Evolving understanding of the evolution of herbicide resistance

A greater number of, and more varied, modes of resistance have evolved in weeds than in other pests because the usage of herbicides is far more extensive than the usage of other pesticides, and because weed seed output is so great. The discovery and development of selective herbicides are more problematic than those of insecticides and fungicides, as these must only differentiate between plant and insect or pathogen. Herbicides are typically selective between plants, meaning that before deployment there are already some crops possessing natural herbicide resistance that weeds could evolve. The concepts of the evolution of resistance and the mechanisms of delaying resistance have evolved as nature has continually evolved new types of resistance. Major gene target‐site mutations were the first types to evolve, with initial consideration devoted mainly to them, but slowly ‘creeping’ resistance, gradually accruing increasing levels of resistance, has become a major force owing to an incremental accumulation of genetic changes in weed populations. Weeds have evolved mechanisms unknown even in antibiotic as well as other drug and pesticide resistances. It is even possible that cases of epigenetic ‘remembered’ resistances may have appeared. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

Strategies for the prevention of development of pesticide resistance in the UK—lessons for and from the use of herbicides,fungicides and insecticides

Since the 1950s, pesticide resistance has been identified in many species. This paper considers the role of resistance action groups and notes that they were all formed in response to resistance problems occurring. Data now exist on the strategies which are most effective and the paper aims to bring together information from the fields of weeds, pests and diseases. Pesticide mixtures, sequences or rotations have been demonstrated as having a clear role in resistance management strategies. Resistance management would be improved if there was agreement on uniform test methodology and interpretation of results. The industry must work together to agree what constitutes an anti-resistance strategy, whether this is for prevention or cure, and to ensure that this is then included within regulatory frameworks. Future developments such as patch treatment, biotechnology and biocontrol are discussed. It is concluded that, to date, there has been little discussion between specialists in the field of resistance to herbicides, fungicides or insecticides and it is clear there are significant advantages to be had from more interaction. ©1997 SCI     

植物病原菌对杀菌剂多药抗性的发生现状

近年来, 随着杀菌剂在农作物病害田间防治中的大量使用, 植物病原菌的多药抗性(multidrug resistance, MDR)现象发生越来越普遍。本文综述了在草坪币斑病、灰霉病、小麦叶枯病和苹果青霉病等病害防治中, 病原菌对杀菌剂多药抗性发生的情况。以及在紫外诱导和杀菌剂离体驯化下, 致病疫霉Phytophthora infestans、立枯丝核菌Rhizoctonia solani、指状青霉Penicillium digitatum的多药抗性发生情况。分析了导致植物病原菌多药抗性产生的外排转运蛋白过表达、解毒酶代谢和靶标位点变化等相关机制, 并在此基础上提出了多药抗性预防和治理的策略, 以期为田间杀菌剂的高效利用, 延缓药剂的抗性风险提供科学参考。     

西花蓟马抗药性研究进展

西花蓟马是世界范围内蔬菜和花卉上的重要害虫之一,使用化学药剂是防治西花蓟马的主要手段,目前西花蓟马已对有机氯、有机磷、氨基甲酸酯、拟除虫菊酯、阿维菌素和多杀菌素等多种杀虫剂产生了抗药性。本文从抗药性现状、抗性机制和抗性治理等几个方面介绍了国内外有关西花蓟马抗药性的研究进展。     

嘧菌酯在我国登记情况以及抗性研究现状

嘧菌酯是先正达公司于1997年上市的甲氧基丙烯酸酯类杀菌剂,它具有广谱、高效、安全的特点,自上市以来占有较大的市场份额。随着国外产品专利保护到期,我国掀起一阵注册热潮。但由于其作用为点单一,在使用过程中抗性问题日益严重。本文对嘧菌酯近年来登记情况、抗性发展研究状况、抗性产生机制以及治理措施进行了简要论述。希望为以后嘧菌酯的登记注册以及合理使用提供全面客观的依据。     

