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1.
Florian Chain Gérard Riault Maxime Trottet Emmanuel Jacquot 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2007,117(1):35-43
Serial passage experiments (SPE) of a Barley yellow dwarf virus-PAV (BYDV-PAV) isolate were performed on Zhong ZH and TC14 wheat lines to evaluate the durability of their resistance to BYDV. At different passage numbers (from the 2nd to the 114th), biological properties of the produced isolates were recorded either by monitoring infection percentages and virus titers of the first 3 weeks of viral infection or by measuring their impact on yield components. Statistical analyses using the area under pathogen progress curves and the area under concentration progress curves demonstrated that these two resistant lines induce, after only a few passages, a selection of variant(s) with significantly modified infection abilities. Isolates resulting from SPE performed on these lines induced important decreases of yield components. These results indicate that the use of Zhong ZH and TC14 lines in BYDV-resistant breeding programmes should be approached with caution. 相似文献
2.
Elizabeth A. BAKER 《EPPO Bulletin》1978,8(1):9-20
A review of Septoria diseases of wheat is given with particular emphasis on the resistance of this host to Septoria nodorum Berk. Following a general historical outline, the effects of glume blotch on the wheat plant are described, including symptoms and physiological changes. Brief reference is made to epidemiological studies, and then resistance breeding and genetic studies are discussed. The role of antifungal compounds in resistance is dealt with in more detail, and with reference to the author's own research results. It is concluded that no single mechanism of resistance of wheat to S. nodorum emerges and that the resistance factors appear to be varying quantitatively rather than qualitatively. 相似文献
3.
S. G. Muigai D. J. Schuster J. C. Snyder J. W. Scott M. J. Bassett H. J. McAuslane 《Phytoparasitica》2002,30(4):347-360
The silverleaf whiteflyBemisia argentifolii Bellows & Perring (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) [also known as strain B of the sweetpotato whiteflyB. tabaci (Gennadius)] is a major pest of tomatoes due to both feeding damage and transmission of plant viruses. Certain wild species
ofLycopersicon have demonstrated high levels of resistance to the pest. Greenhouse studies were undertaken to quantify the effects on whitefly
behavior and mortality of individual, resistant plants selected from three accessions ofL. pennellii (Corr.) D’Arcy (LA 1340, LA 1674 and LA 2560), five accessions ofL. hirsutum f.typicum Humb. & Bonpl. (LA 386, LA 1353, LA 1777, PI 127826 and PI 127827) and one accession ofL. hirsutum f.glabratum C.H. Mull. (PI 126449). In no-choice experiments, fewer adults settled on leaflets of the wild species and deposited 75–100%
fewer eggs compared to the cultivated tomato,L. esculentum Mill. Adult mortality ranged from 77–100% on wild accessions but was only 1% onL. esculentum. Most dead adults were trapped in glandular trichome exudates. The effects of these resistant accessions onB. argentifolii were mechanically transferable by appressing the trichome exudates onto the leaves of the susceptible tomato, indicating
an association between the factors mediating the resistance and the glandular trichomes. Laboratory studies evaluated the
repellent, fumigant and residual toxic effects of representative constituents of trichome exudates onB. argentifolii adults by using selected concentrations and probit analyses. RC50 values (estimated concentration to repel 50% of the adults) and LC50 values for fumigant and residual toxicity indicated that 2-tridecanone had low levels of repellent and residual toxicity
activity; that 2-undecanone had high levels of repellent and fumigant activity; and that ginger oil (composed, in part, of
sesquiterpene hydrocarbons) had high levels of repellent and residual toxicity activity. These studies suggest that multi-factor
resistance exists in wild tomato germplasm. By combining genetically the observed chemical constituents of resistance into
a single germplasm, the resulting resistance may be more difficult forB. argentifolii to overcome.
http://www.phytoparasitica.org 相似文献
4.
