In vitro Gastrointestinal Digestion of Glabrous Canaryseed Proteins as Affected by Variety and Thermal Treatment

Glabrous or hairless canaryseed is a nutritional grain that could be a good addition to the diet if approved as a novel food. To assess the impact of thermal treatment on its digestibility; raw, roasted or boiled flours prepared from three different varieties of glabrous canaryseed were subjected to in vitro gastrointestinal digestion conditions and the effect on protein electrophoretic profiles was examined using sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Roasting was done by dry-heat in an oven at 176 °C for 12 min whereas boiling was done in water at 98 °C for 12 min. SDS-PAGE showed approximately twenty-five protein bands in the undigested raw flour with molecular masses (MM) ranging from <14 kDa to >97 kDa. The dominant proteins had low MM, between the ranges of ~57 to 12 kDa. Roasting markedly altered the protein electrophoretic profile with the appearance of large molecular weight aggregates. Canaryseed proteins were more easily digested after thermal treatment and under sequential gastric-duodenal conditions than under gastric or duodenal conditions alone. Furthermore, roasting appeared to have a greater impact on in vitro protein digestibility than boiling.     

Amino Acid Profiles and Biopotentiality of Hydrolysates Obtained from Comb Penshell (Atrina pectinata) Viscera Using Subcritical Water Hydrolysis

The recovery of amino acids and other important bioactive compounds from the comb penshell (Atrina pectinata) using subcritical water hydrolysis was performed. A wide range of extraction temperatures from 140 to 290 °C was used to evaluate the release of proteins and amino acids. The amount of crude protein was the highest (36.14 ± 1.39 mg bovine serum albumin/g) at 200 °C, whereas a further increase in temperature showed the degradation of the crude protein content. The highest amount of amino acids (74.80 mg/g) was at 230 °C, indicating that the temperature range of 170–230 °C is suitable for the extraction of protein-rich compounds using subcritical water hydrolysis. Molecular weights of the peptides obtained from comb penshell viscera decreased with the increasing temperature. SDS-PAGE revealed that the molecular weight of peptides present in the hydrolysates above the 200 °C extraction temperature was ≤ 1000 Da. Radical scavenging activities were analyzed to evaluate the antioxidant activities of the hydrolysates. A. pectinata hydrolysates also showed a particularly good antihypertensive activity, proving that this raw material can be an effective source of amino acids and marine bioactive peptides.     

树仔菜中多酚物质的提取工艺及其清除DPPH的抗氧化作用的研究

为研究树仔菜中多酚物质的提取工艺条件并测定其提取物清除DPPH的抗氧化活性,通过单因素试验,分析不同浸提溶剂、料液比、浸提时间、浸提温度对树仔菜多酚提取量的影响,通过正交试验确定树仔菜多酚的最佳提取条件。结果表明：提取剂为蒸馏水,料液比1∶25,提取温度30℃,提取时间8 h。提取条件下,树仔菜平均多酚提取量达到17.45 mg/g;80%甲醇树仔菜提取物对DPPH自由基清除率达到93.66%,明显高于BHT。采用正交试验法优化了树仔菜多酚提取工艺条件,提升了树仔菜多酚提取量,同时树仔菜提取物具有较好的抗氧化作用。     

厌氧处理对不同类型茶叶的氨基酸组成及生物活性的影响

采用经厌氧处理7 h后的同一批茶鲜叶原料,根据不同加工工艺分别制备成绿茶、白茶、乌龙茶、红茶和黑毛茶,分析其氨基酸组成和含量变化、以及其对血管紧张素转化酶(Angiotensin converting enzyme,ACE)抑制活性和抗氧化活性(包括细胞抗氧化能力以及1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼自由基清除能力、2,2...     

