Variation in Kernel Hardness and Associated Traits in U.S. Barley Breeding Lines

Kernel hardness is an important trait influencing postharvest handling, processing, and food product quality in cereal grains. Though well‐characterized in wheat, the basis of kernel hardness is still not completely understood in barley. Kernels of 959 barley breeding lines were evaluated for hardness using the Single Kernel Characterization System (SKCS). Barley lines exhibited a broad range of hardness index (HI) values at 30.1–91.9. Distribution of kernel diameter and weight were 1.7–2.9 mm and 24.9–53.7 mg, respectively. The proportion of hull was 10.2–20.7%. From the 959 breeding lines, 10 hulled spring barley lines differing in HI values (30.1–91.2) were selected to study the associations of HI with proportion of hull, kernel weight, diameter, vitreousness, protein, β‐glucan, and amylose content. Vitreousness, evaluated visually using a light box, showed a clear distinction between hard and soft kernels. Hard kernels appeared translucent, while soft kernels appeared opaque when illuminated from below on the light box. Kernel brightness (L*), determined as an indicator of kernel vitreousness, showed a significant negative correlation (r = –0.83, P < 0.01) with HI. Protein, β‐glucan, amylose content, proportion of hull, kernel weight, and diameter did not show any significant association with HI.     

Investigation of Wheat Milling Yield Based on Grain Hardness Parameters

The objectives of this study were to investigate the relationship between milling yield and grain hardness. A preliminary study was carried out with 20 samples (both hard and soft wheats) using the Brabender hardness tester (BHT) with two grind settings: one‐step grind (0‐10) and two‐step grind (2‐12: coarse; 0‐8: fine). The two‐step grind was correlated with particle size index, single‐kernel characterization system (SKCS) hardness, break yield, and reduction yield (P < 0.05), whereas there was no correlation with the one‐step grind method. An additional 64 samples were ground with the two‐step grind setting to further validate this method. In terms of the BHT crush profile, no discernible differences were observed between varieties for the coarse grind, whereas for the fine grind, hard wheat gave a higher BHT maximum peak height and shorter grinding time compared with soft wheat. The break and reduction yields were significantly correlated with both BHT and SKCS hardness (P < 0.05). The findings indicated that the BHT method could be used to differentiate for milling yield among the different varieties. Based on the results, two milling yield models were developed, and both gave highly significant correlations between the predicted and Buhler mill break (R² = 0.791, P < 0.05) and reduction yield (R² = 0.896, P < 0.05).     

Measurement of Wheat Hardness by Seed Scarifier and Barley Pearler and Comparison with Single‐Kernel Characterization System

A new procedure based on a seed scarifier (SS) for measuring wheat hardness was described and investigated along with methods using a barley pearler (BP) and the single kernel characterization system (SKCS). Hardness measured by SS and BP is expressed as a percentage of kernel weight remaining after abrading and defined as abrasion resistance index (ARI). For a given sample weight, increased abrading time decreased ARI but improved the ability to differentiate variation among samples. The effect of sample moisture was also statistically significant. For improved performance of SS and BP, based on distinct patterns of relationships between surface removal rates and surface removal levels among soft and hard wheats, a combination of parameters that produces ARI values in the range of 80–20, and a run for a set of reference material are recommended. Differences in measured hardness values from SS, BP, and SKCS existed within a wheat group, but they were very much method‐dependent. Nevertheless, all methods were able to differentiate variations between soft and hard wheat groups. Because of low cost, durability, simplicity, repeatability, and aforementioned ability, SS and BP, although limited by lack of standardization and calibration procedures, can still be useful for grain hardness measurement, particularly when and where instruments for contemporary popular methods such as SKCS and near‐infrared reflectance (NIR) spectroscopy are not readily available.     

