The response of potato (Solanum spp.) to photoperiod and light intensity under high temperatures

Summary The growth, development and yield of seven cultivars were evaluated under field conditions with photoperiods from 11.5 to 16 hours and light intensities from full light (≧12 MJ/m²/day) to only 42% light in in 3 experiments in the Philippines. The longer photoperiod significantly delayed and reduced tuberization, promoted profuse haulm growth, resulting in: more branching, increased plant height, more flowering, many secondary stems and delayed plant senescence. ‘DTO-33’ was least affected by long photoperiod, followed by ‘Red Pontiac’ and ‘Désirée’. Shading resulted in delayed tuber initiation, taller plants, thinner stems, smaller leaves but longer canopy duration and a slightly larger canopy. ‘DTO-33’ was least affected by shading followed by ‘Désirée’, ‘LT-2’ and ’Red Pontiac’. ‘LT-5’ and ‘P-3’ suffered the greatest tuber yield reduction through shading.     

High-efficiency regnerationin vitro from potato petioles with intact leaflets

The shoot/plantlet regenerationin vitro of seven potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivars from petioles with intact leaflets was assessed using six treatment combinations-a basal medium with or without silver thiosul-phate (STS) or thidiazuron (TDZ) at two concentrations (2 or 0.5 mg/l) of the indoleacetic acid (IAA). The basal medium consisted of Murashige and Skoog (MS) salts and vitamins supplemented with 3 mg/1 6-benzylaminopurine, and 1 mg/1 gibberellic acid, 30 g/l sucrose, and 7.0 g/l PHYTOAGAR. Two full sets repeats and one partial set repeat of independent experiments were conducted and all produced similar results. Silver thiosulphate decreased the regeneration frequency and number of shoots per callus. No significant changes were observed with thidiazuron. Regeneration rates of (100% ) with up to 20 shoots/plantlets per callus were achieved at 2 mg/1 IAA with cultivars Désirée, Kennebec, Niska, and Lenape. These cultivars still showed high regeneration rates (87%–98% ) on media with 0.5 mg/1 IAA, and good regeneration rates were also achieved by the other three cultivars (48%, 94%, and 50% for Chieftain, Russet Burbank, and Shepody, respectively). Even with the single medium protocol (0.5% IAA without thiosulphate or thidiazuron), Désirée, Lenape, and Niska exhibited a regeneration rate of 98%. The use of petiole-with-leaflet explants could be ideal for the regeneration step of potato genetic transformation protocol because of their high regeneration efficiency and their small cut surface area forAgrobacterium elimination after co-incubation.     

In vitro evaluation of resistance of potato cultivars toPhytophthora infestans

Summary The resistance of ten potato cultivars (Agria, Ajax, Désirée, Liseta, Kennebec, Majestic. Monalisa, Prima, Spunta and Tonda di Berlino) toPhytophthora infestans was analyzed in vitro using 8 fungal strains. An assay based on electrolyte leakage was used for screening leaves and tuber tissues with fungal culture filtrates. With almost all cultivars the resistance of leaves did not correlate with the resistance of tubers. Cv. Ajax appeared the least susceptible in both leaf and tuber tests, while the cv. Prima was the most susceptible in tuber tests.     

Variation in the duration of tuber dormancy within a seed potato lot

Summary The variation in duration of dormancy within a seed tuber lot was studied over three years by harvesting individual plants of cvs Diamant and Désirée from field plots and by storing the tubers at 18°C. The variation in dormancy within a tuber lot was large (especially for cv. Diamant) and was mainly caused by variation within plants. For cv. Diamant there was a close negative relation between dormancy and the cube root of tuber weight, whereas for cv. Désirée a relation with tuber weight was almost absent. The duration of dormancy of a seed lot comprising tubers with a narrow range in weight can be well described by two parameters. It is proposed to maintain the moment of 80% sprouting as the criterion for the end of dormancy of a tuber lot and to characterize the spread in dormancy duration by the time lapse between 10% and 90% sprouting.     

