的大巴贝斯虫伊犁株与由长角血蜱传播的3株卵形巴贝斯虫存在明显差别，应属于2个独立种；由小亚璃眼蜱传播的牛巴贝斯虫未定种不同于目前已报道的任何种类，在中国应为一个新种。因而，中国存在5种牛的巴贝斯虫，即：牛巴贝斯虫，双芽巴贝斯虫、大巴贝斯虫，卵形巴贝斯虫和巴贝斯虫未定种。     

东方巴贝斯虫的18S rRNA基因的扩增及系统发育研究

利用真核生物18S rRNA基因的PCR通用引物对寄生于中国水牛的巴贝斯虫（已命名为东方巴贝斯虫-BnbPsia orientalis）基因组DNA进行扩增，得到其18S rRNA全基因片段，测序后blast分析表明该虫种属巴贝斯虫无疑。将该基因1700bp长片段序列与GenBank中15种已知巴贝斯虫的相应序列进行比较分析，建立系统发育树。结果表明，东方巴贝斯虫与南非未定种的巴贝斯虫亲缘关系最近，与羊巴贝斯虫亲缘关系较近，与牛巴贝斯虫、双芽巴贝斯虫的亲缘关系较远。这一结果说明水牛东方巴贝斯虫是一独立种。     

Study on some molecular characterization of Babesia orientalis

The study on buffalo babesiosis indicated that its pathogen was different from other Babesia on many aspects such as morphology, transmission and pathogenicity. Therefore, it was named as a new species—Babesia orientalis. In order to prove the validity of this taxon, molecular taxonomic study on the pathogen was done in this experiment. The complete 18S rRNA gene sequence of B. orientalis was determined by PCR. It was sequenced and blasted. The results indicated that the classification of the parasite belonged to the genus Babesia. The 1700 bp complete sequence was compared with 15 other Babesia sp. available in GenBank. The data were analyzed and a phylogenetic tree was established. The results indicated that the hereditary distance of the parasite was close to that of Babesia sp. from South Africa and Babesia ovis, and the hereditary distance was far from Babesia bigemina and B. bovis.     

Comparison and phylogenetic analysis of the heat shock protein 70 gene of Babesia parasites from dogs

The heat shock protein 70 (hsp70) genes of Babesia gibsoni, B. canis canis, B. canis vogeli, and B. canis rossi isolated from infected dogs were cloned by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequenced. In the nucleotide sequence and the predicted amino acid sequence of the gene, the parasites were very similar to each other. The nucleotide sequences of the hsp70 gene had more variety than those of 18S nuclear subunit ribosomal DNA (18S rDNA). A phylogenetic analysis of these sequences and comparisons with sequences from other Babesia and Theileria species revealed that all canine babesial isolates analyzed in the present study were closely related to each other and formed one cluster. Additionally, a phylogenetic analysis of Babesia and Theileria species showed that these parasites could be divided into three groups: group A including canine babesial isolates, B. divergens, B. odocoilei, B. bovis, B. caballi, and B. ovis; group B including Theileria annulata, T. orientalis, and T. cervi; and group C including B. microti and B. rodhaini. These results suggested that a phylogenetic analysis of the hsp70 gene sequence might be helpful in classifying Babesia and Theileria species, and that canine babesial isolates might be closely related to each other, indicating their evolution from the same ancestry.     

四川省汶川县两种牛梨形虫的分离鉴定

自四川省汶川县黄牛体表采集长角血蜱的饥饿或半饱血成虫,带回实验室感染除脾牛.血液涂片检查发现,感染后第10 d,病牛血液中出现一种大型巴贝虫,感染后第24 d,出现一种小杆形的泰勒虫.形态学观察和18 S rRNA基因测序和进化关系分析证明,它们分别为卵形巴贝虫与瑟氏泰勒虫.     

Molecular detection of Hepatozoon canis in dogs and ticks in Shaanxi province,China

Hepatozoon canis, transmitted by Rhipicephalus sanguineus, is a tick-borne pathogen and causes canine hepatozoonosis. Until now, only limited previous studies were conducted on the molecular detection and characterization of Hepatozoon sp. in dogs in China. Blood samples were collected from 93 sick dogs that were clinically diagnosed as babesiosis but tested negative for Babesia, and 103 apparently healthy dogs, as well as their infesting ticks in Xi’an and Hanzhong cities, Shaanxi province of China. PCR amplifying partial 18S rRNA gene was used to detect the DNA of Hepatozoon sp. Genetic and phylogenetic analysis were performed to determine the Hepatozoon species. Our results demonstrated that H. canis was identified from the sick dogs and the infested ticks in Hanzhong, with no significant differences of prevalence between both genders and ages. No positive blood or tick samples were found in Xi’an. Moreover, all the 18S rRNA gene sequences recovered from both dogs and the infested ticks showed a high genetic similarity with each other, and also presented a close relationship with other known sequences in and outside China. In conclusion, H. canis was identified in babesiosis-suspected dogs and ticks infesting them in Shaanxi, China, although the association between clinical signs and H. canis need further study.     