P.V. Martínez-culebras P. Abad-campos J. García-jiménez 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2004,110(8):801-809
Acremonium
cucurbitacearum is a soil-borne pathogen that causes collapse of muskmelon and watermelon plants. Cluster analysis based on RAPD patterns, obtained from use of 25 primers, divided isolates of A. cucurbitacearum from Spain and USA into two major groups. Most isolates from the USA fell into group 1, however, genetic similarity was not highly correlated with geographical origins or with previously established VCG groups. Analysis of 5.8S-ITS sequences showed very little sequence variation among isolates of A. cucurbitacearum, most had identical 5.8S-ITS sequence. Nodulisporium melonis, previously reported to cause a similar disease in Japan, had a 5.8S-ITS sequence that was identical to that of isolate A-419 proposed as the type strain of A
cremonium
cucurbitacearum suggesting that the two fungal pathogens should be considered a single species. Phylogenetic analysis, based on the 5.8S-ITS region, indicated that A
cremonium
cucurbitacearum is a monophyletic taxon more closely related to Plectosphaerella cucumerina than to other species of the genus Acremonium. Based on the 5.8S-ITS nucleotide sequence, a polymerase chain reaction was designed and used for specific detection of A. cucurbitacearum in diseased plants. 相似文献
5.
Rui Yang Yong Chao Han Guo Qing Li Dao Hong Jiang Hung Chang Huang 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2007,119(4):411-420
A study was conducted to investigate production of antifungal substances (AFS) by Coniothyrium minitans (Cm), a mycoparasite of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Ss), in modified Czapek-Dox (MCD) broth and potato dextrose broth (PDB), and effects of AFS of Cm on mycelial growth and
germination of sclerotia and ascospores of Ss and incidence of leaf blight of oilseed rape caused by Ss. Results showed that
mycelial growth of Ss was reduced by 41.6 and 84.5% on 3 day-old cultures grown on potato dextrose agar (PDA) amended with
10% (v v−1) of cultural filtrates of Cm grown in MCD (MCDcm) after incubation for 6 and 15 days, respectively, and by 2.7 and 15.7% on PDA amended with 10% (v v−1) of cultural filtrates of Cm grown in PDB for 6 and 15 days, respectively. In addition to retardation of mycelial growth,
morphological abnormality of Ss such as hyphal swellings and cytoplasm granulation were also observed in colonies grown on
PDA amended with cultural filtrates of MCDcm. Sclerotia of Ss soaked in the filtrates of MCDcm for 24 h remained viable, but their ability to undergo myceliogenic germination on PDA was delayed, compared to sclerotia
treated with MCD. Germination of ascospores of Ss was unaffected on PDA amended with 10% of the filtrates of MCDcm. However, germ tubes of Ss were shortened and deformed by the formation of hyphal swellings in the treatment of MCDcm. Treatment of leaves of oilseed rape with cultural filtrates of MCDcm reduced incidence of leaf blight caused by Ss, compared to the controls (water or MCD). This study suggests that AFS produced
by Cm plays an important role in the suppression of mycelial growth and germ-tube development of ascospores of Ss and that
there is potential for using AFS of Cm to control leaf blight of oilseed rape caused by ascospores of Ss. 相似文献
6.
Edna Sharon Ilan Chet Ada Viterbo Meira Bar-Eyal Harel Nagan Gary J. Samuels Yitzhak Spiegel 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2007,118(3):247-258
Trichoderma (T.
asperellum-203, 44 and GH11; T. atroviride-IMI 206040 and T. harzianum-248) parasitism on Meloidogyne javanica life stages was examined in vitro. Conidium attachment and parasitism differed beween the fungi. Egg masses, their derived
eggs and second-stage juveniles (J2) were parasitized by Trichoderma
asperellum-203, 44, and T. atroviride following conidium attachment. Trichoderma
asperellum-GH11 attached to the nematodes but exhibited reduced penetration, whereas growth of T. harzianum-248 attached to egg masses was inhibited. Only a few conidia of the different fungi were attached to eggs and J2s without
gelatinous matrix; the eggs were penetrated and parasitized by few hyphae, while J2s were rarely parasitized by the fungi.