Radical Scavenging Activity and Stability of Betalains from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Beta vulgaris</Emphasis> Hairy Root Culture in Simulated Conditions of Human Gastrointestinal Tract

Stability and radical scavenging activity of betalains, biosynthesized by Beta vulgaris hairy root culture were investigated at different pH values, bile salts concentration, as well as at the in vitro conditions of gastrointestinal tract. It was established that pH below 3 and concentrations of the bile salts up to 4% had no great influence on betalains stability. At the in vitro conditions of gastrointestinal tract betalains are relatively stable, as their radical scavenging activity decrease from 75% inhibition of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•) to about 38%.     

Influence of Amino Acid Compositions and Peptide Profiles on Antioxidant Capacities of Two Protein Hydrolysates from Skipjack Tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) Dark Muscle

Influence of amino acid compositions and peptide profiles on antioxidant capacities of two protein hydrolysates from skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) dark muscle was investigated. Dark muscles from skipjack tuna were hydrolyzed using five separate proteases, including pepsin, trypsin, Neutrase, papain and Alcalase. Two hydrolysates, ATH and NTH, prepared using Alcalase and Neutrase, respectively, showed the strongest antioxidant capacities and were further fractionated using ultrafiltration and gel filtration chromatography. Two fractions, Fr.A3 and Fr.B2, isolated from ATH and NTH, respectively, showed strong radical scavenging activities toward 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radicals (EC₅₀ 1.08% ± 0.08% and 0.98% ± 0.07%), hydroxyl radicals (EC₅₀ 0.22% ± 0.03% and 0.48% ± 0.05%), and superoxide anion radicals (EC₅₀ 1.31% ± 0.11% and 1.56% ± 1.03%) and effectively inhibited lipid peroxidation. Eighteen peptides from Fr.A3 and 13 peptides from Fr.B2 were isolated by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography, and their amino acid sequences were determined. The elevated antioxidant activity of Fr.A3 might be due to its high content of hydrophobic and aromatic amino acid residues (181.1 and 469.9 residues/1000 residues, respectively), small molecular sizes (3–6 peptides), low molecular weights (524.78 kDa), and amino acid sequences (antioxidant score 6.11). This study confirmed that a smaller molecular size, the presence of hydrophobic and aromatic amino acid residues, and the amino acid sequences were the key factors that determined the antioxidant activities of the proteins, hydrolysates and peptides. The results also demonstrated that the derived hydrolysates and fractions from skipjack tuna (K. pelamis) dark muscles could prevent oxidative reactions and might be useful for food preservation and medicinal purposes.     

豆粕热处理对酱曲中蛋白酶活性和酱油中氨基态氮含量的影响

原料质量直接影响酱油的品质.以高温干热处理低温脱脂豆粕为原料,低盐固态法酿造酱油,分析热处理过程对曲料中性蛋白酶活力和酱油中氨基态氮含量的影响.低温脱脂豆粕经150℃热风循环处理30 min后酿造酱油,其中性蛋白酶活力和氨基态氮含量显著增加,分别为1478 U·g-1于基和1.235 g·100 mL-1,是对照的1.57倍和1.72倍.此外,20～40目的酱油粕粒度较适宜,能获得较高的蛋白酶活力,提高酱油中氨基态氮含量.说明适度的粒度和物料的均匀受热处理,可改善酿造酱油的质量.     

穗肥氮施用比例对两系杂交水稻氮素吸收、籽粒氨基酸含量和产量的影响

在田间和盆栽条件下研究了穗肥氮施用比例对两系杂交水稻氮素吸收、籽粒氨基酸含量和产量的影响。两系杂交早稻施N 180 kg/hm2,30%作穗肥、70%作基肥的稻谷产量最高,比施N 180 kg/hm2 10%作穗肥和施N 120 kg/hm2 30%作穗肥两个处理均增产6.2%。晚稻在施N 210 kg/hm2条件下,仍以30%作穗肥处理的稻谷产量最高。3个施氮量平均,氮肥利用率和农学效率均表现为30%作穗肥＞20%作穗肥＞10%作穗肥,氮肥利用效率表现为30%作穗肥＜20%作穗肥＜10%作穗肥。与其他氮素穗肥比例处理比较,氮肥30%作穗肥、70%作基蘖肥的分配方案能提高稻米必需氨基酸含量0.09~0.38个百分点,其中又以亮氨酸和异亮氨酸增加较多,赖氨酸次之;且稻米产量、总氨基酸积累量和必需氨基酸积累量分别增加5.4%～27.5%、5.4%～30.4%、15.1%～36.0%。     