固始鸭白细胞介素-18全基因克隆与分子进化分析

根据GenBank发表的鸭IL-18cDNA基因序列设计、合成一对引物,应用RT-PCR技术,无需用非特异性免疫原如PHA等刺激脾淋巴细胞,直接提取脾淋巴细胞总RNA,扩增固始鸭IL-18基因,并克隆、测序。测序结果表明固始鸭IL-18基因全序列为610bp,包含1个完整阅读框,编码1条由200个氨基酸残基组成的多肽。序列分析发现,固始鸭IL-18基因与GenBank中两条鸭IL-18基因(AF336122和DQ490137)核苷酸同源性分别为98.8%、99.8%,与AF336122有5个碱基发生非同义变异,2个碱基为同义变异,氨基酸同源性为97.5%,与DQ490137有一个碱基发生非同义变异,氨基酸同源性为99.5%。固始鸭IL-18前体蛋白第30位谷氨酸处有一个IL-1β转换酶的caspase-1切割位点及在人和其他动物中已证实的IL-1标签序列,推测鸭IL-18成熟蛋白由170个氨基酸组成。固始鸭与人和其他动物的IL-18基因进化分析表明,IL-18基因存在着种的多样性,且亲缘关系越近,同源性越高。     

牛瑟氏泰勒虫吉林株18S rRNA基因的扩增及系统发育研究

本研究根据GenBank上发表的牛瑟氏泰勒虫18S rRNA基因的核苷酸序列设计并合成1对特异性引物,对寄生于牛体内的瑟氏泰勒虫基因组DNA进行扩增,得到1 356 bp的18S rRNA基因片段,测序后blast分析表明该虫种属牛瑟氏泰勒虫。将该基因片段序列与GenBank中8种已知泰勒虫的相应序列进行比较分析,建立系统发育树。结果表明,牛瑟氏泰勒虫吉林分离株与水牛泰勒虫亲缘关系最近,与小泰勒虫亲缘关系较远。这一结果说明宿主因素对泰勒虫的基因型影响较大。     

鸡奇异变形杆菌的分离鉴定和16S rRNA基因序列测定与系统进化分析

从山东泰安一鸡场发病雏鸡眼中分离到1株致病菌(编号为QY),通过细菌形态学等常规鉴定符合奇异变形杆菌(Proteus mirabilis)特性。用奇异变形杆菌阳性血清诊断结果呈阳性,人工感染证明该菌株是造成该鸡场雏鸡大批发病死亡的致病菌。药敏试验结果显示对头孢类、恩诺沙星等高度敏感,而对青霉素和复合磺胺等不敏感。以细菌16SrRNA基因通用引物进行PCR扩增,得到QY的16SrRNA基因序列,长约1 453bp(GenBank,登录号为GU477712)。将该序列与GenBank中序列进行Blast比对,发现与其匹配度最高的均是奇异变形杆菌各株系的16SrRNA序列,均高达98%以上。运用DNAStar软件与其中10株奇异变形杆菌分离株构建系统进化树,结果表明,分离株(QY菌株)与10个代表菌株的同源性均为98.9%～99.9%,其中与AB272366同源性最高为99.9%。从分子水平证明该菌是奇异变形杆菌并分析了其遗传进化规律,为鸡奇异变形杆菌的鉴定及其引起的疾病的诊断与治疗提供了参考。     

仔猪雷极氏普罗菲登斯菌的分离鉴定及系统进化分析

为了解猪雷极氏普罗菲登斯菌（P ．rettgeri）的生物学特性、致病性及16 S rRNA基因系统进化关系,本研究从发生严重腹泻、血便的哺乳仔猪群的内脏器官中分离到1株病原菌,根据形态特征、培养特性、生化特性、16 S rRNA基因序列分析鉴定为 P ．rettgeri。小鼠攻毒试验证实该分离菌株对试验小鼠有较强致病力,哺乳仔猪回归试验可复制出与临床上相似的典型症状,并从发病死亡小鼠及哺乳仔猪中分离到攻毒菌株。系统进化分析表明,分离菌株与雷极氏普罗菲登斯菌系统进化关系最为密切,其16 S rRNA 基因序列与雷极氏普罗菲登斯菌代表菌株的同源性在97．3％～99．6％之间。药敏试验结果表明,分离菌株对头孢哌酮钠、头孢噻肟钠、头孢曲松钠、头孢唑啉、头孢呋肟、头孢吡肟、阿莫西林、链霉素、氨曲南、诺氟沙星、左氟沙星、恩诺沙星、卡那霉素、氨苄青霉素、阿米卡星、链霉素和阿米卡星等多数药物敏感。本研究首次报道了雷极氏普罗菲登斯菌可以引起哺乳仔猪严重腹泻,提示在仔猪腹泻中应注意该菌感染的诊断、监测和防控。     

