影响无瓣海桑造林质量的主要原因及对策

通过分析在造林过程中影响无瓣海桑成活率的六大因素,苗龄、海水盐度、造林季节、滩涂的土壤质地、造林技术和人为活动,提出提高无瓣海桑造林质量的对策,为钦州湾地区推广无瓣海桑林提供技术支撑。     

辽宁省泥质海岸防护林对土壤理化性质的影响

为了分析不同林分类型的防护林对土壤理化性质的影响,以辽宁省泥质海岸5种不同类型防护林为研究对象,分析并得出了不同林分类型的防护林对土壤速效氮、速效磷、pH值、总孔隙度、体积含水量、土壤密度的影响,结果表明:防护林不同类型林分对土壤的理论性质有显著影响,其中速效氮含量的依次为刺槐纯林>辽宁杨纯林>小胡杨+紫穗槐混交林>刺槐+杨树混交林>小胡杨纯林,刺槐纯林和辽宁杨纯林与空白对照组存在显著差异;对土壤pH值影响的程度由大至小排列为辽宁杨纯林>小胡杨+紫穗槐混交林>小胡杨纯林>刺槐+杨树混交林>刺槐纯林,各林分与对照组均存在极其显著差异;对土壤速效磷含量影响的程度由大至小排列为辽宁杨纯林>小胡杨+紫穗槐混交林>小胡杨纯林>刺槐+杨树混交林>刺槐纯林,与对照组均存在极其显著影响,以辽宁杨纯林、小胡杨+紫穗槐混交林、小胡杨纯林的影响最为显著;对土壤孔隙度影响的程度由大至小排列为刺槐纯林>辽宁杨纯林>小胡杨纯林>刺槐+杨树混交林>小胡杨+紫穗槐混交林;刺槐+杨树混交林、辽宁杨纯林对土壤含水量的影响最为显著;刺槐纯林、辽宁杨纯林、小胡杨纯林对土壤密度影响效果最为显著。     

不同造林模式对退化花岗岩山地土壤理化性质及水文效应的影响

为研究不同造林模式对鲁中南退化花岗岩山地土壤理化和水文效应的恢复效果,以该区域营造10 a的4种造林模式的人工林为研究对象,运用样方调查与室内实验相结合的方法,以造林前数据(CK)作为对照,对比分析了乳山市夏村镇埠西庄小流域4种造林模式下的土壤理化性质与水文特征。结果表明:(1)4种造林模式下土壤的理化性质相比于造林前均有显著提高;(2)刺槐五角枫混交林的土壤容重最小,孔隙度最大,饱和贮水量最高,土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾与速效氮、磷、钾含量最高,黑松纯林的容重大、孔隙性小、持水性差,土壤有机质与养分含量低;(3)不同造林模式的土壤入渗能力表现为:刺槐五角枫混交林黑松麻栎混交林黑松黄栌混交林黑松纯林 CK。综合考虑4种造林模式对土壤理化性质与水文的改良效果,刺槐五角枫混交模式更适合在研究区栽植。     

光强对无瓣海桑幼苗的生长和光合特性的影响

根据实地测定人工无瓣海桑红树林不同环境下的光照强度,研究了不同光强环境对无瓣海桑幼苗的生长和光合特性的影响.结果表明:随着光照强度的降低,无瓣海桑幼苗的生长和光合特性指标水平均呈下降趋势,且不同光强处理间差异显著.在光照强度为全光照的80％和40％时,幼苗的各项生长指标下降,长势较全光照环境下的幼苗差;在荫蔽初期(2～4个月),弱光环境对幼苗的茎高、叶面积和叶片长宽比的增加有促进作用,随着荫蔽时间的延长,则产生抑制作用,不利于幼苗的生长;当光强达全光照的20％时,幼苗生长极为缓慢.在荫蔽处理180 d时,Sa80、Sa40、Sa20的幼苗死亡率分别为42％、70％、100％;在弱光环境下,无瓣海桑幼苗根、茎、叶的生物量分别下降了90％、80％、91％;随着环境光强水平的下降,无瓣海桑幼苗叶片的叶绿素含量、净光合速率等生理参数均呈下降趋势,各处理间差异显著.试验说明光强不足是造成无瓣海桑幼苗生长和光合水平低下及死亡率较高的主要原因,并对无瓣海桑幼苗的天然更新与自然扩散和人工造林技术进行了讨论.     