Grain Yield,Quality, and Nutrient Concentrations of Feed,Food, and Malt Barley

Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is a cereal grown for animal feed, human consumption, and malting. Nutrient concentrations are important as they provide information regarding the dietary values of barley consumed by animals or human beings. In addition, grain nutrient removal may be useful for refining fertilizer recommendations. A study was conducted in 2015 and 2016 investigating the cultivar effects on grain yield, quality, and grain nutrient concentrations and removal under irrigated conditions for two-row barley cultivars. Adjunct and feed cultivars produced the highest yields compared with the all-malt and food cultivars. Specific quality and nutrient values were greater than or equal to in the food cultivar compared to the malt or feed cultivars. Variations in nutrient concentrations were measured among the adjunct and all-malt cultivars, which could potentially affect the malting and brewing qualities. Grain yield, quality, nutrient concentrations and nutrient removal varied among cultivars grown under identical environmental conditions, which may influence end-use.     

Relationships Between Simple Grain Quality Parameters for the Estimation of Sorghum and Maize Hardness in Commercial Hybrid Cultivars

Grain hardness affects sorghum and maize processing properties especially for dry milling. A variety of simple grain quality parameters were assessed on 17 sorghum and 35 white maize hybrid cultivars grown in six and four locations, respectively, in South Africa. The purpose was to determine tests that can be used to distinguish hardness in commercial sorghum and maize. The grains were characterized by test weight (TW), thousand kernel weight (TKW), decortication with the tangential abrasive dehulling device (TADD), and kernel size. Maize was also characterized for susceptibility to breakage, stress cracking, and near‐infrared transmittance (NIT) milling index. Principal component analysis showed that, in nontannin and tannin sorghums, TADD hardness and TW were closely correlated (P < 0.001). In maize, TADD hardness was closely correlated (P < 0.001) with NIT milling index and TW. Hence, TADD hardness and NIT milling index or TADD hardness and TW would be suitable for maize hardness evaluation. A combination of TADD hardness, TW, TKW, and kernel size >3.35 mm can be used together to select sorghum grain for hardness. It thus appears that TADD hardness is an excellent method of estimating both sorghum and maize hardness that can be applied for routine batch analysis and cultivar evaluation.     

浙薯系列鲜食及食品加工型甘薯品种系谱和品质性状分析

为全面评价不同类型甘薯品种品质育种指标以及提高育种效率,以2005-2016年育成的13个浙薯系列鲜食及食品加工型甘薯品种为材料,分析亲本系谱,统计品种特征特性,并依据品种用途、干率等对其主要品质性状进行分组比较。结果表明,浙薯系列甘薯品种系谱来源主要是胜利百号和南瑞苕衍生品种栗子香血缘。浙薯81及其衍生品种浙薯13在作为骨干亲本时表现出理想的育种效果。从品种的特征特性来看,鲜食型品种(包括迷你型鲜食品种)具有相对较高的干率(>30%)和淀粉率(>20%);不同类型品种生薯、熟薯的糖分(可溶性糖、还原糖)含量因品种而异;不同加工用途品种类型对胡萝卜素含量指标要求不同。不同类型品种的品质育种指标应进行综合评价,鲜食型甘薯主要以食用品质指标为主,干率是重要的品质指标之一;食品加工型甘薯主要以加工适应性目标为主,需注重中高干率、中高胡萝卜素含量、糖化快等材料的筛选与利用。本研究结果为优质鲜食及加工型甘薯新品种选育的种质创新和应用提供了理论参考。     

垩白米粒的计算机图像识别

自行开发研制了计算机图像处理系统，用于优质稻谷国家标准GB/T 17891-1999中质量指标垩白度及垩白粒率的检测。利用该系统对6种粳米和2种籼米进行测定，结果表明，该方法具有客观性、准确性、快速性和可重复性等特点，在收购优质稻米进行快速分等定级中具有良好的应用前景。     

Surface Lipids Play a Role in the Interaction of Puroindolines with Wheat Starch and Kernel Hardness

Kernel hardness is an important quality characteristic of common wheat. In this study, we investigated the role of starch surface lipids on the interaction of puroindoline proteins and starch granules through in vitro starch–protein binding experiments and flour reconstitution. SDS‐PAGE showed that there were no puroindoline proteins on the starch granule surface when surface lipids were removed or when defatted starch was incubated with puroindoline proteins. However, the puroindoline protein bands were present when defatted starch was incubated with lipids followed by purified puroindoline proteins, which indicated that starch surface lipids play a role in the binding of puroindolines to starch granules. The hardness of flour tablets and dough sheets made from reconstituted flour, which combined defatted starch incubated with lipids and puroindolines with gluten, was lower than for the control reconstituted flour, which was made from defatted starch and gluten. The results of scanning electron microscopy also showed that starch granules were embedded in the gluten in the gluten + defatted starch + lipids + puroindolines treatment. These results confirmed that starch surface lipids are involved in the interaction of puroindolines with wheat starch and kernel hardness.     