The gelatinous matrix specifically induced J2 immobilization by T.
asperellum-203, 44 and T. atroviride metabolites that immobilized the J2s. A constitutive-GFP-expressing T. asperellum-203 construct was used to visualize fungal penetration of the nematodes. Scanning electron microscopy revealed the formation
of coiling and appressorium-like structures upon attachment and parasitism by T. asperellum-203 and T. atroviride. Gelatinous matrix agglutinated T. asperellum-203 and T. atroviride conidia, a process that was Ca2+-dependent. Conidium agglutination was inhibited by carbohydrates, including fucose, as was conidium attachment to the nematodes.
All but T. harzianum could grow on the gelatinous matrix, which enhanced conidium germination. A biomimetic system based on gelatinous-matrix-coated
nylon fibers demonstrated the role of the matrix in parasitism: T. asperellum-203 and T. atroviride conidia attached specifically to the gelatinous-matrix-coated fibers and parasitic growth patterns, such as coiling, branching
and appressoria-like structures, were induced in both fungi, similarly to those observed during nematode parasitism. All Trichoderma isolates exhibited nematode biocontrol activity in pot experiments with tomato plants. Parasitic interactions were demonstrated
in planta: females and egg masses dissected from tomato roots grown in T. asperellum-203-treated soil were examined and found to be parasitized by the fungus. This study demonstrates biocontrol activities of
Trichoderma isolates and their parasitic capabilities on M. javanica, elucidating the importance of the gelatinous matrix in the fungal parasitism. 相似文献
7.
The development time and parasitization rate ofDiaeretiella rapae (M’Intosh) onBrevicoryne brassicae (L.) feeding on differentBrassica cultivars was studied in the laboratory at 20°C. The shortest development time from egg to adult parasitoid was 11.6 days
on cabbage cv. ‘Yalova 1’ and the longest was 12.1 days on turnip cv. ‘Antep’ and rapeseed cv. local variety. Females lived
significantly longer than males on the host plants used in the study. Females and males had the shortest longevity on rapeseed
at 11.1 and 5.1 days, respectively. The highest percent parasitism ofB. brassicae byD. rapae was found on cabbage (40.20%), and the lowest was recorded on turnip (32.64%). Our results demonstrate that parasitism rate
could be influenced by the plant quality, probably due to the nutritional status of the aphids or to toxic compounds ingested
through the plant. Cabbage, cauliflower and broccoli were found to be suitable plants for the parasitoid, considering the
development time of pre-adults, and the parasitization rate ofD. rapae onB. brassicae.
http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Jan. 23, 2007. 相似文献
8.
Kasumi Takeuchi Keisuke Tomioka Hiroshi Kouchi Tomomi Nakagawa Hisatoshi Kaku 《Journal of General Plant Pathology》2007,73(5):336-341
A wilt disease of the model legume Lotus japonicus was observed in a greenhouse in Tokyo, Japan in May 2004. Roots of diseased plants were rotted and dark brown with lesions
spreading to lower stems and leaves, resulting in rapid plant death. The causal agent was identified as Fusarium solani based on the morphology. Sequence analysis of rDNA supported the identification. Inoculation of roots of healthy plants with
conidia reproduced characteristic disease symptoms, and F. solani was reisolated from lesions, satisfying Koch’s postulates. The isolate also caused chlorotic to necrotic lesions on leaves
of healthy plants after wound-inoculation. Infection by F. solani of leaves of L. japonicus was confirmed histologically. Mycelia were observed in the intercellular spaces of parenchymatous tissues in the lesion area
and the surrounding tissues. This is the first report of fungal disease on L. japonicus satisfying Koch’s postulates. We named it “Fusarium root rot of L. japonicus” as a new disease. The compatibility of L. japonicus and F. solani is expected to form a novel pathosystem for studying interactions between legumes and fungal pathogens.
The nucleotide sequence data reported are available in the DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank databases under accession numbers AB258993 and
AB258994. 相似文献
9.