辽西半干旱地区不同树种造林对矸石废弃地土壤化学性质的影响

通过在辽西半干旱地区不同类型矸石废弃地对上进行不同树种造林试验,结果表明,在Ⅰ类矸石废弃地上,紫穗槐、锦鸡儿在改善全氮、全磷、速效氮、速效磷方面较其他树种差异性显著,白榆在改善全氮方面较显著;在Ⅱ类类矸石废弃地上,白榆、刺槐对于速效氮改善差异性显著,紫穗槐、锦鸡儿在改善全氮、全磷、速效磷方面较其他树种差异性显著,紫穗槐、锦鸡儿在改善速效氮差异性极显著,白榆在改善全氮方面较显著;在Ⅲ类矸石废弃地上,臭椿、火炬树在改善全氮、全磷、速效氮、速效磷方面较其他树种差异性显著,刺槐在改善全磷、速效氮方面较显著;在Ⅳ类地区的矸石废弃地上,火炬树、刺槐、臭椿在改良土壤养分状况方面较之其他树种差异性显著。     

长期排水造林对云贵高原亚热带泥炭藓沼泽土壤理化性质的影响

探究排水造林对亚热带泥炭藓沼泽土壤理化性质的影响,为科学保护与恢复该类型湿地提供理论基础。选择贵州娘娘山湿地天然泥炭藓沼泽为对照样地,选择经立地条件相似的泥炭藓沼泽排水造林20年形成的柳杉林为处理样地,比较二者表层(0～10cm)土壤理化性质的差异。主要结果：1)泥炭藓沼泽土壤总碳含量、总氮含量、pH、碳与磷质量比(C∶P)、氮与磷质量比(N∶P)、速效钾含量、硝态氮含量、铵态氮含量、土壤质量含水量显著高于柳杉林土壤相应的指标值(P<0.05);泥炭藓沼泽土壤容重显著低于柳杉林土壤容重;2)主成分分析显示,长期营造柳杉林后土壤理化性质总体已发生明显分异;3)土壤总碳含量与总氮含量呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),且二者与C∶P,N∶P,速效钾含量、硝态氮含量、质量含水量呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),与土壤容重呈极显著负相关(P<0.01),C∶P,N∶P,铵态氮含量、硝态氮含量、速效钾含量两两之间呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)或显著正相关(P<0.05);土壤质量含水量与容重呈极显著负相关(P<0.01)。总之,泥炭藓沼泽长期营造柳杉林后,表层...     

Effects of coastal afforestation on some soil properties in Lakshmipur coast of Bangladesh

Coastal zones comprising important intertidal tropical and subtropical ecosystems are characterized by high productivity, diversity and unique zonation of various plant and animal communities. The comparison of some selected physicochemical soil properties viz. texture, particle density, moisture content, pH, organic carbon and total nitrogen between planted site （Telir char） and barren site （Boyar char） has been investigated at surface （0-10 cm） and subsurface （10-45 cm） soil across three different land strips viz. inland, middle part and sea side in Lakshmipur coast of Bangladesh. Sand particles in the soil were lower in planted site than barren site. The reverse trend was found in case of both silt and clay percentage. Coastal afforestation had a significant effect on soil binding process since a common trend of increment in soil particle density was noticed. Maximum increment （20.43% to 23.30%） in soil moisture content was recorded in surface soil across the seaside while at subsurface soil both across the middle part （19.53% to 22.30%） and sea side （20.19% to 22.96%）. Moreover, the highest reduction in soil pH was recorded at surface soil （7.27 to 6.60） across the sea side and subsurface soil （7.16 to 6.67） in inland due to the influence of coastal plantation. Across all the land strips and the soil depths studied, soil organic carbon was higher in planted site than in barren site with only exception at subsurface soil in the middle part （0.50% in both sites）. Total soil nitrogen in the study area was increased at both depths due to forestation with the highest increment in the inland at both surface and subsurface soil.     

Deforestation effects on biological and other important soil properties in an upland watershed of Bangladesh

Deforestation occurs at an alarming rate in upland watersheds of Bangladesh and has many detrimental effects on the environment. This study reports the effects of deforestation on soil biological properties along with some important physicochemical parameters of a southern upland watershed in Bangladesh. Soils were sampled at 4 paired sites, each pair representing a deforested site and a forested site, and having similar topographical characteristics. Significantly fewer(p≤0.001) fungi and bacteria, and lower microbial respiration, active microbial biomass, metabolic and microbial quotients were found in soils of the deforested sites. Soil physical properties such as moisture content, water holding capacity, and chemical properties such as organic matter, total N, available P and EC were also lower in deforested soils. Bulk density and pH were significantly higher in deforested soils. Available Ca and Mg were inconsistent between the two land uses at all the paired sites. Reduced abundance and biomass of soil mesofauna were recorded in deforested soils. However, soil anecic species were more abundant in deforested soils than epigeic and endogeic species, which were more abundant in forested soils than on deforested sites.     