试论农产品加工与食品加工

论述了农产品加工与食品加工的相互关联及其差异,指出食品加工是农产品加工的重要内容,但并不能囊括农产品加工的全部;食品加工源于农产品加工,但高于农产品加工。农产品加工作为“大农业”与“大食品”的最佳结合点,在传统农业向现代化农业迈进过程中起着越来越重要的作用。只有树立“大农业”的观念,施行农业产业化经营,才能真正实现农业的集约高效增长     

农产品加工应重视餐桌主食品

我国食物生产近年发生了根本性变化,农产品加工是解决生产局部过剩和推动农村经济发展的重要途径,农产品和粮食加工的主要出路在于餐桌主食。主食工业化应重视传统食品的调查、整理、开发,传统食品不仅需要运用新科技知识来提高,也需要对其文化功能的发掘和发扬。开发适合国情具有中国特色的工业化食品,也是面向加入WTO后农业发展的重要战略     

Relationship Between Single Wheat Kernel Particle-Size Distribution and Perten SKCS 4100 Hardness Index

The Perten Single Kernel Characterization system is the current reference method for determination of single wheat kernel texture. However, the SKCS 4100 calibration method is based on bulk samples. The objective of this research was to develop a single-kernel hardness reference based on single-kernel particle-size distributions (PSD). A total of 473 kernels, drawn from eight different classes, was studied. Material from single kernels that had been crushed on the SKCS 4100 system was collected, milled, then the PSD of each ground single kernel was measured. Wheat kernels from soft and hard classes with similar SKCS hardness indices (HI 40–60) typically had a PSD that was expected from their genetic class. That is, soft kernels tended to have more particles at <21 μm than hard kernels after milling. As such, a combination of HI and PSD gives better discrimination between genetically hard and soft classes than either parameter measured independently. Additionally, the use of SKCS-predicted PSD, combined with other low level SKCS parameters, appears to reduce classification errors into genetic hardness classes by ≈50% over what is currently accomplished with HI alone.     

Yield Stability Parameters of Barley under Finnish Conditions

Abstract

The objective of this study was to evaluate whether it is possible to obtain reliable estimates of yield stability of barley on the basis of single year trials. The stability was analysed by using some of the most common stability parameters. The other objective was to study the influence of variation between locations and years on the yield stability of barley under growing conditions in Finland. Barley breeder's trials of the Agricultural Research Centre of Finland from the years 1987-89 were used as material in this study. In each of these years six trials from different parts of Finland and six genotypes were analysed. Four parameters were used in analysis of yield stability: b _i (Finlay & Wilkinson, 1963), s ² d _i (Eberhart & Russell, 1966), r ² _i (Pinthus, 1973) and environmental variance s ² _i. Each parameter was calculated from single- and multi-year results. The multi-year results were considered as reliable data with which to estimate yield stability. The reliability of the stability parameters was tested by Spearman's rank correlation coefficient between single- and multi-year stability values of each parameter. Although the variation between years was highly significant, there was no interaction between genotypes and years. In two experimental years genotype × location interaction was highly significant, and on the basis of this study, the genotype × location interaction seems to be a more important factor than genotype × year interaction in barley breeding for Finnish conditions. However, a series of three years may not be sufficient for indicating genotypes × years interactions. In this study two stability parameters, b _i and s ² _i, gave a reliable estimate of yield stability on the basis of single-year trials.     

