辽宁白石砬子自然保护区天然林群落演替过程研究

以辽宁省白石砬子自然保护区天然阔叶混交林为主要研究对象,运用植被生态学、数量生态学、森林经理学等有关理论和技术,以地面样地调查和统计学方法为基础,运用定量化分析方法研究了阔叶混交林生态系统的演替变化规律,分析了不同演替过程中的乔木树种的种间联结性、林木株数变化、林分直径径阶分布、阔叶混交林生长过程与演替动向,结果表明:在演替过程中,将桦树、山杨与柞树归为衰退种组;将红松、鱼鳞松与沙冷杉归为进展种组;椴树、落叶松、五角槭、水榆、花曲柳、裂叶榆、千金榆、黄檗与怀槐归为过渡类树种。衰退种柞树枯损死亡株数较多,但在总体数量上仍占有优势;沙冷杉、鱼鳞松、花曲柳等进展树种占有很小的比例。说明白石砬子天然林处于森林演替的初级阶段。     

白石砬子山南北坡森林植被垂直分布的研究

文章对白石砬子山南北坡森林植被垂直分布按20m垂直海拔高度分段进行了植物种类、分布、多度的详细调查和分析。首次发现了兰科植物双花红门兰(Orchis cyclochila)的分布，填补了辽宁无此植物的空白。同时认为其植被分布有着特殊性，因此用温度随纬度、海拔递减规律估计各种植被分布误差较大。     

辽西北地区防护林树种与环境关系研究

为了解决辽宁省西北部地区防护林造林的问题,对防护林树种与环境的关系进行研究,采用DCCA排序法分析乔木与环境因子的关系。结果表明:环境因子之间存在显著的相关性,坡位、坡向、海拔、地貌是影响防护林树种生长的主要因子。根据树种和样地的DCCA排序图,得出防护林适宜的生长环境。通过分析环境因子对物种分布格局的解释能力分析,环境因子解释了42.7%的植被格局。     

应用多重极化L─波段合成孔径雷达数据估测森林生物量、林冠结构和树种组成（上）

本文报道了应用多重极化Ｌ－波段合成孔径雷达（ＳＡＲ）数据估测森林生物量、冠层结构和树种组成的主要研究成果。ＳＡＲ数据与树高、胸径、植株密度、方位和样地几何形状等因素呈显著相关（Ｐ＝０．０５或Ｐ＝０．０１），特别能反映硬阔叶林分子其它森林树种组间林冠特征差异（包括分枝形态、树冠重量和面积）、主要树种组内、树种组间与林分结构的变化（包括树高、植株胸径和密度）以及一些低生物量和部分疏林地与潮湿土壤及枯枝落叶层的分布和裸露程度。     

应用多重极化L—波段合成孔径雷达数据估测森林生物量,林冠结构和树…

本文报道了应用多重极化Ｌ－波段合成孔径雷达（ＳＡＲ）数据估测森林生物量，冠层结构和树种组成的主要研究成果。ＳＡＲ数据与树高，胸径，植株密度，方位和样地几何形状等因素呈显著相关（Ｐ＝０．０５或Ｐ＝０．０１），特别能反映硬阔叶林分子其它森林树种组间林冠特征差异（包括分枝形态，冠重量和面积），主要树种组内，树种组间与林结构的变化（包括树高，植株胸径和密度）以及一些低生物量和部分疏林地与潮湿土壤及枯枝落叶     

白石砬子自然保护区气候特征及其与森林植物的关系

通过对辽宁白石砬子自然保护区气象站的多年观测资料进行统计分析，总结出保护区气候资源的分布特征，及气候资源与森林植物的关系，从而为科学研究和资源保护提供依据。     

四川西部高山峡谷区森林分布特点及其演替规律

自从1950年以来,在四川西部高山峡谷区设置了700块样地,对该区域森林分布特点及森林演替与环境梯度间的关系进行研究.结果表明,高山峡谷区森林建群种以冷、云杉两属树种为优势,形成90多种森林类型;冷杉林多分布于各河流及其支流的中、上部,而云杉林多分布于宽谷地带和半阴半阳坡;冷云杉林冠下天然更新不良,而林窗天然更新效果较好;森林演替与垂直梯度关系密切;演替途径与原林型林下植被层片有关;人为措施可以促进或延缓演替进程;扩张更新效果常受地形、植被、风向影响。图4参9。     