Effects of shoot,root and stolon temperature on the development of the potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) plant. III. Development of tubers

Summary The cultivars Bintje and Désirée were growth with their shoots, roots and stolons at different temperatures, to study the effects on tuber development. More tuber sites were initiated in ‘Bintje’ when the air, root or stolon temperature was increased but a combined increase of air and root temperature greatly reduced the number of sites. In contrast, each temperature increase reduced the number of tuber sites in ‘Désirée’ but an increase in temperature in one compartment usually increased the number of tubers set. The relative tuber set was enhanced by a combination of high stolon temperature and low root temperature. Especially an increase in air temperature reduced tuber yield and tuber dry-matter content, but increasing stolon temperature had the largest effects on the induction of second growth. Stolon and tuber development, dry-matter partitioning and initiation of second growth responded differently to variation in temperature around different plant parts suggesting that these processes are affected by different regulation mechanisms.     

Effect of gelling agents onin vitro tuberization of six potato cultivars

The gelling agent Phytagel? was compared with Difco Bacto-agar forin vitro tuberization of six potato cultivars (Jaerla, Blanka, Claustar, Kennebec, Désirée, and Baraka). On a culture medium with 6% sucrose but lacking growth regulators, tuberization was higher when Phytagel? was used rather than Difco Bacto-agar, regardless of the photoperiodic regime used. Chemical analyses of the gelling agents revealed a higher mineral content and organic impurities in Bacto-agar than in Phytagel?, which is therefore recommended for microtuber production. The same gelling agent should be used in all treatments of microtuberization experiments in order to draw meaningful physiological conclusions.     

Plant regeneration from tuber discs of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) using 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP)

Summary Shoots, roots and callus were formed from tuber discs of potato, cultivar Désirée, when grown in vitro on the basal medium of Murashige & Skoog (1962) (MS) supplemented with 2,4-D and/or BAP. Callus was formed in MS medium with 1 mg l⁻¹ BAP plus 0.5 mg l⁻¹ 2,4-D, callus and roots were formed in MS with 1 mg l⁻¹ BAP plus more than 0.5 mg l⁻¹ 2,4-D and shoots were formed directly on tuber discs cultured on MS medium with 1 mg l⁻¹ BAP without the addition of 2,4-D. Nodules produced at the explant surface after the 4th week increased in size following subculture onto the same medium (MS+BAP alone), and 2 to 6 shoots developed from each nodule. After 9 weeks total time in culture, these shoots were excised and transferred as cuttings to MS medium without growth regulators, after which roots developed and plantlets were formed. A histological study of the explants at the sites of nodule formation indicated that the shoots developed from meristematic zones initiated within small outgrowths of tissue similar to those occuring in adventive organogenesis but the presence of shoot and root meristems associated with the same axis suggests the formation of somatic embryos.     

Relation between growth conditions and dormancy of seed potatoes. 2. Effects of temperature

Summary In two indoor experiments under short day conditions, the effect of temperature during tuber bulking on dormancy of tubers was investigated for cvs Diamant and Désirée. Temperature treatments started after tuber initiation and lasted for 4 weeks, after which the haulm was removed. In Experiment 1, the day/night temperature regimes 18/12, 22/22, 26/18 and 32/12 °C (T18/12 etc.) were compared. In Experiment 2, three day temperatures (18, 24 and 30 °C) were combined with three night temperatures (12, 18 and 24 °C), resulting in nine treatments. The dormancy of cv. Diamant was shortest after very high day temperatures (30–32 °C), but intermediate day temperatures (22–26 °C) had no shortening effect compared to T18/12. Dormancy of cv. Désirée was not shortened, but rather tended to be prolonged by high temperatures (22–32 °C) during growth. High temperatures during growth resulted in more sprouts per tuber after dormancy had ended.     

Influence of heat stress on dry matter production and photo-assimilate partitioning by four potato clones

Partitioning patterns of¹⁴C labeled assimilates were studied to determine their relationship to dry matter accumulation and distribution in four potato clones (Desiree, DTO-28, LT-1 and Russet Burbank). Plants placed in growth chambers at 35/25 C day/night temperature and 12-hour photo-period two weeks after tuber initiation were compared with plants grown continuously at 25/12 C. Two weeks after temperature treatments were begun, the most recently expanded leaf was labeled with¹⁴CO₂ for 30 minutes, and plants were harvested 20 hours or 15 days later. High temperature reduced total dry matter production and altered dry matter distribution in favor of vines at the expense of tubers. Partitioning of¹⁴C assimilates generally followed the pattern of dry matter distribution. Potato clones exhibited variation in¹⁴C assimilate export from labeled leaves and in partitioning to vines and tubers. Assimilate partitioning to tubers was not consistently higher in clones considered heat tolerant.     