蔬菜蚜虫抗药性现状及抗性治理策略

蚜虫是为害蔬菜作物的一类重要害虫,如不防治会给蔬菜生产造成重大经济损失。长期以来主要依靠使用农药防治蔬菜蚜虫,但由于化学农药的不合理使用,蔬菜蚜虫对有机磷、拟除虫菊酯、氨基甲酸酯、新烟碱等多种类型的杀虫药剂均产生了不同程度的抗性。本文对常见的蔬菜蚜虫的抗药性现状、抗药性机理以及治理策略进行了论述,以期为该类害虫的可持续控制提供参考。     

诱导水稻抗瘟性及诱抗机理研究进展

稻瘟病是危害水稻三大病害之首,水稻稻瘟病诱导抗病性具有持久性、广谱性、安全性、系统性等而对未来水稻稻瘟病的防治发挥巨大的作用。综述近年来国内外水稻诱导抗瘟性的研究进展,对生物及非生物诱导因子和诱导机理的三个方面进行了介绍,并提出对现在一些研究不足以及未来的发展方向。     

The occurrence of herbicide-resistant weeds worldwide

The 1995/6 International Survey of Herbicide-Resistant Weeds recorded 183 herbicide-resistant weed biotypes (124 different species) in 42 countries. The increase in the number of new herbicide-resistant weeds has remained relatively constant since 1978, at an average of nine new cases per year worldwide. Whilst 61 weed species have evolved resistance to triazine herbicides, this figure now only accounts for one-third of all documented herbicide-resistant biotypes. Triazine-resistant weeds have been controlled successfully in many countries by the use of alternative herbicides. Due to the economic importance of ALS and ACCase inhibitor herbicides worldwide, and the ease with which weeds have evolved resistance to them, it is likely that ALS and ACCase inhibitor-resistant weeds will present farmers with greater problems in the next five years than triazine-resistant weeds have caused in the past 25 years. Thirty-three weed species have evolved resistance to ALS-inhibitor herbicides in 11 countries. ALS-inhibitor-resistant weeds are most problematic in cereal, corn/soybean and rice production. Thirteen weed species have evolved resistance to ACCase inhibitors, also in 11 countries. ACCase inhibitor resistance in Lolium and Avena spp. threatens cereal production in Australia, Canada, Chile, France, South Africa, Spain, the United Kingdom and the USA. Fourteen weed species have evolved resistance to urea herbicides. Isoproturon-resistant Phalaris minor infesting wheat fields in North West India and chlorotoluron-resistant Alopecurus myosuroides in Europe are of significant economic importance. Although 27 weed species have evolved resistance to bipyridilium herbicides, and 14 weed species have evolved resistance to synthetic auxins, the area infested and the availability of alternative herbicides have kept their impact minimal. The lack of alternative herbicides to control weeds with multiple herbicide resistance, such as Lolium rigidum and Alopecurus myosuroides, makes these the most challenging resistance problems. The recent discovery of glyphosate-resistant Lolium rigidum in Australia is a timely reminder that sound herbicide-resistant management strategies will remain important after the widespread adoption of glyphosate-resistant crops. ©1997 SCI     

我国水稻田杂草抗药性研究进展

水稻是我国最主要的粮食作物之一,杂草的危害严重影响了水稻的产量与品质。化学防除仍然是治理水稻田杂草最有效的途径。目前我国水稻田稗属杂草、千金子、马唐、雨久花、野慈姑、异型莎草、耳叶水苋、眼子菜、节节菜、萤蔺等多种杂草对二氯喹啉酸、五氟磺草胺、氰氟草酯、噁唑酰草胺、苄嘧磺隆、吡嘧磺隆、双草醚、噁草酮、乙氧氟草醚等多种常用除草剂产生了抗药性。面对日趋严重的水稻田抗药性杂草的危害,对抗药性杂草进行深入系统的研究以达到科学防治的目的显得尤为重要。本文总结了我国水稻田抗药性杂草的抗药性水平、靶标酶抗药性机理、代谢酶抗药性机理和其他抗药性机理,归纳了抗药性杂草的交互抗性、多抗性发生情况以及抗药性治理现状,分析了我们在杂草抗药性研究与治理方面面临的问题。     