大粒型水稻材料粒型性状的QTL定位

研究大粒型水稻材料对粒型相关基因的挖掘具有重要作用,同时也能为水稻超高产育种提供优质的种质资源。本研究以大粒型水稻材料lg1与9311杂交衍生的F2遗传分离群体为对象,分别采用2014年、2015年的粒型数据和2年的联合粒型数据,对控制其粒长、粒宽及粒厚的QTL进行初步定位。结果表明,3种情况下共定位到22个相关QTL,其中5个粒长QTL、9个粒宽QTL、8个粒厚QTL,分布于第1、第2、第3、第4、第5、第8和第11号染色体上。3种情况下均检测到QTL的有3个,即粒长QTL q GL-2-1、粒宽QTL q GW-5-1和粒厚QTL q GT-5-1,3个QTL增效等位基因均来自于亲本lg1;此外,有7个QTL在2014年、2015年和2年的联合数据定位中均被检测到,12个QTL只在1年或2年的联合数据定位中被检测到。q GL-2-1、q GW-2-3和q GT-2-3处于同一标记区间RM5812~RM13174,推测可能受同一粒型基因控制,是新的粒型QTL位点。主效QTL q GL-1-2和q GW-11-1可能是新的控制粒型QTL位点,其余检测到的QTL所在的大部分标记区间已有粒型QTL被定位或克隆。本研究结果为大粒水稻lg1粒型基因的精细定位及克隆奠定了基础。     

紫外分光光度法测定啤酒大麦籽粒脂氧合酶活力的研究

为了明确影响啤酒大麦籽粒脂氧合酶(LOX-1)活力的参数,以甘啤4号啤酒大麦籽粒为研究对象,采用紫外分光光度法探究底物浓度、提取缓冲液p H、反应体系缓冲液p H、提取时间、粗酶加入量∶底物加入量等对LOX-1活力的影响。结果表明,LOX-1活力随底物浓度的增加表现为先增加后减小的趋势,当底物浓度达到0.30mmol·L~(-1)时,LOX-1活力显著高于其它处理;随提取缓冲液p H的增加,LOX-1活力表现为双峰变化趋势,且在p H值5.0处,酶活力为9.85U·g~(-1),显著高于其它处理;粗酶提取时间为30min时,LOX-1活力显著高于其它处理,低于或者高于30min,酶活力均呈现降低趋势;LOX-1活力随反应体系p H的增加,表现为双峰变化趋势,当p H值为6.4时,酶活力最大,且与其它处理间存在显著差异;在其它条件不变,粗酶加入量为50μL的情况下,增加底物加入量,LOX-1活力表现为先增加后减小的趋势,且底物加入量为200μL时,酶活力显著高于其它处理。最终确定紫外分光光度法的测定参数:粗酶提取时间为30min,底物浓度为0.25mmol·L~(-1),提取液和反应体系缓冲液分别为p H值5.0醋酸盐缓冲液与p H值6.4磷酸盐缓冲液,粗酶加入酶量∶底物加入量为1∶4。研究结果为紫外分光光度法在啤酒大麦籽粒LOX-1活力测定中的应用提供了参考。     

Relative Nitrogen Fertilizer Requirements of Forage Versus Grain for Barley and Oat

Field experiments were conducted at 15 site-years with barley and 10 site-years with oat over five years to determine the relative nitrogen (N) fertilizer requirements of forage versus grain for barley and oat on Black Chernozem (Typic Agricryoll – 6 site-years on barley and 3 site-years on oat) and Gray Luvisol (Typic Haplocryalf – 9 site-years on barley and 7 site-years on oat) soils in central and north-central Alberta, Canada. Barley harvested for forage responded to higher level of applied N than when it was harvested for grain at most site-years. On average for barley, the amount of N fertilizer required to achieve maximum yield of forage was 58 kg N ha^?1 greater than that of grain, and also was somewhat greater on Black Chernozem soils than on Gray Luvisol soils. The results for oat were inconclusive, with almost equal numbers of site-years showed higher N requirements for grain as for forage.     