Effect of Oversulfation on the Composition,Structure, and In Vitro Anti-Lung Cancer Activity of Fucoidans Extracted from Sargassum aquifolium

Intensive efforts have been undertaken in the fields of prevention, diagnosis, and therapy of lung cancer. Fucoidans exhibit a wide range of biological activities, which are dependent on the degree of sulfation, sulfation pattern, glycosidic branches, and molecular weight of fucoidan. The determination of oversulfation of fucoidan and its effect on anti-lung cancer activity and related signaling cascades is challenging. In this investigation, we used a previously developed fucoidan (SCA), which served as a native fucoidan, to generate two oversulfated fucoidan derivatives (SCA-S1 and SCA-S2). SCA, SCA-S1, and SCA-S2 showed differences in compositions and had the characteristic structural features of fucoidan by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analyses. The anticancer properties of SCA, SCA-S1, and SCA-S2 against human lung carcinoma A-549 cells were analyzed in terms of cytotoxicity, cell cycle, Bcl-2 expression, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), expression of caspase-3, cytochrome c release, Annexin V/propidium iodide (PI) staining, DNA fragmentation, and the underlying signaling cascades. Our findings indicate that the oversulfation of fucoidan promotes apoptosis of lung cancer cells and the mechanism may involve the Akt/mTOR/S6 pathway. Further in vivo research is needed to establish the precise mechanism whereby oversulfated fucoidan mitigates the progression of lung cancer.     

黑豆胰蛋白酶抑制剂性质分析及高温对其消化特性的影响

胰蛋白酶抑制剂(trypsin inhibitor, TI)在食品科学和生物技术中具有重要的研究价值。为探讨黑豆胰蛋白酶抑制剂(black soybean trypsin inhibitor, BSTI)的性质及胃肠液消化特性,本研究通过脱脂、热处理、硫酸铵盐析以及阴离子柱层析等方法,从黑豆中纯化得到BSTI。SDS-PAGE显示BSTI呈单一条带,相对分子质量约为21 kDa。在60℃以下与pH2~11的范围内,BSTI呈现较高稳定性。当BSTI与胰蛋白酶的摩尔比达到1时,胰蛋白酶的活力被抑制在15%以下。抑制动力学结果表明,BSTI对胰蛋白酶的抑制属非竞争性抑制,其抑制常数Ki=0.24 nmol·L^-1。圆二色谱分析发现,在常温下BSTI的二级结构为:β-折叠43.4%,无规则卷曲29.0%,β-转角21.2%,α-螺旋8.1%。BSTI的变性温度为61±0.9℃。BSTI在模拟胃肠液消化过程中表现出很强的抗酶解作用,但经121℃热处理30 min后,其抗酶解作用显著降低,易被胃蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶和胰凝乳蛋白酶等主要消化酶消化。     

Evaluation of Particle Size Influence on Proximate Composition,Physicochemical, Techno-Functional and Physio-Functional Properties of Flours Obtained from Persimmon (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Diospyros kaki</Emphasis> Trumb.) Coproducts

