金都尔乳油防除玉米、大豆田杂草的效果

96％金都尔EC（中文普通名称为精异丙甲草胺，英文普通名称为S-metolachlor）是先正达苏州作物保护有限公司生产的除草剂，为验证该产品对玉米、大豆田杂草的防除效果和安全性，并确定其最佳使用剂量，为该产品在大面积生产上推广应用提供依据，特进行了本试验。     

抗草甘膦转基因大豆‘ZH10-6’对田间生物多样性的影响

转基因大豆新品种在商业化之前必须进行环境安全评价,其中,转基因大豆对田间生物多样性的影响是环境安全评价的重要组成部分。本研究以转G2-EPSPS和GAT双价基因的抗草甘膦大豆‘ZH10-6’及其受体大豆‘中黄10’为材料,于2019年在北京顺义地区进行了大田试验,调查了不同处理对节肢动物多样性、主要病害发生、根瘤菌及杂草多样性的影响。结果表明:与非转基因大豆‘中黄10’相比,转基因大豆‘ZH10-6’不同处理田间节肢动物物种丰富度、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Simpson优势集中性指数、Pielou均匀性指数无显著差异;大豆霜霉病与病毒病的发病率和病情指数无显著差异;根瘤数差异不显著,大豆田杂草多样性无显著差异。研究结果为抗草甘膦转基因大豆‘ZH10-6’的环境安全性评价提供了依据。     

Influence of the herbicides hexazinone and chlorsulfuron on the metabolism of isolated soybean leaf cells

The effects of the herbicides hexazinone [3-cyclohexyl-6-(dimethylamino)-1-methyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione] and chlorsulfuron (2-chloro-N-[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)aminocarbonyl]benzenesulfonamide) on the metabolism of enzymatically isolated leaf cells from soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr., cv. ‘Essex’] were examined. Photosynthesis, protein, ribonucleic acid (RNA), and lipid syntheses were assayed by the incorporation of specific radioactive substrates into the isolated soybean leaf cells. These specific substrates were NaH¹⁴CO₃, [¹⁴C]leucine, [¹⁴C]uracil, and [¹⁴C]acetate, respectively. Time-course and concentration studies included incubation periods of 30, 60, and 120 min and concentrations of 0.1, 1, 10, and 100 μM of both herbicides. Photosynthesis was the most sensitive and first metabolic process inhibited by hexazinone. RNA and lipid syntheses were also inhibited significantly by hexazinone whereas the effect of this herbicide on protein synthesis was less. The most sensitive and first metabolic process inhibited by chlorsulfuron was lipid synthesis. Photosynthesis, RNA, and protein syntheses were affected significantly only by the highest concentration of this herbicide and longest exposure. Although these two herbicides may exert their herbicidal action by affecting other plant metabolic processes not examined in this study, hexazinone appears to be a strong photosynthetic inhibitor, while the herbicidal action of chlorsulfuron appeared to be related to its effects on lipid synthesis.     

春大豆田杂草生态经济防除阈期研究

通过辽宁省沈阳、庄河两地的田间试验,建立了大豆田苗后有草天数或无草天数与产量损失率间的函数关系模型,明确了辽宁省春大豆田杂草的生态经济防除阈期为大豆出苗后16~40 d。在此期间内保持田间杂草少于经济防除阈值,即可确保杂草造成的减产率低于3%,又能充分发挥杂草在生态系统中的积极作用。     

Penetration and establishment of Phakopsora pachyrhizi in soybean leaves as observed by transmission electron microscopy

For over 30 years, it has been known that Phakopsora pachyrhizi is unusual in that it penetrates from urediniospores directly through the leaf cuticle without entering stomates. This unusual mode of penetration suggests that disease resistance mechanisms might exist for soybean rust that do not exist for most rust diseases. As a result, we decided to conduct a histological study using transmission electron microscopy to further elucidate the mechanisms of penetration and early establishment of P. pachyrhizi in soybean leaves. Based on our study, it was concluded that P. pachyrhizi utilizes primarily mechanical force, perhaps with the aid of digestive enzymes, to penetrate the cuticle on the leaf surface. However, the lack of deformation lines in micrographs indicated that digestive enzymes, without mechanical force, are used by the penetration hypha to penetrate the outer and inner epidermal cell walls. Digestive enzymes, again indicated by the lack of deformation lines, are used by haustorial mother cells to breach the walls of mesophyll cells to form haustoria. The possibility exists for eventual determination of the precise roles of pressure and digestive enzymes in the development of soybean rust and elucidation of some of the determinants of resistance and susceptibility to this important plant disease.     

