丙硫磷、甲丙硫磷对家蚕的安全性评价初步研究

研究结果表明：①３龄全龄（共８０ｈ）与４龄入眠前８ｈ至５龄起蚕（共４８ｈ）两期的家蚕熏蒸试验，丙硫磷、甲丙硫磷对家蚕无明显毒性，家蚕均能正常取食、生长、蜕皮、入眠、上簇结茧；②对２龄蚕连续饲浸药叶２４ｈ，丙硫磷、甲丙硫磷（８０ｍｇ／Ｌ）处理区仅有１．１１％～９．６７％的家蚕死亡；对５龄蚕连续饲喂浸药叶１２ｈ，丙硫磷以１６０ｍｇ／Ｌ、甲丙硫磷以８００ｍｇ／Ｌ对家蚕安全，上簇率为１００％；试验表明，丙硫磷、甲丙硫磷可在蚕桑区使用，但应避免药剂与桑叶直接接触。     

Toxicity of formic acid to red imported fire ants, Solenopsis invicta Buren

BACKGROUND: Ants often compete with other ants for resources. Although formic acid is a common defensive chemical of formicine ants, it does not occur in any other subfamilies in Formicidae. No information on toxicity of formic acid to red imported fire ants, Solenopsis invicta, is available. This study examined its contact and fumigation toxicity to S. invicta in the laboratory. RESULTS: In a contact toxicity bioassay, 24 h LD₅₀ values of formic acid for workers ranged from 124.54 to 197.71 µg ant⁻¹. Female alates and queens were much less sensitive to formic acid than workers. At a concentration of 271.72 µg ant⁻¹, which killed 81.09 ± 16.04% of workers, the 24 h mortality was up to 39.64% for female alates and 38.89% for queens. In fumigation bioassays, 24 h LC₅₀ values ranged from 0.26 to 0.50 µg mL⁻¹ for workers, 0.32 µg mL⁻¹ for male alates and 0.70 µg mL⁻¹ for female alates. Complete mortality (100%) in queens occurred 24 h after they had been exposed to 1.57 µg mL⁻¹ of formic acid. At a concentration of 2.09 µg mL⁻¹, KT₅₀ values ranged from 23.03 to 43.85 min for workers, from 37.84 to 58.37 min for male alates, from 86.06 to 121.05 min for female alates and from 68.00 to 85.92 min for queens. CONCLUSION: When applied topically, formic acid was significantly less toxic than bifenthrin to red imported fire ants. Although its fumigation toxicity was lower than that of dichlorvos, formic acid had about an order of magnitude higher toxicity to S. invicta than to other insects studied so far. It may be worth investigating the use of formic acid for managing imported fire ants. Published 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Insecticidal and repellent properties of nine volatile constituents of essential oils against the American cockroach,Periplaneta americana (L.)

The toxic and repellent properties of nine major constituents of essential oils, comprising benzene derivatives and terpenes, were evaluated against Periplaneta americana (L.). Contact and fumigant toxicities to adult females and repellency to nymphs were determined. The decreasing order of knockdown activity via contact was methyl-eugenol>isosafrole=eugenol>safrole. The killing effect via contact was in the order eugenol=methyl-eugenol=isosafrole>safrole. Fumigant toxicity was only observed for safrole and isosafrole, with safrole being the more potent. Isoeugenol and the tested terpenes had neither contact nor fumigant toxic effect. The decreasing order of repellency to nymphs was safrole>isosafrole>methyl-eugenol=α-pinene> eugenol>isoeugenol. The benzene derivatives were generally more toxic and repellent to P. americana than the terpenes. The distance of the side chain double bond from the aromatic ring and the substitution of a methoxy group to these compounds appeared to be important determinants of their toxicity and repellency. © 1998 Society of Chemical Industry     

阿维菌素与三种杀虫剂对西花蓟马的联合毒力

阿维菌素是防治西花蓟马的常用药剂,为筛选出对西花蓟马具有增效作用的阿维菌素与其他药剂的混配组合,采用浸叶法测定了阿维菌素、毒死蜱、吡虫啉和吡蚜酮等药剂对西花蓟马2龄若虫的毒力,并通过共毒因子法和共毒系数法分别确定了最佳药剂配伍和最佳复配比例。结果表明,阿维菌素与毒死蜱复配表现出明显的增效作用;阿维菌素与毒死蜱比值为2∶8与8∶2时,增效作用最显著;阿维菌素与吡蚜酮、吡虫啉均表现出拮抗作用。     