Impact of site management on changes in soil carbon after afforestation: A review

Afforestation and forest management can increase carbon stocks and account for emission reduction according to the     

望天树人工林生长量及土壤理化性质

望天树是我国一级珍稀濒危保护植物,为了更有效地保护这一树种,在桂西南那坡县对29年生望天树人工林的生长量及土壤理化性质进行了研究。结果表明:林分平均胸径、平均树高和平均蓄积量分别为28.49cm、28.30m和440.5m3/hm2,净经济收入为39.65万元/hm2。林地0～100cm土层密度为0.819 8～1.174 3g/cm3,土壤总孔隙度为57.0%～66.3%,土壤通气度为16.8%～25.0%,土壤最大持水量、毛管持水量和最小持水量分别为46.7%～94.2%、34.1%～68.8%和20.8%～42.1%。0～40cm土层pH值为4.64～4.96,土壤有机质含量为29.58～70.70g/kg,土壤全N、全P和全K含量分别为1.15～2.71、1.38～1.56和13.27～15.31g/kg,速效N、P和K分别为157.68～327.42、0.32～1.21和9.93～23.12mg/kg。研究结果表明,29年生望天树人工林的生长量较高,林地土壤疏松、土壤通气性能良好、土壤肥力较高。因此,在类似该地区立地环境进行望天树的引种栽培具有较大的生物生产力。     

Study onSonneratia apetala productivity in restored forests in Leizhou Peninsula, China

The exoticSonneratia apetala in Leizhou Peninsula, has shown outstanding fast-growing ability in restored mangrove forests, at the middle and high tide intertidal zone, with year-round fresh water input from drainage. By setting plot and selecting standard tree, investigation and measurement on height growth, diameter growth, biomass, productivity, and so on, were made in aS. apetala plantation at age of six at Lanbel, Fucheng, Leizhou Peninsula in May 2001. The investigating results showed that the mean annual height growth of plantation was 2.03 m and mean annual growth of diameter at breast height (DBH) was 2.35 cm. There exists a significant correlation between the diameter at ground surface (DGS) and DBH. The average biomass of a single standard tree in dry weight was 95.647 kg/m². A ratio of above-ground biomass to under-ground biomass was 1.60. The stand biomass of unit area was 22.955 kg/m², singletree wood volume was 88.23 dm³, and the annual wood volume productivity (P _A) of the same year was 0.407. The forest energy accumulation was 424.851 MJ/m², with annual solar energy fixing rate of 40.68×10⁻⁷%. It is concluded thatS. apetala species had characteristics of outstanding high biomass accumulation and could be used as coastal planting tree species in southern China. Foundetion item: The paper was supported by the project of integrated mangrove management and coastal protection (IMMCP) in Leizhou Peninsula, Guangdong Province. Biography: Han Wei-dong (1963-), male, associate professor, in Zhanjiang Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, Guangdong; and presently as postdoctoral researcher in Life Science College, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, P.R. China Responsible editor: Zhu Hong.     

中山市海岸带迎背风坡造林效果比较研究

五桂山位于广东中山市东南沿海,其东南坡向的海岸带迎风坡性质明显。在造林4年和1年的两块林地上,分别建立两条跨越迎风坡和背风坡的固定样带,对样带的调查研究结果表明：只要实行高强度营林措施,适地适树,海岸带坡地退化生态系统是可恢复森林植被的;根据参试树种的早期生长表现,大叶相思、西南桦、台湾相思、米老排、红锥、厚荚相思、海南蒲桃等的生长速度较快,海南红豆和云南石梓的生长速度则较慢,这两种树种不太适宜在迎风坡造林;在采用相对密植的前提下,林分郁闭前迎风坡造林树种的死亡率高于背风坡,郁闭后则背风坡较高,为尽快形成森林小环境,建议迎风坡的造林密度应大于背风坡;在造林措施相同的条件下,背风坡林木生长量、物种多样性和林分质量明显优于迎风坡,说明海岸带坡向因子对植被恢复具有显著影响。     