Effect of physiological age on growth vigour of seed potatoes of two cultivars. 4. Influence of storage period and storage temperature on growth and yield in the field

Summary The influence of storage period and temperature on growth and yield was investigated for 3 years in a field study with cvs. Jaerla and Désirée, stored at 4°C or 12°C, in darkness, as a part of a combined study on the effect of physiological age on growth vigour. The seed of cv. Jaerla proved to age more rapidly than that of cv. Désirée: ‘little potato’ occurred in Jaerla, but in Désirée only when seed had been stored at 12°C and planted late. The 4°C treatments emerged more rapidly, produced more stems per plant and the onset of senescence was earlier than the 12°C treatments. There was no difference in time of tuber initiation between the two treatments. There were usually more tubers per stem in the 12°C treatments. Final tuber yield of Jaerla 12°C was lower than that of Jaerla 4°C, but the difference was only statistically significant at early harvest. There was no difference in yield between Désirée 4°C and 12°C, except for the 2nd planting time in 1981, when the 12°C treatment yielded significantly less.

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Zusammenfassung In einer Feldstudie mit den Sorten Jaerla und Désirée wurde der Einfluss von Lagertemperatur und-periode in der Periode 1979–81 untersucht, bei Lagerung im Dunkeln bei 4°C oder 12°C, als Teil einer kombinierten Studie über die Auswirkung des physiologischen Alters auf die Wachstumsintensit?t der Pflanzknollen. 1979 wurden die Pflanzkollen einige Zeit vor Pflanzung entkeimt und anschliessend vorgekeimt. 1980 und 1981 dagegen wurden die Knollen unmittelbar vor der Pflanzung entkeimt. Die 12°C-Behandlungen liefen langsamer auf als bei 4°C gelagerte Pflanzknollen (Tabelle 1). Jaerla zeigte bei 12°C unvollst?ndigen Auflauf wegen der Bildung von Kn?llchen. Im Gegensatz zu den 4°C-Behandlungen liefen die Knollen bei 12°C unregelm?ssig auf. Bei den Behandlungen mit Désirée ergaben sich keine Unterschiede bei der Zeit der Knollen-Initiierung. Wegen des Auftretens von Kn?llchen konnte bei Jaerla kein zuverl?ssiger Vergleich gemacht werden. Das initiale Blattwachstum war bei den 4°C-Behandlungen schneller. Es ergaben sich bei den Behandlungen mit Désirée fast keine Unterschiede bei der lateralen Triebentwicklung oberhalb der ersten Blüte (Abb. 1). Es ergab sich eine unterschiedliche Rate bei der Seneszenz mit einem langsameren Rückgang der Bodenbedeckung bei den 12°C-Behandlungen (Tabelle 2). Bei beiden Sorten ergab junges Pflanzgut mehr Triebe pro Pflanze als ?lteres (Tabelle 3). Bei Désirée ergaben sich bei 12°C mehr Knollen pro Trieb als bei 4°C. Dennoch zeigte sich kein durchgehender Trend bei der Knollenzahl je Pflanze (Tabelle 4). In allen drei Jahren zeigte der Knollenertrag ein ?hnliches Muster (Tabelle 5). 1979 und 1980 waren die ‘sp?teren’ Knollenertr?ge von Jaerla bei 12°C niedriger als bei 4°C, aber der Unterschied war nur signifikant bei der früheren Ernte. 1979 und 1980 gab es keinen signifikanten Unterschied in dem Ertrag zwischen den zwei Behandlungen von Désirée. 1981 war kein Unterschied beim ‘sp?teren’ Ertrag zwischen den Temperatur-Behandlungen für das erste Pflanzdatum, der Ertrag von Désirée bei 12°C, bei Pflanzzeit II gepflanzt, war signifikant niedriger als bei 4°C.