French vineyards provide information that opens ways for effective resistance management of Botrytis cinerea (grey mould)

Resistance to fungicides is an evolutionary process resulting from the selection of advantageous genotypes in naturally diverse populations. Seven fungicide modes of action are authorised to control grey mould caused by Botrytis cinerea on grapevine in France, and five of them have encountered specific resistance, with variable frequencies in populations and possible consequences for field fungicide efficacy. Moreover, multidrug resistance is caused by fungicide efflux and allows a weak resistance towards six unrelated modes of action. Here, a review is given of the fungicide resistance status of B. cinerea in France, particularly in the vineyards of Champagne, which are the most affected. Recently developed resistance and recent findings concerning the associated resistance mechanisms are focused upon in particular. Finally, antiresistance strategies are presented, and examples of managed resistance are discussed in a more general manner with the aim of extending this knowledge to other crops and countries undergoing similar resistance problems. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry     

主要农业害虫对茚虫威的抗性现状及其治理策略

茚虫威属于噁二嗪类杀虫剂,与大多数杀虫剂不同的是其进入害虫体内需要经活化代谢转变成N-去甲氧羰基代谢物(decarbomethoxylated metabolite,DCJW)后不可逆地阻断钠通道,进而发挥杀虫活性。茚虫威由于其作用机制不同于常见的使钠离子通道延迟关闭的菊酯类药剂而被广泛用于鳞翅目和一些同翅目、鞘翅目害虫的防治。抗药性是任何杀虫药剂使用后面临的问题,茚虫威也不例外,许多害虫对其产生了不同程度的抗性。昆虫对茚虫威产生抗性的机制包括酯酶活性、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(glutathione S-transferase,GST)和P450活性的增加以及分子靶标F1845Y、V1848I、L1014P的突变,这些对茚虫威抗性机制的研究基本都是基于抗性种群和敏感种群开展的,需要进一步验证其对抗性研究的贡献度。针对我国田间害虫种群对茚虫威的抗性现状,及时实施对茚虫威有效的抗性治理是迫切的。对于茚虫威的抗性治理除了传统的杀虫药剂轮用、混用外,需要利用其作用机制特点开展抗性治理策略研究。一是充分利用其活化代谢的特点,开展组合药剂的研究应用;二是菊酯类药剂和茚虫威的作用机制均与钠离子通道有关,...     

Seedbank persistence,germination and early growth of glyphosate‐resistant Kochia scoparia

This study describes the seedbank persistence of glyphosate‐resistant (GR) Kochia scoparia at two sites in western Canada and examines if GRK. scoparia from western Canada and mid‐western United States (USA) differ from their susceptible counterparts in seed germination and early growth characteristics at low‐temperature regimes. Site or depth of seed burial (surface, 2.5 cm, 10 cm) did not affect seed viability over time and time to 50% and 90% loss of viability averaged 210 and 232 days respectively. Glyphosate‐resistant K. scoparia generally germinated later and had lower cumulative germination than glyphosate‐susceptible (GS) K. scoparia from Saskatchewan, Canada; and Kansas, USA; but not Colorado, USA. Similarly, time to 10% first leaf of GSK. scoparia from Saskatchewan and Kansas tended to be sooner than that of GRK. scoparia, with a greater percentage of GS vs. GR seedlings of populations from all regions having attained first leaf by the end of the experiment. The short seedbank longevity and delayed and reduced germination and time to first leaf of GRK. scoparia may potentially be exploited to maximise management efficacy through delayed preseeding weed control or alternatively by early seeding date to enhance crop competitiveness.     