野生大豆内生细菌多样性及其杀线虫活性分析

为探明河北昌黎野生大豆内生细菌的多样性,寻找新的具有杀线虫活性的微生物资源,采用平板稀释法从野生大豆根、茎、叶等组织中分离内生细菌,结合形态特征以及16S rDNA基因序列进行比对分析,并对大豆孢囊线虫Heterodera glycines进行杀线虫活性比较.从野生大豆分离获得内生细菌180株,分属于7大类群:变形菌门α亚群、变形菌门β亚群、变形菌门γ亚群、厚壁菌门、放线菌门、酸杆菌门和疣微菌门,其中变形菌门α亚群和厚壁菌门为优势类群,分别占分离细菌总株数的48.9％和18.9％,野生大豆组织内生细菌Shannon-Wiener多样性指数为2.11 ～2.91.内生细菌Bacillussubtilis WSR93和B.megaterium WSR22菌株能明显地抑制大豆孢囊线虫卵的孵化,相对抑制率分别为97.9％和98.2％,对2龄幼虫也有较强的毒杀作用,校正死亡率分别为88.9％和90.9％.研究表明,野生大豆组织中内生细菌具丰富的多样性,其胞外分泌物中存在天然杀线活性物质.     

Effect of the methoxyiminoacetamide fungicide,SSF129, on respiratory activity in Botrytis cinerea

(E)-2-Methoxyimino-N-methyl-2-[2-(2,5-dimethylphenoxymethyl)phenyl]acetamide (SSF129) has been developed as a broad-spectrum systemic fungicide for control of cereal and fruit diseases. This compound inhibited NADH-oxidation by submitochondrial particles from mycelial cells of Botrytis cinerea, with an EC₅₀ value of 14.5 nM , due to blockage of electron transport through the cytochrome bc₁ complex in the mitochondrial respiratory chain. However, SSF129 did not suppress, but rather increased, oxygen consumption by mycelial cells of the fungus. This was because mycelial cells contain an alternative oxidase protein and the cells have the ability to rapidly switch electron flux from the main cytochrome pathway to the alternative pathway on blockage of the former by SSF129. The alternative pathway of the mycelia seems not to be operative when the cytochrome pathway is functional. Naturally occurring flavonoids inhibited the alternative oxidase of the mycelial cells in a dose-dependent manner, with EC₅₀ values of 68.4 µM for flavone and 63.7 µM for flavanone. These observations suggested that plant components play an important role in control of gray mould by SSF129. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

控制大豆孢囊线虫生物种农剂的研制及沈阳田间小区防效的初步试验

以“辽豆15”为材料,采用田间小区试验,探讨了自行研制的生物种衣剂对大豆孢囊线虫数量的影响。试验结果表明：2007年在沈阳汪家的试验中,处理4（复配菌株F1024,B482,A4+微量元素组合3+助剂）对大豆根外孢囊的抑制率达65.66%,与对照有显著差异。2008年对处理4进行了精细的试验设计,并在2个不同地点布置试验,结果处理5（复配菌株F1024,B482,A4+元素组合+助剂）在汪家和康平2个试验点的根外孢囊数量及根内线虫数量都与对照差异达到显著水平,2个试验点的根外孢囊抑制率分别为 62.13%和46.45%,根内线虫抑制率分别为62.50%和81.78%。     

转基因耐草甘膦大豆对豆田节肢动物群落多样性的影响

在田间试验条件下,采用直接观察法,通过对多样性指数、优势集中性指数、均匀性指数、物种数的分析比较,研究转基因耐草甘膦大豆对豆田节肢动物群落多样性的影响。结果显示,大豆生长期转基因耐草甘膦大豆和受体的节肢动物多样性指数、均匀性指数、物种数均显著低于当地常规品种,优势集中性指数显著高于当地常规品种,但转基因抗草甘膦大豆与对照受体间各指标无显著性差异,说明转基因耐草甘膦大豆对豆田节肢动物群落无明显影响。     

唑嘧磺草胺、丙炔氟草胺与乙草胺混用的联合作用类型及对大豆田杂草的活性

为明确唑嘧磺草胺、丙炔氟草胺与乙草胺混用的联合作用特性及其对大豆田杂草的防除效果,采用温室盆栽法和田间药效试验,分别评价了混配组方的联合作用类型及对大豆田杂草的防除效果.温室盆栽试验结果表明:唑嘧磺草胺、丙炔氟草胺与乙草胺混用对稗草、马唐和苘麻的联合作用类型为相加作用,对反枝苋为相加或增效作用;当唑嘧磺草胺、丙炔氟草胺...     