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Résumé L'influence de la température et de la durée de conservation sur la croissance et le rendement sont évalués de 1979 à 1981 dans un champ d'essais avec les variétés Jaerla et Désirée, conservées à 4°C et 12°C, à l'obscurité, dans une étude concertée ayant pour objectif de mettre en évidence l'effet de l'age physiologique sur la vigueur du plant. En 1979, le plant était égermé quelque temps avant la plantation et remis en prégermination; en 1980 et 1981, il était égermé juste avant la plantation. Les plants traités à 12°C lèvent plus lentement que ceux conservés à 4°C (tableau 1). Jaerla à 12°C présente une levée incomplète résultant d'un boulage. A l'inverse du traitement à 4°C, le traitement à 12°C donne une levée irrégulière. Il n'y a pas de différence dans le temps d'initiation des tubercules de Désirée pour les deux traitements. Dans la mesure où Jaerla produit du boulage, il ne peut être établi de comparaison dans ce domaine. La croissance initiale du feuillage est plus rapide avec la conservation à 4°C. Il n'y a pratiquement pas de différence entre les deux traitements de Désirée pour le développement des pousses latérales au-dessus de la hampe florale (figure 1). On observe une différence au niveau de la senescence avec une plus lente déclinaison dans la couverture du sol pour le traitement à 12°C (tableau 2). Dans les deux variétés, le plant jeune produit plus de tiges par plante que le vieux plant (tableau 3). Il y a plus de tubercules par tige pour Désirée à 12°C qu'à 4°C, sans pour cela montrer une tendance logique à plus de tubercules par plante (tableau 4). Le rendement en tubercules montre un modèle identique pour les trois années (tableau 5). En 1979 et 1980, le rendement final en tubercules de la variété Jaerla conservée à 12°C est plus faible que celui de cette variété conservée à 4°C, mais la différence n'est significative que pour la récolte précoce. En 1979 et 1980, il n'y a pas de différence significative dans le rendement des deux traitements de Désirée. En 1981, il n'y a pas de différence dans le rendement final entre les deux températures de conservation pour la première date de plantation mais le rendement de Désirée conservée à 12°C et plantée à la deuxième date est significativement plus faible que celui obtenu avec du plant conservé à 4°C.

     

Inductive and noninductive conditions on in vitro tuberisation and microtuber dormancy in potato (Solanum tuberosum subspeciestuberosum and subspeciesandigena)

Summary The effect of growth conditions (medium and photoperiod) on in vitro tuberisation and microtuber dormancy of the cv. Désirée (Solanum tuberosum subspeciestuberosum) and Imilla Negra (Solanum tuberosum subspeciesandigena) was evaluated. The short photoperiod and presence of CCC in the medium reduced the dry matter of plants as well as the size of microtubers. The two cultivars showed a difference, in favour of Désirée, in the percentage of plants having more than one tuber and in the average time of sprouting after storage. The average time of sprouting was more rapidly obtained under long days and in a medium without CCC. The CCC and short days caused the same dormancy conditions and the same K⁺ quantity in the microtubers. The microtubers mineral composition is involved in the dormancy status.     

Morphological changes in tuber buds during dormancy and initial sprout growth of seed potatoes

Summary Potato tuber dormancy is usually defined as lasting from tuber initiation until a sprout of 2 mm long has been formed under storage conditions optimal for sprouting. We tried to find out whether there is a period during which buds of seed tubers do not grow and whether different batches of seed take the same time to grow sprouts 2 mm long. We measured changes in number of leaf primordia and length of tuber buds of cvs Diamant and Désirée over two years. After early haulm pulling, buds did not grow for at least 60 days (‘Diamant’) or 95 days (‘Désirée’). Buds in both cultivars and two tuber weights of ‘Diamant’ took about 20 days from the estimated onset of sprouting to grow 2 mm long. We question whether this period is always similar and thus whether the moment sprouts 2 mm long have formed is a good criterion for the end of dormancy.     