白云山自然保护区蕨类植物生境因子与多样性的关系分析

在白云山自然保护区,调查分析了37种森林类型中影响蕨类植物分布的生境因子以及生境因子与蕨类植物多样性之间的关系。结果表明:(1)在所调查的251块样地内共发现有蕨类植物8 609株,分属16科34属90种;(2)生境因子包括森林类型、海拔、坡度、坡向、土壤腐殖质厚度以及凋落物层厚度对物种多样性和群落组成有显著影响;(3)在所调查的生境因子中,森林类型和海拔是最重要的影响因子,其中海拔对多样性的解释量高达11%。此结果表明森林类型和海拔是对蕨类分布起主要作用的环境因子,因此在自然保护区制定多样性保护策略时,应优先考虑植被类型和海拔的影响。     

辽东林海中一颗璀璨的明珠——辽宁白石砬子国家级自然保护区

辽宁白石砬子国家级自然保护区位于辽东山区宽甸县北部,主要任务是保护长白、华北植物区系交汇地带原生型红松阔叶混交林的自然景观,为繁育珍贵树种、野生动物创造生存环境,开展生物生态科研、教学活动。是一个森林生态系统类型的自然保护区。保护区区划面积７４６７ｈｍ２,分为４个功能区,地形错综复杂,属温带大陆性气候。植物种类繁多,有维管束植物１０５４种,隶属１１４科、４４１属。植被类型多样,分为２个类型组,３个植被类型,５个植被亚型,９个群系组,１５个群系。动物资源丰富,共有脊椎动物１８７种,其中鱼类１６种,两栖类１０种,爬行类９种,鸟类１２６种,兽类２６种。保护区成立以来,自然资源保护取得了突出成绩,１７年来无森林火险火灾,乱砍滥伐、乱捕滥猎现象也很少发生。科学研究工作取得丰硕成果,产业创收也取得一定成绩。利用景观资源,开展生态旅游是保护区今后发展方向。     

辽宁林业科技2002年总目次

统一思想　再鼓干劲　誓夺辽宁林业的新辉煌陈天民 1 -Ⅰ…………………………………………………试验研究白石砬子自然保护区森林植被和主要树种分布的环境解释袁永孝 ,郭水良 ,曹同 ,等 1 - 1…………………中国的副姬蜂属 (膜翅目 :姬蜂科 )及三新记录种盛茂领 ,侯传生 ,娄　杰 1 - 7………………………………栗山天牛幼虫期空间分布型的研究季长龙 ,高　纯 1 - 9………………………………………………………树栖型苍鹭幼鸟练飞习性的观察高　欣 ,刘明玉 1 - 1 2…………………………………………………………日本落叶松原产地种源与次生…     

滇东南岩溶山区树种配置的初步研究

3年来在滇东南岩溶山区开展的树种配置试验的初步研究结果表明 :影响岩溶山地林木生长的主要因素是坡度、岩石裸露率、土类、土层厚度和土壤中的石砾含量 ,而坡向、坡位、土壤的吸湿水、旱季土壤含水率、pH值及土壤养分对林木生长的影响不明显。在岩溶地区的造林应采取特殊的措施 ,尽量保护原有植被 ,对于形成复层的林分结构具有非常重要的作用 ,特别是在多石的薄层石灰土类型上 ,人工种植的阔叶树生长较差 ,通过种植针叶树 ,能形成乔灌草结构的复层林分 ,对改善岩溶山区的生态环境效果十分明显。在吸湿水、全氮、水解氮、速效磷、速效钾、pH值、有机质和旱季土壤含水率等 8个土壤性状中 ,吸湿水、速效磷、速效钾 3个性状在年度间的差异非常显著 ,其中吸湿水平均增加 3 6 6 % ,每kg干土中的速效磷和速效钾平均分别增加9 99mg和 4 2 5 9mg ,显示出林木对土壤的改良作用。在多石的石灰土类型上 ,适宜营造墨西哥柏、郭芬柏和冲天柏等针叶树 ,在其中土层较厚的地方可种植银荆 ;在厚层山地红壤类型上 ,适宜营造墨西哥柏、冲天柏、郭芬柏、川滇桤木、滇合欢、银荆、杜仲、酸枣、苦刺等针阔、阔阔混交林以提高其生态和经济效益     

Effects of environmental factors on species richness patterns of herb layer in Eastern Zhongtiao Mountain

The species richness of herb layer was investigated among 43 plots of forest vegetation in the eastern Zhongtiao Mountain, in southern Shanxi Province, China. The forest vegetation was divided into two major vegetation types such as the deciduous forest and the coniferous forest by the two-way indicator species analysis （TWINSPAN）. The species richness of herb layer was fitted in the topographic and soil feature factors, as well as the topographic relative moisture index （TRMI） by the generalized linear models （GLM）. The results showed that canopy cover and altitude were the most significant environmental factors. Soil pH value and soil nutrients index such as total N, organic matter content had no significant influence. The effect of environment factors on species richness of herb layer had significant difference in vegetation types. For the broad-leaved forest, litter depth and TRMI were the important environment factors. For the coniferous forest, soil clay content was another important environment factor. The range of environmental gradient such as altitude may contribute to the difference.     