The aim of the work was to study the influence of particle size in the composition, physicochemical, techno-functional and physio-functional properties of two flours obtained from persimmon (Diospyros kaki Trumb. cvs. ‘Rojo Brillante’ (RBF) and ‘Triump’ (THF) coproducts. The cultivar (RBF and THF) and particle size significantly affected all parameters under study, although depending on the evaluated property, only one of these effects predominated. Carbohydrates (38.07–46.98 g/100 g) and total dietary fiber (32.07–43.57 g/100 g) were the main components in both flours (RBF and THF). Furthermore, insoluble dietary fiber represented more than 68% of total dietary fiber content. All color properties studied were influenced by cultivar and particle size. For both cultivars, the lower particle size, the higher lightness and hue values. RBF flours showed high values for emulsifying activity (69.33–74.00 mL/mL), while THF presented high values for water holding capacity (WHC: 9.47–12.19 g water/g sample). The bile holding capacity (BHC) and fat/oil binding values were, in general, higher in RBF (19.61–12.19 g bile/g sample and 11.98–9.07, respectively) than THF (16.12–12.40 g bile/g sample and 9.78–7.96, respectively). The effect of particle size was really evident in both WHC and BHC. Due to their dietary fiber content, techno-functional and physio-functional properties, persimmon flours seem to have a good profile to be used as potential functional ingredient.     

Simulated Gastrointestinal Digestion,Bioaccessibility and Antioxidant Capacity of Polyphenols from Red Chiltepin (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Capsicum annuum</Emphasis> L. Var. <Emphasis Type="Italic">glabriusculum</Emphasis>) Grown in Northwest Mexico

Chiltepin, a wild chili mostly used in different traditional foods and traditional medicine in Northwest Mexico, represents a source of polyphenols. However, studies about the bioaccessibility of polyphenols as a parameter to measure the nutritional quality and bioefficacy of them in the fruit after consumption are scarce. Chiltepin showed phenolic acids and flavonoids contents between 387 and 65 μg/g, respectively. Nevertheless, these values decreased after the digestion process. Before digestion, gallic acid, 4-hydroxibenzoinc acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, quercetin and luteolin were the main polyphenols found in chiltepin by HPLC-DAD and confirmed by FIA-ESI-IT-MS/MS. Gallic and chlorogenic acids were non-detected in the gastric phase, while only p-coumaric acid (5.35?±?3.89 μg/g), quercetin (5.91?±?0.92 μg/g) and luteolin (2.86?±?0.62 μg/g) were found in the intestinal phase. The bioaccessibility of phenolic acids, flavonoids, and total polyphenols after the intestinal phase was around 24, 17 and 23%, respectively. Overall, results indicated that release of polyphenols from chiltepin fruit might be affected by the food matrix and gastrointestinal conditions due to the low bioaccessibility values observed.     

The Potential Protective Effect and Possible Mechanism of Peptides from Oyster (Crassostrea hongkongensis) Hydrolysate on Triptolide-Induced Testis Injury in Male Mice

Peptides from oyster hydrolysate (OPs) have a variety of biological activities. However, its protective effect and exact mechanism on testicular injury remain poorly understood. This study aimed to evaluate the protective effect of OPs on triptolide (TP)-induced testis damage and spermatogenesis dysfunction and investigate its underlying mechanism. In this work, the TP-induced testis injury model was created while OPs were gavaged in mice for 4 weeks. The results showed that OPs significantly improved the sperm count and motility of mice, and alleviated the seminiferous tubule injury. Further study showed that OPs decreased malonaldehyde (MDA) level and increased antioxidant enzyme (SOD and GPH-Px) activities, attenuating oxidative stress and thereby reducing the number of apoptotic cells in the testis. In addition, OPs improved the activities of enzymes (LDH, ALP and ACP) related to energy metabolism in the testis and restored the serum hormone level of mice to normal. Furthermore, OPs promoted the expression of Nrf2 protein, and then increased the expression of antioxidant enzyme regulatory protein (HO-1 and NQO1) in the testis. OPs inhibited JNK phosphorylation and Bcl-2/Bax-mediated apoptosis. In conclusion, OPs have a protective effect on testicular injury and spermatogenesis disorders caused by TP, suggesting the potential protection of OPs on male reproduction.