Photosynthetic Traits of Spring Barley throughout Development Stages under Field Conditions

Photosynthetic traits are affected by many environmental factors, of which the most important ones are microclimate of crop stand and meteorological conditions. A 2-year field study was conducted to determine the photosynthetic rate (P) and chlorophyll index (SPAD) alteration in various spring barley cultivars throughout development stages under field conditions. The tests involved three seed rates (SR) [200 (SR I), 400 (SR II), and 600 (SR III) viable seeds per m²] and three cultivars (Aura DS, Barke, and Gustav). The measurements were made four times during the growing season. In 2008, the P values were the greatest at BBCH 45 under warm conditions coupled with a lack of rainfall. The spring barley cultivars differed in tolerance of the weather conditions between the experimental years. The P of Barke was the greatest in warm and dry conditions (2008), and that of Gustav was greatest mainly in wet conditions. The P of Aura DS was lower than the trial mean in both years. The SRs effect on P and SPAD was significant only in sporadic cases. The variation of P and SPAD depended significantly (P ≤ 0.05, P ≤ 0.01) on the weather factors and their interaction.     

稻谷颗粒内部传质及其应用

本文推导了用于分析稻谷颗粒内部水分扩散的三层体模型。并编制了用于分析干燥和缓苏过程中颗粒内部水分扩散和颗粒降水速度的模拟软件。经验证模拟结果与实验结果能很好的逼近。并利用该软件分析了颗粒内部水分的扩散过程及间歇干燥过程中间歇比和循环周期对降水速度的影响。     

俄罗斯小麦籽粒硬度及puroindoline基因等位变异的分布

小麦籽粒硬度是重要的品质性状之一,对小麦加工品质具有重要影响.为了合理引进种质资源,培育高品质小麦品种,本研究利用小麦硬度指数测定仪JYDB100×40对引进俄罗斯小麦品种的籽粒硬度进行检测,利用STS标记和变温PCR对控制籽粒硬度基因puroindoline的主要等位变异进行分析.结果显示:208个俄罗斯引进小麦品种硬度指数范围为45.6 ～79.2,硬质麦品种为190个(91.35％),混合麦品种为18个(8.65％).Pina基因有Pina-D1a、Pina-D1b和杂合Pina-D1a/ Pina-D1b共3种类型,所占比例分别为87.02％、10.10％和2.88％.Pinb基因有Pinb-D1a、Pina-D1b、Pinb-D1c和双位点突变Pinb-D1bc 4种类型,所占比例分别为37.02％、55.77％、3.85％和3.37％.统计结果显示:携带Pina-D1b+Pinb-D1a基因小麦籽粒硬度指数显著大于Pina-D1a+Pinb-D1b,Pina-D1a+Pinb-D1a和Pina-D1a+Pinb-D1bc.其他puroindoline等位变异之间没有显著差异.俄罗斯硬质麦种质资源丰富,是改善我国小麦籽粒硬度和品质的重要遗传材料.     

Particle Size Effects on the Quality of Flour Tortillas Enriched with Whole Grain Waxy Barley

Wheat tortillas were enriched with whole barley flour (WBF) of different particle sizes including 237 μm (regular [R]), 131 μm (intermediate [IM]), and 68 μm (microground [MG]). Topographical and fluorescent microstructure images of flours, doughs, and tortillas were examined. Flours and tortillas were analyzed for color, protein, ash, starch, moisture, and β‐glucan content. Farinograph testing was conducted on the flour blends. Water activity and texture analyses of tortillas were conducted. A 9‐point hedonic scale was used by 95 untrained panelists to evaluate tortilla appearance, color, flavor, texture, and overall acceptability. Two commercial products (CP) were included in some analyses. As WBF particle size decreased, color was lighter; protein, moisture content and mixing stability decreased; ash, starch content, water absorption and farinograph peak time increased; and β‐glucan content was constant. WBF tortillas were darker than the control (C), while IM and MG tortillas had lower peak forces than C. No flavor differences were reported among C, R, and MG tortillas but higher scores were given to both CP in all attributes tested. Tortillas made with the largest WBF particle size (R) were the most similar in protein content, texture and flavor when compared with C tortillas made with refined bread flour.