放水冲刷条件下工程堆积体边坡径流侵蚀水动力学特性

煤炭开采过程形成的工程堆积体可导致严重水土流失。该文以重庆市煤矿工程堆积体为研究对象,该文采用土工试验方法和野外实地放水冲刷试验研究了煤矿工程堆积体边坡径流侵蚀特征及其临界水动力条件。结果表明：1）随着径流侵蚀冲刷过程进行,工程堆积体边坡的径流流速、径流剪切力和径流功率均呈现出程度不一波动现象,其变化范围分别为0.187～0.526 m/s、24.336～126.542 Pa、2.763～46.861 N/(m·s),而阻力系数在2.236～19.337之间波动变化。2）除10 L/min放水条件,工程堆积体边坡产流率、产沙率随径流冲刷过程呈先增加、后稳定变化趋势;在不同放水条件（10～30 L/min）下,边坡产流率依次趋于0.5、3.0、3.8、6.3和9.0 L/min,而产沙率在0～27.51 kg/min之间变化,土壤剥蚀率在9.570～4616.064 g/(m2·min)。3）不同坡度工程堆积体边坡临界径流剪切力及径流功率存在较大差异,面蚀阶段临界径流剪切力和临界径流功率以30°堆积体最小,分别为23.95 Pa和1.76 N/(m·s);而细沟侵蚀阶段以25°堆积体临界径流剪切力最小,以40°堆积体临界径流功率最小;土壤侵蚀速率与径流剪切力、径流功率之间具有显著线性关系。4）在放水条件下（10～30 L/min）,工程堆积体径流侵蚀临界坡度分别为34.8°、35°、33.7°、34°、35.2°。研究结果可为煤矿工程堆积体水土流失量预测、水土保持生态修复措施布置提供技术参数和依据。     

工程堆积体坡面径流水动力学参数及其相互关系

工程堆积体具有独特的土壤组成及复杂的下垫面条件,其土壤抗冲性极差,径流条件下堆积体陡坡坡面关键的水动力学参数及其相互关系亦表现出不同的特点,为探明工程堆积体坡面径流水动力学参数及其相互关系,该文采用30、40、50、60 L/min 4个流量,对24°、28°、32°共3个坡度的堆积体边坡(20 m×5 m标准监测小区)进行模拟放水冲刷试验,选取径流流速、水深、雷诺数、弗汝德数、径流阻力系数、水流剪切应力、径流功率等参数进行分析。结果表明:工程堆积体坡面侵蚀位置主要集中在坡面上部(0~10 m),侵蚀时段主要集中在产流后期(12~30 min);流速随坡度和流量的增大而增大,坡度对流速的影响大于流量;随着坡面流由层流向紊流、急流向缓流的过渡,坡面径流阻力系数随之增大;基于水流剪切应力和径流功率分别计算获得的工程堆积体坡面细沟侵蚀土壤可蚀性参数分别为2.63×10-2 s/m和0.1 s2/m2,对应的临界侵蚀径流功率为0.8 N/(m·s)。研究结果可为坡面措施的配置提供一定的理论支撑,也能为工程堆积体土壤侵蚀预报模型的建立提供部分基础参数。     

两种工程堆积体边坡模拟径流侵蚀对比研究

基于对重庆市城镇建设中工程堆积体野外调查结果,选择广泛存在的紫色土和黄沙壤工程堆积体为研究对象,采用野外实地放水冲刷试验,对比分析了不同土石比及坡度的工程堆积体边坡径流侵蚀过程。结果表明:(1)工程堆积体土壤入渗率随冲刷过程呈先快速减小、后逐渐稳定的变化趋势,且波动幅度大小随冲刷流量的不同出现差异,下垫面稳定入渗率均在0.4~1.7 mm min~(-1)之间。(2)不同下垫面堆积体产流率随冲刷时间均呈先增加后稳定的谷峰交织变化趋势且随放水流量增大而显著增强;在相同放水流量时,黄沙壤堆积体平均产流率最大可为紫色土堆积体的1.89倍。(3)不同下垫面堆积体径流含沙量随冲刷时间呈先增加后稳定的波动趋势;径流含沙量在不同流量条件下介于0.21~1278.49 g L~(-1);冲刷过程中坡面面蚀向沟蚀的转化对径流含沙量有显著影响,最大可增加13.73倍;堆积体坡面侵蚀过程存在突变期、活跃期和稳定期3个阶段,细沟发生的偶然性和随机性对产沙量波动贡献率最大。(4)工程堆积体在不同放水流量条件下侵蚀泥沙颗粒粒径分布差异性明显,紫色土堆积体最大侵蚀泥沙颗粒均大于黄沙壤堆积体。研究结果可为重庆市城镇建设工程堆积体新增水土流失量预测和植被生态恢复提供重要科学依据。     