6种特异性杀虫剂对家蚕的毒性评价及中毒症状观察

采用食下毒叶法,测定6种农药对家蚕的急性毒性,结果表明,阿维菌素、多杀菌素对家蚕96 h的LC50分别为0.002 0,0.089 1 mg/L,属剧毒级农药;烟碱的LC50为7.260 4 mg/L,属高毒级农药;苦参碱、狼毒素和苏云金杆菌LC50均大于200 mg/L,属低毒级农药。通过观察家蚕中毒症状,毒性较高的杀虫剂中毒症状较明显,得出结论阿维菌素、多杀菌素及烟碱不适合在桑园及周边使用。     

微量氯氰菊酯对家蚕的毒性

在桑园中喷施微量氯氰菊酯,用该桑叶连续喂饲2龄起蚕,调查一个龄期的死亡率。结果表明:喷施过1.08 μg/L氯氰菊酯的桑叶在经过63 d后,对家蚕依然存在致死作用;喷施过108.00 μg/L氯氰菊酯的桑园中,10 d后新生长桑叶未见对家蚕的致死作用。对家蚕3龄起蚕进行连续喂饲染毒桑叶的试验结果表明:0.11 ng/L氯氰菊酯将引起家蚕幼虫死亡率显著上升(P＜0.05)和眠蚕体重显著下降(P＜0.05);1.08 ng/L将引起幼虫死亡率的极显著上升(P＜0.01),以及眠蚕体重和全茧量的极显著下降(P＜0.01);10.80 ng/L将引起茧层率的极显著下降(P＜0.01)。     

The toxicity of difenacoum and difethialone to the rock hyrax,Procavia capensis

Rock hyraxes (Procavia capensis) were individually caged and were given two second-generation anticoagulants, difenacoum and difethialone, in fresh sliced apple bait. Mortality caused by 0.1-0.2 g kg^?1 difenacoum bait was rather low: 0/6, 1/4 and 2/4 only. As a relatively high concentration in the bait was required, the use of difenacoum in the field is not possible because of environmental considerations. Mortality caused by 0.05 g kg^?1 difethialone bait was 5/6, and by 0.065 g kg^?1 6/6. The potential of using difethialone in the field is uncertain because of the prolonged treatment needed.     

Acute toxicity and bioconcentration of pyrimorph in zebrafish,Brachydanio rerio

BACKGROUND: Pyrimorph is a novel fungicide being developed in China that shows high antifungal activity against diseases caused by Phytophthora infestans, Phytophthora capsici, Rhizoctonia solani, Peronophythora litchi and Pseudoperonospora cubensis. Until now, no information on the toxicity of pyrimorph to untargeted organisms has been reported. To assess the potential environmental impacts of pyrimorph in fish, the acute toxicity and bioconcentration of pyrimorph in zebrafish were studied in this paper. RESULTS: When tested by the semi‐static method, the 48, 72 and 96 h median lethal concentration (LC₅₀) values of pyrimorph to zebrafish were 24.33, 22.61 and 19.79 mg L^?1 respectively. To study the bioconcentration of pyrimorph in zebrafish, the fish were exposed to sublethal concentrations of pyrimorph (2.00 and 0.25 mg L^?1) for 192 h, a modified QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe) method was applied to extract pyrimorph from samples and the residues of pyrimorph in the water and fish were determined by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The highest bioconcentration factor (BCF) of pyrimorph in the fish was 1.07 × 10² (144 h) and 23.1 (96 h) after exposure to 2.00 and 0.25 mg L^?1 of pyrimorph respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The novel fungicide pyrimorph has low toxicity to zebrafish; however, it showed medium BCF to zebrafish. Therefore, more attention should be paid to the residue of pyrimorph in fish, as well as to its long‐term ecological effects. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

计算毒理学在农药毒性预测、活性筛查及风险评估中的应用

农药在农业病虫草害的防控中起着重要作用, 但农药应用后其母体和转化产物在农产品和水体、土壤、空气等环境中的残留存在一定的生物活性或毒性风险。传统的农药活性和毒性的评估手段不仅耗时、耗力、耗成本, 且违背实验动物“3R”原则, 也难以快速准确预测种类繁多且不断增加的农药化学品对人体和生态健康的风险。计算毒理学为农药化合物的毒性预测、活性筛查及风险评估提供了新的研究手段。本文主要介绍计算毒理学的发展及其在农药毒性预测、活性筛查及风险评估中的应用现状, 以期为新时代背景下农药对人类健康及环境安全的风险评估提供新思路。该领域的研究对指导农药的安全生产、科学使用管理具有重要意义, 对生态系统的保护具有重要参考价值。     

The interaction of endosulfan with the Collembolan, Proisotoma minuta (Tullberg): toxicity, the effects of sub-lethal concentrations and metabolism

