我国蔬菜重要害虫研究现状与展望

蔬菜是我国重要的经济作物,蔬菜害虫给我国蔬菜生产造成了重大损失。本文以小菜蛾、甜菜夜蛾、斜纹夜蛾、粉虱、蓟马、斑潜蝇、叶螨、蚜虫、黄曲条跳甲和韭菜迟眼蕈蚊等重大害虫为对象,概述了我国蔬菜害虫的发生危害特点和近年来科研项目资助情况,对我国重要害虫的生物学与生态学、种类鉴定、入侵和传毒、抗药性及其机制、基因组学、防治技术基础研究及应用等方面的主要进展进行综述,展望了未来蔬菜害虫的研究方向。     

Ingested RNA interference for managing the populations of the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata

BACKGROUND: RNA interference (RNAi) is a breakthrough technology for conducting functional genomics studies and also as a potential tool for crop protection against insect pests. The major challenge for efficient pest control using RNAi in the field is the development of efficient and reliable methods for production and delivery of double‐stranded RNA (dsRNA). In this paper, the potential of feeding dsRNA expressed in bacteria or synthesized in vitro to manage populations of Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) (CPB), was investigated. RESULTS: Feeding RNAi successfully triggered the silencing of all five target genes tested and caused significant mortality and reduced body weight gain in the treated beetles. This study provides the first example of an effective RNAi response in insects after feeding dsRNA produced in bacteria. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the efficient induction of RNAi using bacteria to deliver dsRNA is a possible method for management of CPB. This could be also a promising bioassay approach for genome‐wide screens to identify effective target genes for use as novel RNAi‐based insecticides. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

豌豆蚜防控的关键RNAi靶标基因筛选与分析

为筛选防控豌豆蚜Acyrthosiphon pisum的关键RNA干扰(RNA interference,RNAi)靶标基因,通过构建精氨酸激酶(arginine kinase,AK)、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)和几丁质合成酶(chitin synthase,CHS)这3个与豌豆蚜生长发育相关基因的dsRNA,于室内检测ds AK、ds SOD和ds CHS处理后对其致死效果,并比较4种dsRNA递送方式对其致死效果的影响,筛选获得防治效果明显的dsRNA及其递送方式。结果显示,处理48～168 h后,不同基因dsRNA处理组豌豆蚜的死亡率比阴性对照组高2.19倍～4.39倍,其中ds AK处理组豌豆蚜的死亡率为27.7%～91.1%,显著高于ds SOD、ds CHS处理组及阴性对照组。使用ds AK通过人工饲喂法和叶片注射饲喂法处理豌豆蚜,48 h即可出现显著致死效果。ds AK通过人工饲喂方法处理72 h后,豌豆蚜AK基因表达量比空白对照组降低43.2%,同时可抑制豌豆蚜的生长发育,使其体长比阴性对照组减少了5.9%。表明ds AK对豌豆蚜...     

纳米载导RNAi技术在害虫防治中的研究和应用

每年重大病虫害的流行和暴发都会对农业产生重大的影响,进而造成严重的经济损失,随着化学试剂的施用其抗药性也逐渐增强,因此探索新的绿色、安全、高效的害虫防治技术具有十分重要的意义。RNAi作为一种研究基因功能的工具,在开发新的害虫防治策略方面显示出巨大的潜力,但RNAi的效率受限于核酸酶的降解作用,为了改善dsRNA的有效递送,研发了纳米载导技术且被广泛应用于害虫防治。同时,基于工程菌高效合成靶向昆虫dsRNA的技术为田间推广提供了可行性及技术支撑。本文主要对RNAi技术及纳米载导RNAi技术在害虫防治中的研究和应用进行了总结和归纳。     

RNA‐based biocontrol compounds: current status and perspectives to reach the market

Facing current climate challenges and drastically reduced chemical options for plant protection, the exploitation of RNA interference (RNAi) as an agricultural biotechnology tool has unveiled possible new solutions to the global problems of agricultural losses caused by pests and other biotic and abiotic stresses. While the use of RNAi as a tool in agriculture is still limited to a few transgenic crops, and only adopted in restricted parts of the world, scientists and industry are already seeking innovations in leveraging and exploiting the potential of RNAi in the form of RNA‐based biocontrol compounds for external applications. Here, we highlight the expanding research and development pipeline, commercial landscape and regulatory environment surrounding the pursuit of RNA‐based biocontrol compounds with improved environmental profiles. The commitments of well‐established agrochemical companies to invest in research endeavours and the role of start‐up companies are crucial for the successful development of practical applications for these compounds. Additionally, the availability of standardized guidelines to tackle regulatory ambiguities surrounding RNA‐based biocontrol compounds will help to facilitate the entire commercialization process. Finally, communication to create awareness and public acceptance will be key to the deployment of these compounds. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry     

Systematics of key phytopathogenic Fusarium species: current status and future challenges