The quality of seed tubers multiplied in the Golan Heights for the spring season in Israel

Summary Seed tubers grown in the northern mountain region — the Golan Heights — were as productive as imported seed tubers. In cvs. Blanka and Désirée, both the locally grown and the imported seed tubers were similar when yield components and tuber fresh weight are considered. In Up-to-Date, the locally grown seeds produced higher yields of marketable tubers (over 60 g/tuber) than those imported. Désirée seed tubers grown for two generations in the Golan Heights did not differ significantly in their productivity as compared with common Golan seeds and with imported ones. Seed tubers harvested from plots which were protected by means of white coarse nets and weekly sprays with insecticides, were virtually virus-free and were used for growing commercial seeds in the Golan. The use of this method for seed multiplication is suggested. Contribution from the Agricultural Research Organization. The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel. No 137-E, 1981 Series.     

Effect of leaf age on photosynthesis,carbon transport and carbon allocation in potato plants

Summary Photosynthetic characteristics, carbon allocation and partitioning of newly-fixed¹⁴C among the various carbohydrate fractions were studied in leaves of potato plants (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Désirée) of different ages. The higher photosynthetic rate of young leaves was associated with higher levels of starch and reducing sugars. After 24 hours, in young leaves the fixed¹⁴C had been partitioned mainly to the residue and starch fractions, while in older leaves there was an increase in partitioning to sucrose and reducing sugars. The activities of the various sink organs were found to be dependent upon their distance from the source leaf. Tuber activity, however, was affected similarly by all fully expanded leaves. Although young fully expanded leaves are thought to be the major source of assimilates for tuber growth, it seems that a vast potential for contributing to plant productivity and tuber yield lies also in the older leaves, which translocate most of their photoassimilates to the tubers.     

Unsaponifiable lipids from haulm and tuber sprouts of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)

Summary Fractions containing Δ⁵- and Δ⁷-sterols, 4-methyl-sterols, triterpenic alcohols, tocopherols and hydrocarbons were isolated by TLC from petroleum ether extracts of the haulm and tuber sprouts of cv Désirée. Sterol and triterpenic alcohol fractions of unsaponifiable lipids of the haulm and tuber sprouts were found to contain twelve sterols and four triterpenic alcohols, respectively. 24R-4-stigmasten-3-on, Δ⁷, Δ⁷, lanosterol, cycloeucalenol and obtisufoliol have not been identified previously in unsaponifiable lipids from haulm and sprouts. In the hydrocarbon fractions of the haulm extract, C₂₃-to C₃₃-n-parafins, C₁₉-and C₃₁-cyclohexyl hydrocarbons, C₂₂-to C₃₈-olefins and squalene were identified, and in the hydrocarbon fractions of the tuber sprouts C₁₂-to C₂₆-olefins and squalene were identified.     

Utilization of potatoes for life support systems in space. I. Cultivar-photoperiod interactions

The productive potential of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L. cvs. Norland, Superior, Norchip, and Kennebec) was assessed for life support systems being proposed for space stations and/or lunar colonies. Plants were grown in walk-in growth rooms for 15 weeks at 20 C under 12-, 16- and 20-h photoperiods of 400 μmol m^t-2s^t-1 photosynthetic photon flux (PPF). Norland yielded the greatest tuber fresh weight, producing 2.3, 2.4, and 2.9 kg/plant under 12-, 16-, and 20-h photoperiods, respectively. The respective yields for the other cultivars under 12-, 16-, and 20-h were: Superior, 1.9, 1.5, and 1.8 kg/plant; Norchip, 1.8, 1.4, and 2.0 kg/plant; and Kennebec, 2.3, 0.2, and 0.8 kg/plant. Shoot and total plant biomass increased with lengthening photoperiods except for Kennebec, which showed increased shoot growth but no change in total growth with the longer photoperiods. Kennebec shoot growth under the 20-h photoperiod, and to some extent under 16-h, was noticeably stunted with shortened internodes. In addition, leaves of these plants showed mild chlorosis with rusty “flecking” of the surfaces. The harvest index (ratio of tuber yield/total biomass) was highest for all cultivars under the 12-h photoperiod, with a maximum of 0.69 for Norland. Similarly, the tuber yield per input of irradiant energy also was highest under 12-h for all cultivars. The tuber yield expressed on an area basis for the highest yielding treatment (Norland under 20-h) equaled 2.2 kg dry matter m^t-2. Over 15 weeks this equates to a productivity of 20.7 g tuber dry matter m^t-2 day^t-1. Assuming 3.73 kcal per g tuber dry matter and a daily human dietary requirement of 2800 kcal, then 36 m² of potatoes could supply the daily energy requirement for one human. Potential for increasing productivity is discussed.     