辽东山区原始红松混交林土壤有机碳及其影响因素研究

以辽东山区原始红松混交林为研究对象,对比分析了不同树种组成下原始红松混交林土壤有机碳含量的差异,研究了土壤有机碳与土壤属性因子和植被覆盖因子的相关关系,并研究了土壤碳密度的分布规律。结果显示,3种原始红松混交林土壤有机碳含量均随着剖面深度的增加而降低;0~10 cm土层深度土壤有机碳含量为红松阔叶林阔叶红松林针阔混交林,表层土壤有机碳主要来源于枯落物层的分解,表层土壤有机碳的特征表明原始红松混交林树种构成不同,潜在地影响着生态系统内的碳循环。对土壤属性因子而言,碳氮比与有机碳含量呈极显著的正相关关系,而容重、pH值呈显著的负相关关系;对植被覆盖因子而言,枯落物有机碳、全氮、碳氮比与土壤有机碳含量则无相关关系;0~100 cm深度内红松阔叶林的土壤碳密度最大,为181.4 t/hm2,针阔混交林次之,为180.56 t/hm2,阔叶红松林最小,为150.78 t/hm2,且接近70%的土壤碳储存集中在40 cm以上的土层内。旨在为揭示原始红松混交林对土壤有机碳的影响因素和探索我国原始红松混交林土壤碳分布格局提供科学依据。     

新疆阿尔泰山小东沟林区木本植物群落数量分类、排序及其环境解适

在野外样方调查和主要环境因子测定的基础上,利用聚类分析和DCCA排序技术对新疆阿尔泰山小东沟林区的森林植被进行类型划分,并定量分析植被与环境因子的关系。结果表明:利用聚类分析可将阿尔泰小东沟林区的木本植物群落划分为6个类型(灌丛、欧洲山杨林、苦杨林、疣枝桦林、新疆落叶松林和新疆落叶松与新疆冷杉、新疆云杉的针叶混交林)。DCCA排序分析表明,海拔和坡向等地形因子以及土壤类型、土壤全氮、土壤全磷、土壤水分含量和大石砾含量等土壤因子是影响阿尔泰林区植物分布的主要因子,林区不同群落类型的分布格局主要是由地形和土壤因子的共同作用所控制的。     

Characteristics of soil seed bank in plantation forest in the rocky mountain region of Beijing, China

We investigated characteristics (scales and composition) of soil seed banks at eight study sites in the rocky mountain region of Beijing by seed identification and germination monitoring. We also surveyed the vegetation communities at the eight study sites to explore the role of soil seed banks in vegetation restoration. The storage capacity of soil seed banks at the eight sites ranked from 766.26 to 2461.92 seeds·m -2 . A total of 23 plant species were found in soil seed banks, of which 63 80% of seeds were herbs in various soil layers and 60% of seeds were located in the soil layer at 0 5cm depth. Biodiversity indices indicated clear differences in species diversity of soil seed banks among different plant communities. The species composition of aboveground vegetation showed low similarity with that based on soil seed banks. In the above- ground plant community, the afforestation tree species showed high importance values. The plant species originating from soil seed banks represented natural regeneration, which also showed relatively high importance values. This study suggests that in the rocky mountain region of Beijing the soil seed banks played a key role in the transformation from pure plantation forest to near-natural forest, promoting natural ecological processes, and the role of the seed banks in vegetation restoration was important to the improvement of ecological restoration methods.     

Influence of tree species on understory vegetation diversity and mechanisms involved—A critical review for temperate and boreal forests

Tree species composition is a primary attribute of forest ecosystems, and is often manipulated by silvicultural practices. Forest management to diversify tree species is now being promoted to favor biodiversity. To assess the soundness of this policy we reviewed and analyzed the literature on the relationship between tree species composition and floristic diversity, including the mechanisms involved therein. Coniferous forests generally provide less diversified vascular understories than broadleaved forests. At the tree species scale, there are not enough reports to draw firm conclusions on the effect of any particular species. Mixing of deciduous and coniferous tree species generally affects understory diversity, but in almost all cases maximum diversity is observed in one of the pure stands, not in mixed stands. Understory vegetation is influenced by overstory composition and structure through modifications of resource availability (light, water and soil nutrients) and other effects, such as physical characteristics of the litter layer. Overstory light transmittance and diverse properties of forest litter are factors that have been most fully studied to date, but other factors such as throughfall water quantity and chemistry may also play a role. While the relative importance of mechanisms that account for the effect of overstory on understory biodiversity has often been discussed, these mechanisms have rarely been the subject of formal experiments. Overall, varying management practices and site attributes make it difficult to generalize results. They combine with the effects of tree species in influencing understory vegetation diversity, but they have been rarely considered. Future research is needed to gain a better understanding of the relationship between overstory and understory diversity and establish general laws.     