This review is intended to provide plant pathologists and other scientists with a current overview of the most important Fusarium phytopathogens and mycotoxin producers. Knowledge of Fusarium species diversity and their evolutionary relationships has increased dramatically due to the application of multilocus molecular phylogenetics and genealogical concordance phylogenetic species recognition over the past 15 years. Currently Fusarium is estimated to comprise at least 300 genealogically exclusive phylogenetic species; however, fewer than half have been formally described. The most important plant pathogens reside in the following four groups: the F. fujikuroi species complex noted for Bakanae of rice, ear rot of maize, pitch canker of pine and several species that contaminate corn and other cereals with fumonisin mycotoxins; the F. graminearum species complex including the primary agents causing Fusarium head blight of wheat and barley that contaminate grain with trichothecene mycotoxins; the F. oxysporum species complex including vascular wilt agents of over 100 agronomically important crops; and the F. solani species complex, which includes many economically destructive foot and root rot pathogens of diverse hosts. Several other Fusarium phytopathogens reported from Japan and nested within other species complexes are reviewed briefly. With the abandonment of dual nomenclature, a broad consensus within the global community of Fusarium researchers has strongly supported the unitary use of the name Fusarium instead of several teleomorph names linked to it. Plant pathologists and other scientists needing accurate identifications of Fusarium isolates are encouraged to use Fusarium-ID and Fusarium MLST, Internet accessible websites dedicated to the molecular identification of Fusarium species.     

储藏物害虫生物性防治技术研究现状和展望

有效的杀虫剂和熏蒸剂种类的减少,以及它们对环境的污染和对人畜健康的影响,使得生物性的防治技术在储藏物害虫的控制上显得越来越重要。近年来,有关储藏物害虫生物性防治技术的研究报道越来越多。根据过去20年的文献,特别是根据刚出版的第七届国际储藏物保护会议的有关论文,评述了储藏物害虫生物性防治技术的研究现状,展望了将来的发展。内容涉及到天敌昆虫、昆虫信息素、病原微生物、抗虫品种和遗传防治等领域,着重于它们在实践中的应用。     

温度与取食对越冬后马铃薯甲虫飞行能力的影响

［目的］ 探明马铃薯甲虫的迁飞规律,为防止马铃薯甲虫的扩散提供依据。［方法］ 通过昆虫飞行磨系统测定温度和营养条件对越冬后马铃薯甲虫飞行能力的影响。［结果 ］马铃薯甲虫雄虫飞行能力稍大于雌虫,但无显著性差异。温度≤25 ℃时,越冬后饥饿3 d马铃薯甲虫的飞行能力大于越冬后补充营养3 d的成虫,在30 ℃和33 ℃时饥饿状态与补充营养的马铃薯甲虫飞行能力无明显差别,35 ℃和38 ℃越冬后补充营养的马铃薯甲虫飞行能力大于饥饿3 d的马铃薯甲虫。饥饿3 d的马铃薯甲虫在常温下更容易迁飞。［结论］ 温度对越冬后马铃薯甲虫的飞行能力影响较大,越冬后马铃薯甲虫起飞温度为23 ℃,25～33 ℃是越冬后马铃薯甲虫的最适飞行温度。     

我国蔬菜作物重大入侵害虫发生、危害与控制

蔬菜是我国重要的经济作物,近年来外来入侵害虫给我国蔬菜生产造成了重大损失。本文以严重危害我国蔬菜作物的3类重大入侵害虫-烟粉虱、西花蓟马和斑潜蝇为例,从入侵昆虫的发现、种群鉴定、分布扩散趋势及其规律、灾变机制以及可持续治理技术体系的研究与应用等方面概述了我国蔬菜入侵害虫研究的主要成就。     

贵州中部地区稻水象甲取食植物种类及取食习性

为明确水稻害虫稻水象甲Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuschel的取食习性,系统调查了稻水象甲在贵州省中部地区的取食植物种类,并测定了越冬成虫取食起始温度,分析了取食斑大小和取食斑数量与根部幼虫数量之间的关系。结果表明,稻水象甲成虫可取食66种植物,其中禾本科48种、莎草科13种、黑三棱科1种、美人蕉科1种、百合科2种、天南星科1种;根据稻水象甲的取食和生活习性,将这些植物划分为寄主植物、喜食植物和可取食植物,分别有4种、51种和11种。在全黑暗和全光照的条件下,稻水象甲越冬成虫取食虫数均随温度升高而逐渐升高,其50%越冬成虫开始取食的温度分别是15.3℃和11.9℃。不同地点的稻水象甲越冬成虫的单个取食斑长度、宽度和面积均无显著差异。线性回归分析结果表明,取食斑数量与取食斑长度之间以及取食斑长度与取食面积之间呈显著正相关,而取食斑数量与根部幼虫数量无显著相关性。     

我国作物病虫害生物防治研究与应用最新进展

本文总结了近5年来我国在作物病虫害生物防治研究和应用方面的最新进展, 包括作物害虫、病害(真菌、细菌和病毒病)和线虫的生物防治、植物免疫和昆虫性信息素的研究和应用, 以及新方法和新技术在作物病虫控制中的应用。同时, 与国外的研究进展进行了比较, 指出了存在的主要问题、发展趋势与对策建议。     

RNAi在植物寄生线虫功能基因组研究中的应用

最近,南方根结线虫（Meloidogyne incognita）和北方根结线虫（M. hapla）的基因组测序工作已经完成,而大豆孢囊线虫（Heterodera glycines）和马铃薯白线虫(Globodera pallida)的基因组测序工作也在进行之中。截至2008年,Nematode.net数据库中已经有近500 000个表达序列标签ESTs序列和1 200 000个来自30种线虫的基因组序列。如何从众多的序列中筛选出有实际应用价值的信息是线虫学研究面临的一大挑战。对于缺乏有效转化系统的植物寄生线虫来说,RNAi无疑是研究植物寄生线虫基因功能的有力工具。本文介绍了RNAi及其在植物寄生线虫基因功能研究中的应用。