Transgenic potatoes expressing anErwinia pectate lyase gene — results of a 4-year field experiment

Summary Four potato lines of cv. Désirée that express the pectate lyase (PL) isoenzyme 3 ofErwinia carotovora subsp.atroseptica were examined in a 4-year field experiment with respect to plant development, tuber yield and resistance of tuber tissue toErwinia soft rot. The PL3 degrades plant cell wall pectin into unsaturated oligogalacturonates eliciting plant defence responses. In one line, enzyme expression was controlled by the CaMV 35S promoter (C) and in three lines it was driven by the potato patatin B33 promoter (D). Plant development of the D-lines in field plots was not distinguishable from that of the non-transgenic counterpart. Also tuber yield was not too different. By contrast, plants of the C-line were smaller than those of the nontransformed counterpart and also showed reduced tuber yield. There were no significant differences in dry mass, starch and protein content of tuber tissue between PL transgenic and non-transgenic potatoes. But compared with the latter, field-grown tubers expressing the PL displayed an enhanced resistance toErwinia soft rot. Thus, average rotting caused byEc-bacteria was diminished in tubers of PL-transgenic lines by 34.1%. The resistance of tubers toEc soft rot was significantly correlated with the PPO activity in tuber tissue.     

Dry matter accumulation in potato clones under seasonal high temperature conditions in Pakistan

The effects of seasonal high temperatures on potatoes were investigated under field conditions near Peshawar, Pakistan. Five potato clones (A79196-1, Desiree, DTO-28, LT-1, Russet Burbank) were grown during the spring season at two locations. Canopy development, vine dry weight and tuber dry weight were determined at 13-day intervals, starting 68 days after planting (DAP). Tuber yield was higher in heat tolerant clones compared to heat susceptible clones. Location significantly affected tuber dry weights. Tuber dry weights of Russet Burbank were consistently lower than those of DTO-28. Ground canopy cover of DTO-28 occurred earlier and reached maximum at 75 DAP, compared to 90 DAP for Desiree. DTO-28, because of its high tuber yield under cool as well as hot temperatures, and its relatively early bulking, should be a promising clone for a short duration crop in hotter regions.     

Accumulation of mineral elements in tuber periderm of potato cultivars differing in susceptibility to common scab

Summary Concentrations of Ca, P, K, Mg, Al, Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn were determined in healthy tuber peelings of cultivars less (Karin, Santé and Symfonia) and more (Agria, Désirée and Tomensa) susceptible to common scab when grown at two sites that differed in the level of scab incidence. The accumulation of some elements was significantly influenced by site, year, cultivar, maturity and the age of tuber periderm. At both sites, Ca and P in periderm tissue declined but Mg increased during the growing season. The Ca/P ratios in tuber periderm of all cultivars greatly decreased 83 days after planting. Concentrations of mineral elements measured at harvest may not reflect conditions present during the infection period, and consequently may not be related to scab incidence or severity.     

Cultivar response to Fusarium storage rot as affected by two methods of seed origin propagation; Clonal selection andin vitro culture

Progeny tubers from seed potatoes originating from either a traditional clonal selection method or the more modernin vitro tissue culture method of propagation were tested for storage rot response following inoculation of three tuber sites with twoFusarium species. Significant differences were found among disease responses for the twoFusarium species and for the four cultivars tested. Disease symptoms were less severe forF. solani var.coeruleum than forF. sambucinum. Fusarium sambucinum caused less disease in Superior than Kennebec, Russet Burbank and Sebago. Seed propagation method did not significantly affect disease response except for one case;in vitro culture of Kennebec had less disease due toF. sambucinum at the tuber side inoculation site than clonal selection. Kennebec and Superior inoculatedF. sambucinum had significant differences with respect to the number of years of field propagation for the tuber side inoculation site and for the tuber mean rot index. Significant differences in number of years of field propagation were also found for eye-ends of Superior tubers and stem ends of Russet Burbank tubers inoculated withF. solani var.coeruleum.