An increased level of the Collembolan, Proisotoma minuta Tullberg was found in the cotton-growing areas of New South Wales, Australia. They were regularly exposed to endosulfan, a highly insecticidal compound. Toxicity, sub-lethal effects and metabolism of endosulfan were studied in P minuta that had been successfully maintained in a plaster of Paris and charcoal mixture substrate with freeze-dried yeast as a food. The 168-h LD50 values were 0.011, 0.049 and 0.055 mg liter(-1) for alpha- and beta-endosulfan and endosulfan sulfate, respectively. When P minuta were exposed to non-lethal concentrations of the endosulfans, egg production was inhibited. On recovery from the toxic effects of the endosulfans they resumed production of viable eggs. Conversion of alpha- and beta-endosulfan to endosulfan sulfate was found and the endosulfan sulfate could be further metabolized. The rate of metabolism of alpha-endosulfan was greater than that of beta-endosulfan and the product of endosulfan sulfate metabolism was not identified.     

毒死蜱对蚯蚓生长和繁殖的影响

为探明毒死蜱对蚯蚓的影响,以赤子爱胜蚓Eisenia foetida为受试生物,以人工土壤为试验基质,采用接触暴露法,研究了毒死蜱对赤子爱胜蚓的急性毒性以及对蚯蚓生长和繁殖的影响。结果表明:在有效试验条件下,毒死蜱对蚯蚓的14 d-LC50值为88.75 mg/kg(每千克干土中含毒死蜱有效成分毫克数,其余同);暴露28 d后,10、25、50、80及100 mg/kg处理组蚯蚓的平均体重与对照相比依次下降了9.8%、15.7%、17.5%、23.9%和27.0%,体重下降与药剂处理浓度之间高度相关,且除10 mg/kg处理组外均与对照差异显著(P0.01,r=0.984);毒死蜱10、25、50、80及100 mg/kg处理组对蚯蚓繁殖的抑制率分别为32.26%、80.97%、89.03%、89.68%和97.42%,繁殖抑制率与药剂浓度之间存在一定的相关性(P0.01,r=0.788);毒死蜱影响蚯蚓生长和繁殖的28 d最低可观测效应浓度(LOEC)值为25 mg/kg。     

辽宁省大型真菌浸提液及发酵液对线虫的毒力作用

利用从辽宁省采集的206株大型野生真菌的浸提液和部分发酵液,测定其对根结线虫Meloidogyne incognita、胞囊线虫Heterodera glycines、小杆线虫Caenorhabditis sp.和水稻干尖线虫Aphelenchoides basseyi的活性。结果表明：有22种真菌对靶标线虫的致死率达70%以上,且同一菌株的浸提液和发酵液对线虫亦有明显的选择毒性作用。有7株菌浸提液对2种以上靶标线虫的致死率超过90%。蛇头菌Mutinus caninus F149浸提液对南方根结线虫毒力最高,致死率达97.74%,对胞囊线虫和水稻干尖线虫的毒力也超过90%,而对小杆线虫毒力仅为24.04%,因其对人毒性大而未获得纯培养。薄蜂窝菌Hexagonia tenuisF128浸提液对大豆胞囊线虫J2毒力最高,致死率达96.55%,但其发酵液毒力下降;浸提液对根结线虫的毒力仅次于F149,对水稻干尖线虫毒力较弱,但发酵液对干尖线虫致死率却提高至91.38%。块鳞青鹅膏Amanita excelsaF155浸提液对根结线虫的致死率达96.67%,但发酵液仅为70.93%。粉迷孔菌Daedalea biennis F139的浸提液对小杆线虫的毒力最强,致死率达90.40%。松生拟层孔菌Fomitopsis pinicola F130的浸提液与裂褶菌Schizophyllum commune F107的浸提液和发酵液及小灰孢Lycoperdon pusillus F102的发酵液对水稻干尖线虫的致死率均超过95%。血红菇Russula sanguinea F204和大红菇R.alutacea F153的浸提液和发酵液对3种植物线虫的致死率均超过85%,而对小杆线虫的毒力较弱。     

Adaptive changes in the patterns of carbohydrate metabolites in blood,liver, muscle and heart tissues of Sarotherodon mossambicus (Peters) exposed to the carbamate fungicide ziram

Adaptive changes in the levels of carbohydrate metabolites, glucose, glycogen and lactic acid, were studied in a freshwater edible fish, Sarotherodon mossambicus exposed to a carbamate fungicide, ziram. Based on the results obtained, it was concluded that the fish showed (i) adaptive utilization of stored glycogen, particularly in liver tissue; (ii) adaptive accumulation of glycogen in muscle and heart tissues, probably by glyconeogenesis and (iii) adaptive mechanism of operation of ‘diving syndrome’, to meet the stress of the pollutant under sub-lethal exposure. © 1998 SCI.     