伊犁河流域裸露缓坡地放水试验研究

 通过野外径流小区实地放水冲刷试验,研究伊犁河流域裸露缓坡地在不同放水条件下土壤水分变化、径流泥沙特征,并运用水力学理论分析坡面径流水力学参数特征。结果表明:1)土壤入渗率随着放水流量的增加呈现递增的趋势,随着放水量的增加,土壤表层含水量增大,入渗率随之减少,坡下部土壤水分变化量高于坡上;2)随着放水流量的增加,输沙率呈现递增的趋势,含沙量呈先增后减的趋势,含沙量与放水流量存在较好的幂函数关系,随着冲刷时间的延长,含沙量、输沙率均呈现递减的趋势;3)随着放水流量的增加,径流平均流速、雷诺数、Darcy-Weisbach阻力系数逐渐增大,弗劳德数逐渐减小,流速与流量、弗劳德数与雷诺数均呈良好的幂函数关系,水流为层流、急流状态。     

含结构体工程堆积体土壤侵蚀研究

为探究野外实际调查中常见的含结构体工程堆积体土壤侵蚀过程,设计含结构体工程堆积体和对照组2种试验材料（对照组为不含结构体工程堆积体,后文中对2种试验材料简称为结构体和堆积体）,通过室内模拟降雨试验,研究了结构体和堆积体坡面径流侵蚀特征与雨强和场次的关系。结果表明：（1）初产历时随雨强和场次的增加而减小,结构体对初产历时有延缓作用,这与结构体的土壤特性和下垫面特征有关;（2）平均径流率和平均流速均随雨强和场次的增加而增大,堆积体平均流速和平均径流率分别是结构体的1.11~1.22,1.11~1.37倍,而结构体流速和径流率快速增加和趋于稳定的时间均较堆积体提前,且用时更短;（3）雨强对侵蚀速率、流速和径流率的贡献率较大,场次与侵蚀速率负相关,各条件下结构体的侵蚀速率均大于堆积体,且侵蚀速率和总侵蚀量分别是堆积体的1.03~2.15,1.36~2.63倍;（4）径流功率能够更好地描述结构体和堆积体侵蚀动力过程,结构体发生侵蚀的临界径流剪切力和径流功率均小于堆积体。     

工程堆积体陡坡坡面径流水动力学特性

通过野外放水试验,对高速公路沿线典型堆积体陡坡(36°)在模拟径流冲刷条件下的坡面径流水动力学特性进行了研究,结果表明,平均流速与径流深均随流量的增加呈幂函数增加,不同坡面径流状态下(薄层水流和细沟流)流量的指数不同,且各自与室内研究结果有所差异;不同坡段的平均流速随坡长增加呈“S”形曲线变化.堆积体陡坡坡面径流属急流范畴,由过渡流向紊流转变的临界放水流量在20～25 L/min之间.Darcy-Weisbach阻力系数(f)与径流雷诺数(Re)之间存在幂函数正相关关系,与弗罗德数(Fr)之间存在幂函数负相关关系,不同坡段的平均阻力系数与坡长呈双曲线函数关系.     