10株火鸡组织滴虫18S rRNA基因的克隆及进化分析

应用聚合酶链反应(PCR)鉴定湖南娄底(简称HMLD1-3)、湘潭(HMXT1-2)、永州(HMYZ1-3)和宁乡(HMNX1-2)共10株火鸡组织滴虫,并用18S rRNA部分序列重构火鸡组织滴虫与其它相近原虫的种群遗传关系.作者通过PCR扩增火鸡组织滴虫虫株的18S rRNA部分序列,将PCR扩增出的片段纯化后克隆...     

牦牛大肠杆菌的分离鉴定及系统发育分析

本试验旨在研究牦牛源大肠杆菌的遗传进化关系,明确其与人和其他动物大肠杆菌的亲缘关系。采集来源于四川省甘孜州、阿坝州的60份临床健康成年牦牛肛门棉拭子样本,接种于麦康凯琼脂培养基上进行细菌的分离培养,通过常规形态学、培养特性、生化特征和16S rRNA PCR检测的研究,确定49株为大肠杆菌。对其中9株牦牛源大肠杆菌进行16S rRNA克隆、测序,经系统发育分析发现牦牛菌株组内同源性为98.8%~99.9%,与GenBank中其他菌株的同源性为94.0%~100%。结果表明,牦牛源大肠杆菌与牛源菌株的遗传距离最近,与羊源菌株的遗传距离最远,与人、猪、鸭、鸡源菌株的遗传距离较近,其中有2株菌与人肠出血性大肠杆菌(EHEC)O₁₅₇∶H₇和志贺氏菌聚为一支,从遗传进化的关系看其有可能成为人类的潜在病原菌。     

一例犬吉氏巴贝斯虫病的诊治

3岁雄性贵宾犬,体重3.20 kg,免疫完全,未绝育,从未进行过体内外驱虫,院内散养。主诉最近2周发现犬的精神状态渐差,进食量逐渐减少。为了对其进行诊治,采用体格检查、血液学检查以及影像学检查的方法进行诊断,并根据诊断结果进行治疗,结果表明,该犬感染吉氏巴贝斯虫且并发肝脏损伤,通过采取输血、驱虫等治疗措施,患犬的临床症状消失,镜检外周血虫体消失,治疗后未见复发。说明临床上可通过血液学检测对犬的吉氏巴贝斯虫感染进行确诊,且输血结合驱虫治疗可有效治疗该病。     

牦牛瘤胃中产纤维素酶芽孢杆菌的分离鉴定

为了解牦牛瘤胃中产纤维素酶的芽孢杆菌种类,无菌采集10份成年麦洼牦牛瘤胃内容物样本,经80 ℃高温水浴20 min后分离得到耐高温芽孢菌.将分离菌株点种至羧甲基纤维素钠培养基上,使用刚果红染液染色筛选产纤维素酶菌株,扩增产酶菌株16S rRNA序列并测序,进行同源性比对和系统进化分析.结果显示:从10份样本中分离到64株菌,从中筛选出产纤维素酶芽孢杆菌共23株,其中蜡样芽孢杆菌16株,苏云金芽孢杆菌7株.系统进化分析结果显示,蜡样芽孢杆菌共分为两大支,有一株菌单独聚为一支,另外15株菌聚为一支,其中这一支又分为五小支,具有一定的遗传多样性;7株苏云金芽孢杆菌分布在一个大支上.该结果为了解牦牛瘤胃产纤维素酶芽孢杆菌的种类和开发牦牛专用微生态制剂奠定了试验基础.     

仔猪雷极氏普罗菲登斯菌的分离鉴定及系统进化分析

为了解猪雷极氏普罗菲登斯菌(P.rettgeri)的生物学特性、致病性及16SrRNA基因系统进化关系,从发生严重腹泻、血便的哺乳仔猪群的内脏器官中分离到1株病原菌,根据形态特征、培养特性、生化特性、16SrRNA基因序列分析鉴定为P.rettgeri。小鼠攻毒试验证实,该分离菌株对试验小鼠有较强致病力,哺乳仔猪回归试验可复制出与临床上相似的典型症状,并从发病死亡小鼠及哺乳仔猪中分离到攻毒菌株。系统进化分析表明,分离菌株与雷极氏普罗菲登斯菌系统进化关系最为密切,其16SrRNA基因序列与雷极氏普罗菲登斯菌代表菌株的同源性在97.3%~99.6%之间。药敏试验结果表明,分离菌株对头孢哌酮钠、头孢噻肟钠、头孢曲松钠、头孢唑啉、头孢呋肟、头孢吡肟、阿莫西林、链霉素、氨曲南、诺氟沙星、左氟沙星、恩诺沙星、卡那霉素、氨苄青霉素、米诺环素、链霉素、阿米卡星等多数药物敏感。首次报道了雷极氏普罗菲登斯菌可以引起哺乳仔猪严重腹泻,提示在仔猪腹泻中应注意该菌感染的诊断、监测和防控。     