Microtubule dynamics in compatible and incompatible interactions of soybean hypocotyl cells with Phytophthora sojae

The arrangement of microtubules in soybean ( Glycine max ) cells was examined during compatible and incompatible interactions of hypocotyls of soybean cv. Harosoy (susceptible) and cv. Haro 1272 (resistant) with race 1 of the soybean-specific pathogen Phytophthora sojae . Both reaction types were similar during the first 3 h after zoospore inoculation in terms of the number of cells penetrated, and depth penetrated into the cortex. By 3 h postinoculation, clear differences had developed between the two interaction types: incompatible interactions were characterized by a hypersensitive response that was confined to single penetrated cells; while compatibly responding cells appeared unchanged. Both types of response were characterized by autofluorescence of cell walls or cytoplasm and, at 6 h after inoculation, complete disorganization of cell cytoplasm. Reorientation and loss of microtubules was seen in the early stages of the incompatible interaction in association with cellular hypersensitivity, but not in compatible responses. In cells adjacent to those that reacted hypersensitively, there was little evidence of change in microtubule orientation. Treatment of hypocotyls with the microtubule depolymerizer oryzalin prior to inoculation did not alter the compatible response, but led to breakdown of the incompatible response. Changes in microtubule orientation and state are thus among the first structural changes that are visible within cells during incompatibility in this system.     

大豆玉米间作和同穴混播对大豆病虫发生的综合效应研究

１９９３～１９９５年进行了大豆玉米间作和同穴混播对大豆病虫发生的综合效应研究。结果表明,间作和同穴混播豆田的病虫发生危害轻于纯作豆田,与纯作比较,间作田和同穴混播田主要害虫降低率分别在１１．４％～８１．４％和２０．９％～７６．０％之间;其病害降低率分别为７０．０％～１００％和５６．７％～１００％。间作只有豆天蛾和蛴螬可达防治指标,同穴混播田仅豆天蛾达防治指标。由于间作和同穴混播田提高了生物多样性,增强了自然生态控害功能。捕食性天敌,瓢虫分别较纯作增加８４．０％和８６．５％,草蛉增加５８．９％和８０．６％,蜘蛛增加４１．３％和５２．３％;寄生性天敌显著增加,蚜茧蜂对蚜虫寄生率增加２３．９％和２９．９％,赤眼蜂对豆天蛾卵寄生率增加１３．０％和２０．０％,银纹夜蛾幼虫被寄生率增加１８．７％和２５．３％。这２种种植方式产生的经济效益较纯作田增加３２．９％和３３．７％。     

Comparative effects of three isoxazole-urea herbicidal derivatives on the metabolism of enzymatically isolated soybean leaf cells*

The effects of the herbicide isouron and of its plant degradation products designated as metabolite l {N-[5-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-3-isoxazolyl]-N-methylurea} and metabolite 2 {N-[5-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-3-isoxazolyl]-urea} on the metabolism of enzymatically isolated leaf cells of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr., cv. Essex] were compared under laboratory conditions. Photosynthesis, protein synthesis, ribonucleic acid synthesis, and lipid synthesis were assayed by the incorporation of NaH¹⁴CO₃, [¹⁴C]-leucine, [¹⁴C]-uracil, and [¹⁴C]-acetate, respectively, into the isolated cells. Time-course and concentration studies included incubation periods of 30, 60, and 120 min and concentrations of 0.1, 1, 10 and 100 μM of the three herbicides. The urea derivative of isouron (metabolite 2) was the least active of the three compounds. The activity of the mono-methylated derivative of isouron (metabolite 1) was comparable to that of isouron and the sensitivity of the four processes to both chemicals decreased in the order: photosynthesis > ribonucleic acid synthesis > lipid synthesis > protein synthesis. The concentration of isouron that caused a 50% inhibition of photosynthesis of the isolated soybean leaf cells was calculated at 0.51 μM. The effects of isouron and metabolite 1 on photosynthesis, lipid and RNA synthesis appeared to be independent of incubation lime as maximal inhibition occurred within 30 min. Inhibition of protein synthesis by both chemicals was time-dependent, increasing in magnitude with concomitant increases in incubation time.     