含沙量对高陡边坡径流水动力学特性的影响

[目的]揭示含沙量对高陡边坡水动力学特性的影响,为高陡边坡土壤侵蚀机理模型精度的提升提供理论支撑。[方法]设定3个含沙梯度(0,4%,8%)和3个放水梯度(12,16,20 L/min),在36°坡面进行野外径流冲刷试验。[结果]随着放水流量的增大,平均流速随着含沙量增加而减小的趋势较小,雷诺数Re随着含沙量增加而减小的趋势较明显;当放水流量为16,20 L/min时,随着含沙量的增加,坡面流态均由紊流向过渡流发展;弗汝德数Fr随着含沙量的增加而增大,且均大于1,坡面径流流态属于急流。阻力系数f与雷诺数Re呈极显著幂函数关系(p<0.01),随着含沙量的增加,雷诺数Re对阻力系数f的影响逐渐减弱。含沙量与平均流速、雷诺数、阻力系数、水流剪切力和水流功率呈极显著负相关关系(p<0.01),相关系数绝对值大小顺序为R(Re)>R(ω)>R(τ)>R(ν)>R(f),雷诺数Re是描述水动力学参数与含沙量关系的最佳参数,含沙量与弗汝德数Fr关系不显著,与雷诺数、水流功率、水流剪切力以及流速间的关系可用二元线性函数表示。[结论]含沙量对高陡边坡水动力学特性具有...     

工程堆积体坡面植物篱的控蚀效果及其机制研究

工程堆积体极易产生水土流失,是生产建设项目水土流失防治的重点。为探明工程堆积体植物篱控蚀效果和机理,通过野外模拟径流冲刷试验,该文采用35、45、55 L/min 3种放水流量,对24°、28°、32°三种坡度的植物篱(H)及裸露对照小区(C)堆积体边坡(20 m×5 m标准监测小区)进行模拟放水冲刷试验,选取产沙率、径流含沙量、减沙量、径流挟沙力、剪切力、剥蚀率和径流功率等因子对堆积体坡面植物篱的控蚀效果及其机理进行分析。结果表明:堆积体侵蚀时间段集中在产流中后期(10~32 min),侵蚀位置主要在坡面中上段(0~10 m),植物篱具有10%~45%的减沙效益,其控蚀能力与冲刷历时之间存在二次函数的关系,临界时间随坡度和流量的增加而提前;植物篱坡面产流后期径流含沙量超过裸坡,这与其在侵蚀过程中的"源-汇"转变有关;植物篱可降低坡面土壤剥蚀率,提高坡面的临界剪切力和临界径流功率,能抑制细沟向坡面下部的发育,基于径流功率,其可蚀性参数(3.58 g/(N·m))大于对照坡面的可蚀性参数(2.83 g/(N·m))。研究结果可为坡面植物篱的合理利用提供一定的理论支撑,也能为工程堆积体措施条件下土壤侵蚀预报模型的建立提供部分参数支持。     

草地坡面径流调控放水试验研究

通过坡面放水模拟径流冲刷试验，研究了不同放水流量下草地减水减沙效应，并从起流历时、径流流速、径流深度等方面分析了草地调控水沙的机理。结果表明：（1）草地具有显著的减水减沙效应，平均径流系数较对照减少28．3％，输沙率较对照减少78．4％。（2）裸地与草地坡面产流规律一致，裸地土壤坡面的输沙率呈先增后减再增的变化趋势，而草地坡面的输沙率呈先增后减然后逐渐趋于稳定。（3）草地能将坡面径流起流历时推迟3倍以上，可将径流流速减小40％，从而使草地坡面的径流入渗率明显增加，使径流的冲刷能力和输沙能力迅速下降。（4）草地对径流深度的影响不明显，径流深度的变化难以反映草地对径流的调控作用，径流流速可能会更好地反映水土保持措施的径流调控效果和能力。     

不同坡长条件下■土堆积体坡面产流产沙过程

为揭示不同坡长条件下■土堆积体坡面产流产沙过程,通过不同坡度、不同坡长(4,8,12,16,20m)条件下的野外模拟径流冲刷试验,对■土堆积体坡面产流产沙过程进行了分析。结果表明:工程堆积体坡面产流率随放水时间持续呈现波动性增大,随着坡长增大,产沙率波动振幅也变大。径流含沙量随着放水时间的持续呈现先减小而后保持稳定变化,随着坡长增大,含沙量呈递增变化。工程堆积体坡面累积产流量随放水时间的变化可以用线性函数表达,累积产沙量与放水时间呈极显著幂函数关系,累积产沙量和累积产流量均随着坡长的增大呈现递增变化。试验坡度、坡长均对坡面累积产流产沙量具有重要的影响,坡长对坡面累积产流产沙的影响大于坡度,二者均对累积产流产沙量产生正效应。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.