Liriomyza cicerina (Rondani, 1875) (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in some regions of Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine whether the populations ofL. cicerina on different varieties of chickpea plants during the 2004 and 2005 production seasons affected yield in Sanliurfa province.
The trials were carried out using eight different varieties of chickpea with three replicates. During each season, larval
densities on leaves were assessed weekly. TheL. cicerina larval population was lowest on four varieties for both seasons. There were very minor differences in yield among the eight
varieties in the production seasons. There was no correlation found between larval density and yield loss.
http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Jan. 14, 2007. 相似文献
10.
The red spider miteTetranychus evansi (Acari: Tetranychidae) Baker and Pritchard was recorded for the first time in Greece, in the area of Tympaki (south-central
Crete) onSolanum nigrum. T. evansi is a pest of crops of the family Solanaceae, which are grown extensively in Crete. The species identification was based on
both morphological and molecular data. The second internal transcribed spacer was PCR amplified and sequenced in samples from
Crete. Sequences were compared with the sequence ofT. evansi from Brazil and with the ITS2 sequences (retrieved from GenBank) of the two closely related tetranychid species most commonly
found in Greece,Tetranychus turkestan andTetranychus urticae. 相似文献
11.
Ayumi Notsu Norio Kondo Shohei Fujita Kippei Murata Shigeo Naito 《Journal of General Plant Pathology》2003,69(1):39-41
A new race of Phytophthora vignae f. sp. adzukicola, designated race 4, is reported from central and western Hokkaido, Japan. The isolates obtained from diseased plants of a
new cultivar, cv. Syumari, which is resistant to races 1, 2, and 3, were determined to be a new race by the pathogenic reaction
on a set of differential adzuki bean cultivars (cv. Erimo-shozu, cv. Kotobuki-shozu, cv. Noto-shozu, cv. Urasa-shimane, and
cv. Syumari).
Received: March 7, 2002 / Accepted: August 13, 2002 相似文献
12.
The Nantucket pine tip moth (Rhyacionia frustrana (Comstock) (Lep., Tortricidae)) has been found on Turkish red pine (Pinus brutia L.) in the Aegean Region of Turkey.
http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Nov. 12, 2006 相似文献
13.
The influence of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White) Chitwood on the competitive relationships between pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) and Solanum nigrum L. (black nightshade) was investigated in a glasshouse experiment. Seven competition treatments were set up: two intraspecific for the crop and the weed and five interspecific treatments in which the emergence of S. nigrum plants was progressively delayed with respect to that of the pepper. Nematodes reproduced in every inoculated plant and their multiplication rates were high in both pepper and S. nigrum. The parasite reduced all growth and yield parameters of the crop, but did less harm to the weed. The negative effect of S. nigrum on pepper peaked in the treatment in which the weed and pepper plants emerged together. S. nigrum was a stronger competitor than pepper under both nematode-infested and nematode-free conditions. The effect of nematodes on pepper yield was less than that of competition, but both appeared to be additive. 相似文献
14.
Kerstin Wydra Gopal Khatri-chhetri Athanassios Mavridis Rachidatou Sikirou Klaus Rudolph 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2004,110(10):991-1001
A semi-selective medium for isolation of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. vignicola from cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) plant and soil samples was developed. Twelve carbon and five nitrogen sources were tested with four strains of X. axonopodispv.vignicola, and 25 antibiotics were screened against saprophytes. -cellobiose (10g) was selected as the optimal carbon source. Among the antibiotics, cefazoline inhibited growth of most of the saprophytes with little effect on strains of the pathogen. ,-methionine enhanced growth of X. axonopodispv.vignicola. Boric acid along with ammonium chloride suppressed growth of Pseudomonas fluorescens. The semi-selective medium designated as cefazoline-cellobiose-methionine (CCM) medium contained K2HPO4 1.34g, KH2PO4 0.4g, MgSO4 0.3g, H3BO3 0.2g, NH4Cl 1.0g, -cellobiose 10g, cycloheximide 0.2g, ,-methionine 1.0g, cefazoline 10mg and agar 14g per l of water (pH 7.2). Colonies of X. axonopodispv.vignicola on CCM medium were whitish, round, raised and 0.2–1.8mm in diameter 96h after incubation. CCM medium generally inhibited growth of Pantoea agglomerans, Bacillus subtilis and saprophytes isolated from cowpea leaves. Colonies of Pseudomonas fluorescens and a saprophytic bacterium, which were not completely suppressed by CCM, could be differentiated from X. axonopodispv.vignicola by their smaller size and different color. The CCM medium proved useful for isolation of X. axonopodispv.vignicola from cowpea plant and soil samples. This is the first report of a semi-selective medium developed for detection of X. axonopodispv.vignicola. 相似文献
15.