Effect of the Biocontrol Yeast Rhodotorula glutinis Strain LS11 on Patulin Accumulation in Stored Apples

ABSTRACT Contamination of apples (Malus domestica) and derived juices with fungicide residues and patulin produced by Penicillium expansum are major issues of food safety. Biocontrol agents represent an alternative or supplement to chemicals for disease control. Our data show that these microbes could also contribute to actively decreasing patulin accumulation in apples. Three biocontrol agents, Rhodotorula glutinis LS11, Cryptococcus laurentii LS28, and Aureobasidium pullulans LS30, were examined for their in vitro growth in the presence of patulin and for their capability to decrease mycotoxin recovery from the medium. Strain LS11 yielded the highest growth rates and the greatest decrease of toxin recoveries. Further, it caused the appearance of two major spots on thin-layer chromatography (TLC) plates, suggesting possible metabolization of the mycotoxin. In vivo, i.e., in the low percentage of LS11-pretreated apples infected by P. expansum, patulin accumulation was significantly lower than in nontreated infected fruits. Yeast cells survived and increased in infected apples and, in a model system emulating decaying apple, resulted in accelerated breakdown of patulin and the production of the same TLC spots as those detected in vitro. These data suggest that biocontrol yeast cells surviving in decaying apples could metabolize patulin and/or negatively affect its accumulation or synthesis. To our knowledge, this is the first report describing the effect of a biocontrol agent on patulin accumulation in vivo.     

淡紫拟青霉发酵滤液对大豆胞囊线虫趋化性的影响

 实验室条件下,研究了大豆胞囊线虫幼虫对大豆根和根浸出液的趋化性以及淡紫拟青霉代谢产物对其趋化性的影响。结果表明,大豆胞囊线虫二龄幼虫(J₂)对大豆根存在着一定的趋化性,而淡紫拟青霉发酵滤液对J₂存在明显的驱避性。在根浸出液、真菌滤液及其混合液剂处理下,大豆胞囊线虫J₂在WA平板上靠近处理液的0~1cm区间中分布率存在极显著差异(P <0.0 1),而加样时间(液剂与线虫同时放置或提前2 4h处理)对其分布率没有显著影响。大豆幼根蘸取滤液后对线虫J₂在该区间的分布与不经处理的幼根差异显著(P <0.0 5),证明淡紫拟青霉发酵滤液可以明显地降低线虫与大豆根的亲和力,并强烈抑制线虫对大豆根的侵染。     

Plant growth inhibitory activity of Lycoris radiata Herb. and the possible involvement of lycorine as an allelochemical

Lycoris radiata Herb., a common medicinal plant of Far East Asia, was examined for its potential use in paddy weed control. The preliminary screening in greenhouse conditions indicated growth inhibitory activities. The emergence, root and shoot growth, and root dry weight of the bioassay species were reduced when grown in soil mixed with the leaves of L. radiata . Aqueous extracts of the fresh leaves at various concentrations inhibited the root and shoot growth of all tested plant species. To identify the active components, L. radiata ethanolic extract was subjected to bioassay-guided fractionation, purification, and spectroscopic analysis. This process led to the isolation of lycorine as a potential allelochemical. The concentration of lycorine in the dry leaves of L. radiata is estimated to be 0.08%. It is possible that lycorine is exuded from the roots or leaches from the living or decomposing leaves, along with other numerous inhibitors, and inhibits the growth of neighboring or successional plants. These results suggest that L. radiata has the potential to inhibit plant growth and lycorine acts as one of the most important plant growth inhibitors. This plant can be grown as a ground cover plant and its dead leaves could be applied as cover mulch.     

Effect of herbicides alachlor,metolachlor and oryzalin on soybean (Glycine max) leaf nitrate reductase activity*

Experiments were conducted in the field, greenhouse, and with leaf disks in test tubes to determine whether the herbicides alachlor, metolachlor, and oryzalin, commonly used for weed control in soybeans [Glycine max (L) Mer.] affect in vivo nitrate reductase activity. Plants in the field, growing in soil treated at the recommended rates were sampled at 30 and 60 days after planting. Plants grown in the greenhouse in pots non-treated and treated at the recommended area rates and at 1/2 and 3/2 times these rates were sampled at 20 and 40 days for chemical assay. In addition plants were grown in the greenhouse and sampled at 30 days for chemical assay after direct addition of the herbicide dilutions to the reagent solutions. No differences, statistically significant according to Duncan's test at the 5% level were revealed between controls and any treatment.     

Occurrence and variability of Colletotrichum truncatum on soybean in Zambia

Samples of soybean leaflets showing leaf spot disease symptoms were collected from farms in Central, Lusaka and Southern provinces of Zambia. The pathogen was identified as Colletotrichum truncatum. Isolations were purified using single conidia and compared for morphological and physiological characters as well as for their pathogenic reactions to three commonly grown soybean cultivars in Zambia.