Fungal biodegradation of a phenylurea herbicide,diuron : structure and toxicity of metabolites

Microbial degradation, organic synthesis and ecotoxicology were used to investigate the fate of diuron after spreading on soils. Quantitative biodegradation assays were performed with fungal strains, showing that diuron was degraded but not entirely mineralized. The modifications observed consisted in demethylation of the terminal nitrogen atom. The identified metabolites were synthesized in sufficient amounts to confirm their structures and determine their non‐target toxicity using four biotests. The two metabolites exhibited higher effects than parent diuron. This limited biodegradability and potential aquatic toxicity suggest that diuron is of higher environmental concern than previously recognized. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

Simple syntheses of malathion and malaoxon enantiomers,and isomalathion diastereoisomers: toxicity–configuration relationship

Malathion enantiomers were synthesized by nucleophilic substitution of O,O-dimethyl dithiophosphoryl anion to diethyl (R)- or (S)-2-bromosuccinate. Malaoxon enantiomers were obtained from optically active malathions in thiono–thiolo rearrangement with 65% HNO₃. Desmethylation of malathion enantiomers by triethylamine, following the remethylation using methyl iodide gave isomalathion diastereomeric pairs. Physicochemical characteristics of the compounds obtained, and their influence on rats and some species of arthropods, are presented. © 1998 SCI     

春雷霉素和噻霉酮对番茄斑疹病菌联合毒力及防病效果

通过平板菌落计数法测定了春雷霉素和噻霉酮对引起番茄斑疹病的丁香假单胞杆菌番茄致病变种(Pseudomonas syringae pv.tomato)的毒力及两种药剂混配的联合毒力。结果表明:春雷霉素和噻霉酮对番茄斑疹病菌具有抑制作用,EC50值分别为5.32μg/mL和2.66μg/mL;联合毒力的测定结果表明:春雷霉素和噻霉酮质量比1∶1的配比增效作用最强。田间试验结果表明:春雷霉素、噻霉酮及春雷霉素与噻霉酮(1∶1)混剂,田间防治效果均达到80%以上,混剂防治效果显著高于单剂。     

Toxicity of diafenthiuron to honey bees in laboratory,semi‐field and field conditions

BACKGROUND: Cardamom, an important spice crop often attacked by many insect pests, is controlled mainly using synthetic insecticides. As honey bees play a vital role in pollination in cardamom, the impact of insecticides on honey bees needs to be explored to assess its safety. RESULTS: Risk assessment based on contact toxicity revealed diafenthiuron to be a non‐selective insecticide to bees with a low selectivity ratio (the ratio between the LD₅₀ for beneficial and pest species). A dose of diafenthiuron that killed 90% of cardamom borer, Conogethes punctiferalis Guenee, was found to kill 100% of Indian bees. Based on the hazard ratio (the ratio between the field‐recommended dose and the LD₅₀ for the beneficial), diafenthiuron was found to be slightly to moderately toxic to bees. Diafenthiuron, even at low concentrations of LC₁ (the concentration that killed 1% of bees), was found to affect the foraging and homing behaviour of Indian bees. Of bees fed with 30 µg mL^?1 of diafenthiuron, 40% were found missing on the third day after exposure. However, diafenthiuron did not affect bee visits to the cardamom fields. CONCLUSION: Diafenthiuron is more highly toxic to Apis cerana indica F. than to C. punctiferalis by contact, using selectivity ratio and probit substitution methods of risk assessment, but the hazard ratio revealed diafenthiuron to be a slightly to moderately toxic chemical. Diafenthiuron was found to affect the foraging and homing behaviour of bees at sublethal concentrations. Thus, sublethal effects are more relevant in risk assessment than lethal and acute effects. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

Comparative hepatotoxicity of a herbicide,epyrifenacil, in humans and rodents by comparing the dynamics and kinetics of its causal metabolite

A new herbicide, epyrifenacil (S-3100), inhibits protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) in plants. Repeated administration of epyrifenacil in laboratory animals led to some toxicological changes related to PPO inhibition, e.g., hepatotoxicity caused by porphyrin accumulation and anemia caused by the inhibition of heme biosynthesis. In vitro studies revealed that an ester-cleaved metabolite, S-3100-CA, is predominant in mammals, exhibits PPO-inhibitory activity, and thus is the cause of epyrifenacil-induced toxicity. To assess the human risk, the effects of species differences on the dynamics (PPO inhibition) and kinetics (liver uptake) of epyrifenacil were evaluated separately. The results of in vitro assays revealed an approximately tenfold weaker inhibition of PPO by S-3100-CA in humans than in rodents and six- to thirteen-fold less hepatic uptake of S-3100-CA in humans than in mice. Finally, it was suggested that humans are less sensitive to the toxicity of epyrifenacil than are rodents, although further mechanistic research is highly anticipated.