Yasuhiro Inoue Seiji Tsuge Jun Ohnishi Takayuki Matsuura Hirokazu Ochiai Hisatoshi Kaku Koji Azegami 《Journal of General Plant Pathology》2007,73(5):365-369
Xanthomonas
oryzae pv. oryzae strain T7174R is lysed by bacteriophage OP1h and OP1h2. Three mutants tolerant to both OP1h and OP1h2 were isolated by transposon mutagenesis. The mutants had an insertion of the transposon in XOO1687, which is predicted to
encode a TonB-dependent receptor gene. Plasmid pHMIroNB that contained XOO1687 of T7174R was constructed, and the mutant was
transformed with the plasmid. The transformant recovered sensitivity to OP1h and OP1h2. Electron microscopic analysis demonstrated that OP1h and OP1h2 can adsorb to the wild type and the transformant, but they could not adsorb to the phage-tolerant mutant. These results suggest
that the TonB-dependent receptor gene relates to adsorption and infection of T7174R by OP1h2 and OP1h.
Y. Inoue and S. Tsuge have contributed equally to this work. 相似文献
16.
Massimo Zaccardelli Francesco Campanile Annalisa Spasiano Massimo Merighi 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2007,118(3):299-306
The development of a rapid detection method for Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) in crucifer seeds and plants is essential for high-throughput certification purposes. Here we describe a diagnostic
protocol for the identification/detection of Xcc by PCR amplification of fragments from the pathogenicity-associated gene
hrcC. Under stringent conditions of amplification, a PCR product of 519 bp from hrcC was obtained from a collection of 46 isolates of Xcc, with the exception of two isolates from radish. No amplicons were obtained
from 39 pure cultures of the phytopathogenic bacteria Xanthomonas campestris pv. cerealicola, X. campestris pv. juglandis, X. campestris pv. pelargonii, X. campestris pv. vitians, X. arboricola pv. pruni,
X. axonopodis pv. phaseoli, X. axonopodis pv. vesicatoria, X. vesicatoria, Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola, P. syringae pv. syringae, P. syringae pv. tomato, P. fluorescens, P. marginalis, Pectobacterium atrosepticum, P. carotovorum subsp. carotovorum. In addition, PCR reactions were negative for fifty unidentified environmental isolates purified from the surface of crucifers.
The PCR fragment was obtained from four strains previously classified as X. campestris pv. aberrans, X. campestris pv. armorociae, X. campestris pv. barbarae and X. campestris pv. incanae using pathogenicity assays. Our PCR protocol specifically detected Xcc in inoculated leaves, seeds and naturally infected
leaves of crucifers. 相似文献
17.
E. Navrozidis Z. Zartaloudis T. Thomidis N. Karagiannidis K. Roubos Z. Michailides 《Phytoparasitica》2007,35(5):429-432
Susceptibility to the insectBactrocera oleae and the fungiSpilocaea oleagina andSphaeropsis dalmatica was investigated in four olive cultivars, two for table fruit production (Kalamon and Chondrolia Chalkidikis) and two for oil production (Lianolia and Koroneiki). Cv. Chondrolia Chalkidikis was the most susceptible to all three pathogens, followed by cv. Kalamon. Soil plowing and the organic fertilizer Bio-Trust® (10-3-6+8% MgCO3+10% CaCO8) increased the susceptibility of all four tested olive cultivars to the insect and the two fungi. Correlations were found between the attacks byB. oleae and infections byS. oleagina andS. dalmatica on the four olive cultivars. 相似文献
18.