Isolation and Identification of Cellulase-producing Bacillus in Yak Rumen

To investigate the species of cellulase-producing Bacillus in yak rumen,10 samples of rumen content were aseptically collected from 10 adult Maiwa yaks to isolate the heat-resistant Bacillus by water bath at 80 ℃ for 20 min.The cellulase-producing strains were screened using the CMC-Na medium and Congo red staining.The 16S rRNA gene sequence of those cellulose-producing strains were amplified and sequenced.The results showed that 64 strains were isolated from the 10 samples.Total 23 strains were identified as cellulase-producing bacillus,including 16 strains of Bacillus cereus,7 strains of Bacillus thuringiensis.Furthermore,phylogenetic analysis showed that the 16 Bacillus cereus strains were clustered into two branches:One isolate was clustered into a branch alone,the other 15 isolates were clustered into a branch which clustered into 5 small branches,showing that there was certain genetic diversity in the isolates of Bacillus cereus.And all 7 Bacillus thuringiensis strains were clustered into a branch.Hence,the results layed the foundation of investigating the species of cellulase-producing Bacillus in yak rumen and developing probiotics special for yak.     

Prognostic value of blood lactate, blood glucose, and hematocrit in canine babesiosis

Canine babesiosis typically causes hemolytic anemia but also can result in multiple organ dysfunction. Human patients with severe disease often have persistent hyperlactatemia, and blood lactate concentration is correlated with survival rate. In dogs, blood lactate concentration has been shown to be of prognostic value in patients with gastric dilatation-volvulus and in dogs admitted to intensive care units. Serial blood lactate and glucose concentrations and hematocrit on admission were determined in 90 dogs with naturally occurring, severe or complicated canine babesiosis. Forty-five dogs (50%) had hyperlactatemia (blood lactate concentration >22.5 mg/dL) and 20 (22.2%) had hypoglycemia (blood glucose concentration <59.4 mg/dL) at presentation. Measurements significantly associated with mortality were hypoglycemia on admission, blood lactate concentration >45 mg/dL on admission, blood lactate concentration >22.5 mg/dL at 8, 16, and 24 hours after admission, and increase or <50% decrease in blood lactate concentration within 8 and 16 hours after admission. Blood lactate concentration persistently >40 mg/dL indicated a very poor prognosis. We conclude that serial blood lactate measurements are useful in predicting survival in dogs with severe and complicated canine babesiosis.     

奶牛附红细胞体16S rRNA基因的克隆、测序及系统发育进化树的建立

为了从分子水平上证实奶牛附红细胞体的存在及研究其分类学地位,利用原核生物16S rRNA基因通用引物对分离纯化的疑似奶牛附红细胞体进行16S rRNA基因的PCR扩增及克隆测序。结果扩增出长约1.5 kb的目的片段,测序结果表明:目的片段长度为1 439 bp,其核苷酸序列与国外已发表的牛温氏附红细胞体(E.wenyoni)的16SrRNA基因片段同源性高达97.1%,暂称为中国广西株(E.wenyoniCGX)。系统发育进化树显示:E.wenyoni和其他血营养菌在系统进化关系上组成了一个大的进化分支,与支原体科、支原体属的病原最接近(75%),而与立克次体科的病原较远(55%)。分析结果支持了Nei mark等和Messick等提出的将这类血营养菌划归支原体科、支原体属的建议。     

温氏附红细胞体部分16S rRNA基因的序列测定和分析

从确诊为附红细胞体感染的黄牛无菌采集血样，抽提附红细胞体基因组DNA，用实验设计的能扩增多种动物血营养菌部分16SrRNA基因的通用引物进行PCR扩增，结果扩增出大小约为370bp的DNA片段。PCR产物序列测定和系统进化分析显示，实验获得的核苷酸序列为温氏附红细胞体的16SrRNA基因，与国外报道的温氏附红细胞体的同源性为97％。反映出不同地理株的温氏附红细胞体存在一定的遗传差异，为牛附红细胞体病的诊断和分子流行病学研究提供科学依据。