轮换种植对孟加拉国吉大港山区土壤中真菌和细菌群落的影响

在孟加拉国吉大港山区选择两块研究地,研究轮换种植对土壤中真菌和细菌群落的影响。两块研究地均包含轮换种植和本地社区管理的乡村森林,第一块研究地点选择在兰加马蒂地区,第二块研究地点选择在吉大港的班多尔班地区。在两个地点和不同用途的地块中,其表面土（0-10cm）和地表下土（10-20cm）的土壤质地不同,分别为砂壤和粘土。轮作地的土壤pH和含水量比乡村森林的低。研究结果表明：在兰加马蒂和班多尔班地区,大多数情况下,轮作地的表面土和地表下土壤中的真菌和细菌群落数量比乡村森林的低。在兰加马蒂和班多尔班地区的轮作地中,炭疽菌属（CoHetrotrichum）和镰孢菌属（Fusarium）真菌稀少,而两个地方的不同用途地块中均有细菌球菌属（Coccus）,芽孢杆菌属（Bacillus）和链球菌属（Streptococcus）。在两个地方的不同用途地块中常见的真菌有曲霉属（Aspergillus）、根霉属（Rhizopus）、木霉属（Trichoderma）和青霉菌属（Penicillium）。在其它的土壤区系中,由于轮换种植导致土壤环境退化的程度还需要进一步的研究。     

Short-term effects of fire on soil properties inPinus densiflora stands

This study was performed to investigate a short time change (one week after fire) on soil properties due to the fire inPinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc stands of the Kosung area in Kangwon Province in Korea. Twenty seven sampling plots [16 burned (8 low intensity fire, 8 high intensity fire) and 11 unburned plots] were chosen. Mineral soil samples from three depths (0–5, 5–15, and 15–25 cm) under the forest floor were collected. Forest fire in the area affected soil chemical properties. Soil pH, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and magnesium in the surface soil (0–5 cm) of the burned area compared with the unburned area increased, but there was no marked change in the subsurface soil (5–25 cm). Organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, and exchangeable cations in the surface soil were generally lower in the high than in the low intensity fire areas. This indicates that these nutrients on the high intensity fire may be volatilized. The results suggest that change in soil chemical properties in the area was restricted mainly to the surface soil and was different between the high and the low intensity fire types.     

滇西山地桉树林土壤物理性质研究

研究滇西不同利用类型下(桉树林、旱冬瓜林、示范林、云南松林)土壤的物理性质。结果表明,它们之间的关系是显著或极显著的,不同的利用类型和土层并对之影响显著;桉树林下土壤容重增加孔隙度下降,说明桉树林下土壤退化严重;示范林下土壤各项物理指标有所好转,具有一定的土壤恢复作用。     

Characteristics of carbon and nitrogen of soil microbial biomass and their relationships with soil nutrients in Cunninghamia lanceolata plantations

The soil microbial biomass and nutrient status under the native broadleaved forest and Cunninghamia lanceolata plantations at the Huitong National Research Station of Forest Ecosystem (in Hunan Province, midland of China) were examined in this study. The results showed that after the native broadleaved forest was replaced by mono-cultured C. lanceolata or C. lanceolata, soil microbial biomass and nutrient pool decreased significantly. In the 0–10 cm soil layer, the concentrations of soil microbial carbon and nitrogen in the broadleaved forest were 800.5 and 84.5 mg/kg, respectively. These were 1.90 and 1.03 times as much as those in the first rotation of the C. lanceolata plantation, and 2.16 and 1.27 times as much as those in the second rotation of the plantation, respectively. While in the 10–20 cm soil layer, the microbial carbon and nitrogen in the broadleaved forest were 475.4 and 63.3 mg/kg, respectively. These were 1.86 and 1.60 times as much as those in the first rotation, and 2.11 and 1.76 times as much as those in the second rotation, respectively. Soil nutrient pools, such as total nitrogen, total potassium, NH₄ ⁺-N, and available potassium, also declined after the C. lanceolata plantation replaced the native broadleaved forest, or Chinese fir was planted continuously. Less litter and slower decay rate in pure Chinese fir plantation were the crucial factors leading to the decrease of soil microbial biomass and nutrient pool in this area. Human disturbance, especially slash-burning and site preparation, was another factor leading to the decrease. There were significant positive correlations between soil microbial carbon and nitrogen and soil nutrients. To improve soil quality and maintain sustainable productivity, some measures, including planting mixed conifer with hardwood, preserving residues after harvest, and adopting scientific site preparation, should be taken. Translated from Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2006, 17(12): 2,292–2,296 [译自: 应用生态学报]