David White Weidong Chen 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2007,119(1):3-12
Ascochyta blight is a serious disease of cool-season grain legumes (chickpea, faba bean, lentil and pea) caused by fungal
species of the anamorphic genus Ascochyta and related genera. Despite extensive studies on the biology, ecology, epidemiology
and management of the disease, little is known about the pathogenic determinants of these pathogens. This research aims at
using Ascochyta rabiei as a model for the genus in investigating genetic factors of pathogenicity, with the ultimate goal of elucidating pathogenic
mechanisms. Three advances were made: (1) insertional mutants with altered pathogenicity were identified through in vivo screening,
and genomic regions adjacent to the insertion sites in selected mutants were determined; (2) a phage library of A. rabiei genomic DNA was constructed, and the library was estimated to provide complete coverage of the A. rabiei genome. This library was used successfully to recover clones with DNA adjacent to insertional mutation sites and to isolate
specific genes; (3) DNA probes specific for an acyl-CoA ligase (cps1) and a polyketide synthase gene (pks1) were developed and library clones containing the corresponding genomic regions were identified from the phage library.
These advances provide the foundation and necessary tools for experimentation of ectopic complementation assays and targeted
mutagenesis to elucidate the genetic mechanisms of pathogenicity of A. rabiei. 相似文献
19.
M. Staats P. van Baarlen J. A. L. van Kan 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2007,117(3):219-235
The objective of this study was to assess the genetic diversity and to infer the mode of reproduction of Botrytis
elliptica and B. tulipae in the Netherlands. First, three molecular typing methods were compared for their ability to differentiate isolates of B. tulipae, B. elliptica, and B. cinerea. The methods compared were multilocus sequencing, restriction analysis of the ribosomal intergenic spacer (IGS) region, and
amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis. AFLP fingerprinting provided the most efficient method to differentiate
isolates within each Botrytis species and therefore this method was used for population analyses of B. elliptica and B. tulipae. Isolates of both species were sampled during successive growing seasons in experimental field plots in Lisse and other locations
in the Netherlands. Among 174 B. elliptica isolates, 105 genotypes could be discriminated and 87 genotypes were found only once, reflecting high genotypic variation.
Clonal genotypes were found only within growing seasons and in one location. Linkage disequilibrium analyses indicated that
between 9.4% and 19.3% of the loci in clone-corrected samples were linked. The multilocus association index provided no evidence
for random mating. We conclude that sexual recombination occurs in the B. elliptica population. Among the 170 B. tulipae isolates, 25 genotypes could be discriminated and four genotypes were found only once, reflecting a low genotypic variation.
Clonal genotypes were frequently found in different growing seasons and different locations. Linkage disequilibrium analyses
indicated that between 25.2% and 48.6% of the loci in clone-corrected samples were linked. We conclude that the B. tulipae population is mainly clonal with some recombination. 相似文献
20.
Carolien Zijlstra Richard Van hoof Dorine Donkers-venne 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2004,110(8):855-860
The cereal root-knot nematode Meloidogyne naasi can cause serious cereal crop losses. The nematode is also found in agricultural fields where non-host crops are grown. Control of M. naasi can be based on preventing its spread, host resistance and crop management as well as on the design of crop rotation systems. Detection methods are required for these purposes and can also be helpful for inspection services and experimental research. This study describes the development of a simple PCR test that enables the detection of M. naasi. Alignment of sequences of rDNA-ITS fragments of M. naasi and five other Meloidogyne species was used to design the M. naasi specific forward primer N-ITS. Together with the reverse primer R195 M. naasi specific amplification was achieved. 相似文献