林窗效应研究综述

森林群落常发生一些小规模的内源干扰,从而形成林窗。林窗的形成对推动森林群落的演替更新和生态系统发展至关重要。林窗面积的大小与树木的倒伏方式和林冠冠幅及大小有关。林窗面积及林窗内位置的不同,导致其小气候和土壤理化性质等环境因子发生改变,进而影响到林窗内树种更新和物种组成、林窗植被的物种多样性及其微生物和土壤动物的种类、数量等方面。未来林窗研究重点应该放在次生林和人工林的林窗效应,林窗对森林生态系统碳储量影响机制,林窗凋落物分解因子间的相互关系、作用机理和养分循环,不同树种的林窗与最适更新面积的关系,林窗的边缘效应,林窗的土壤动物和微生物动态及过程。     

不同植被类型蛾类及植物相似性分析

对紫金山不同植被类型植物种类及蛾类群落结构、时空动态进行了调查,运用jaccard相似性分析方法对不同植被类型植物种类、蛾类种的相似性进行了分析,并在植物及蛾类的相似性之间进行了分析探讨。结果表明：紫金山植物种类丰富,植物分布特别是草本植物分布对环境有较强的依赖性。蛾类种亦丰富,有蛾类28科494种,各植被类型植物种类与蛾类种、数量呈正相关,生态环境及植物群落的差异是导致紫金山蛾类群落结构差别的主要因素;紫金山蛾类多食性种较多。紫金山针阔混交林和阔叶林、针阔混交林和针叶林亲缘关系较近,验证了紫金山针阔混交林是由针叶林衰退的基础上自然演替或是人工干预发展而成的,最后将演替成含有常绿成份的落叶阔叶林,各植被类型处于演替的不同阶段,竹林受人为干扰最大。     

滇西北程海流域干热河谷区造林树种选择

程海流域地处金沙江干热河谷区,天然植被稀少,生态环境脆弱,造林难度较大,树种选择适当与否是造林成败的关键因子。文中阐述了程海流域现有的植被分布情况和主要造林树种,对程海流域造林存在的自然环境恶劣、自然灾害严重、生态系统退化等问题,提出适地适树、生物多样性丰富和效益最大化等造林树种选择的原则,并对该区域立地条件进行评价。在此基础上,从不同抗逆性特征、不同坡度、不同海拔以及不同坡位等方面,总结出适合程海流域造林的备选树种和干热河谷区造林及树种选择的要点,以期为金沙江流域干热河谷区造林树种选择提供参考。     

The influence of windthrow microsites on tree regeneration and establishment in an old growth mountain forest

The Rothwald forest in Lower Austria represents one of the few never logged old growth forests in Central Europe. Here, the influence of windthrow pits and mounds on tree regeneration in a spruce-fir-beech mountain forest was studied. Two main factors for recolonisation of sites after disturbance were investigated: (i) the trapping ability of microsites for seeds and (ii) the ability of particular tree species to establish and grow on different microsites. On two one hectare permanent sample plots, pits resulting from windthrow with existing tree trunks were recorded. At each windthrow three microsites were determined: pit, pitwall and undisturbed forest floor. If the windthrow plate already collapsed and formed a mound, this microsite was recorded as well. Furthermore, a control site was established at each windthrow. For two years the development of seedlings at four different microsites and the according control sites were monitored. To describe the variability of environmental factors possibly influencing seedling establishment and survival, litter, humus and soil attributes, herb vegetation cover as well as light availability (GSF) were assessed. In addition, soil temperature, chemical soil properties and water content were recorded at randomly selected windthrows. The distribution of the seedlings was assessed with a Redundancy Analysis, its occurrence modelled with a logistic regression and the mortality analysed with the Kaplan-Maier lifetime function. In contrast to the assumption of seed accumulation in concave microsites because of secondary dispersal, the pit microsites show comparable seed rain to the control site. However, pits have the lowest seedling numbers and by far the highest mortality rates of seedlings. The thickness of leaf litter was identified as a major driver of suitability of a microsite for recolonisation. Through its thickness, it inhibits germination and smothering of seedlings poses a particular high hazard during the winter period. Also different establishment patterns of the investigated tree species were detected. The results indicate that windthrows create microsite heterogeneity and plant species richness but limit tree population size and spatial distribution of the occurring tree species.