甜菜夜蛾抗药性的研究进展

甜菜夜蛾是一种重要的农业害虫，其对许多杀虫剂都产生了抗药性。本文对甜菜夜蛾的抗药性发展状况及其抗药性机制进行综述，并总结了有效的抗性治理策略。     

粉虱类害虫抗药性研究方法综述

粉虱是世界上一类重要的害虫,随着化学杀虫剂的连续使用,其抗药性也日益严重。本文对粉虱类害虫的抗药性监测、机理及风险评估方法进行了综述,旨在对粉虱抗药性工作能提供一定的帮助。     

Quantification of late blight resistance of potato using transgenic Phytophthora infestans expressing β-glucuronidase

A transgenic Phytophthora infestans strain that constitutively produces and secretes -glucuronidase (GUS) was used in detached leaf assays to quantify the levels of resistance to late blight in potato cultivars Surprise, Irene, Pimpernel, Alpha and Bintje. Four days after inoculation levels of GUS activity were determined in infected leaves. Significant differences between the various cultivars were observed. Discrimination between resistant and susceptible cultivars was possible based solely on levels of GUS activity. Regression analysis revealed a positive correlation between in planta GUS levels and field resistance expressed as Area under Disease Progress Curve (ADPC).     

A strategy to identify sources of quantitative resistance in pathosystems involving disease escape and physiological resistance: the case study of rice sheath blight

An epidemiology‐based strategy using rice sheath blight (ShB) as a biological model was developed that enables identification of sources of resistance. A set of 163 cultivated rice genotypes, including genotypes which had been reported to express partial resistance to ShB, and a few genotypes reported as very susceptible, were assessed using two complementary methods. First, microfield experiments allowed measurement of disease intensification at, and spread from, inoculated sources, along with morphological traits of each genotype. Secondly, detached tiller tests allowed measurement of the physiological resistance to the disease under conditions where morphology does not come into play. Multivariate analysis involving hierarchical cluster analysis, followed by multiple correspondence analysis, indicated that levels of physiological resistance, groups of plant morphology and disease levels in microfields were associated. Results from logistic regressions further indicated that a decreased number of lesions measured on detached tillers increased the odds of a rice genotype belonging to the group with low disease intensity in microfields. The combined results from microfield and detached tiller tests allowed identification of 23 genotypes with low level of disease intensity, which may be used as sources of resistance to ShB in breeding programmes. The results suggest that this strategy, which combines the crop stand and the individual tiller scales, may be applied to the identification of sources of resistance to a range of diseases with similar life cycle traits.     

花椒抗旱性研究进展

花椒是我国重要的油料和经济作物，在干旱半干旱地区分布较广。近年来，随着全球气候变暖的加剧，水资源短缺的形势更加严峻，干旱已成为影响花椒生产的主要环境因子。本文从花椒生长形态特征、生理生化变化和抗旱分子机制3个方面阐述了花椒抗旱性的国内外研究现状，并分析了花椒抗旱性评价的方法。结果表明：花椒主要通过根、茎、叶特征的变化实现形态上的抗旱；通过保持较高的光合色素含量和调整气孔开度维持较高的光合效率、积累较多的渗透物质以增强叶片保水能力和细胞的渗透调节性能，保持较高的抗氧化酶活性减轻活性氧对细胞的伤害来提高其生理上的抗旱性；长链非编码RNA(Incrna)和ZbWRKY转录因子在花椒的抗旱过程中发挥了重要作用，其通过调控代谢途径、合成代谢物和产生植物激素应对干旱胁迫。隶属函数法、主成分分析法、聚类分析法、灰色关联度分析法可作为花椒抗旱性评价的主要方法。今后应继续加强花椒抗旱生理研究，并建立系统的抗旱性鉴定评价体系，以期为花椒抗逆性研究提供参考。