我国水稻田杂草抗药性研究进展

水稻是我国最主要的粮食作物之一,杂草的危害严重影响了水稻的产量与品质。化学防除仍然是治理水稻田杂草最有效的途径。目前我国水稻田稗属杂草、千金子、马唐、雨久花、野慈姑、异型莎草、耳叶水苋、眼子菜、节节菜、萤蔺等多种杂草对二氯喹啉酸、五氟磺草胺、氰氟草酯、噁唑酰草胺、苄嘧磺隆、吡嘧磺隆、双草醚、噁草酮、乙氧氟草醚等多种常用除草剂产生了抗药性。面对日趋严重的水稻田抗药性杂草的危害,对抗药性杂草进行深入系统的研究以达到科学防治的目的显得尤为重要。本文总结了我国水稻田抗药性杂草的抗药性水平、靶标酶抗药性机理、代谢酶抗药性机理和其他抗药性机理,归纳了抗药性杂草的交互抗性、多抗性发生情况以及抗药性治理现状,分析了我们在杂草抗药性研究与治理方面面临的问题。     

嘧菌酯在我国登记情况以及抗性研究现状

嘧菌酯是先正达公司于1997年上市的甲氧基丙烯酸酯类杀菌剂,它具有广谱、高效、安全的特点,自上市以来占有较大的市场份额。随着国外产品专利保护到期,我国掀起一阵注册热潮。但由于其作用为点单一,在使用过程中抗性问题日益严重。本文对嘧菌酯近年来登记情况、抗性发展研究状况、抗性产生机制以及治理措施进行了简要论述。希望为以后嘧菌酯的登记注册以及合理使用提供全面客观的依据。     

西花蓟马抗药性研究进展

西花蓟马是世界范围内蔬菜和花卉上的重要害虫之一,使用化学药剂是防治西花蓟马的主要手段,目前西花蓟马已对有机氯、有机磷、氨基甲酸酯、拟除虫菊酯、阿维菌素和多杀菌素等多种杀虫剂产生了抗药性。本文从抗药性现状、抗性机制和抗性治理等几个方面介绍了国内外有关西花蓟马抗药性的研究进展。     

蔬菜蚜虫抗药性现状及抗性治理策略

蚜虫是为害蔬菜作物的一类重要害虫,如不防治会给蔬菜生产造成重大经济损失。长期以来主要依靠使用农药防治蔬菜蚜虫,但由于化学农药的不合理使用,蔬菜蚜虫对有机磷、拟除虫菊酯、氨基甲酸酯、新烟碱等多种类型的杀虫药剂均产生了不同程度的抗性。本文对常见的蔬菜蚜虫的抗药性现状、抗药性机理以及治理策略进行了论述,以期为该类害虫的可持续控制提供参考。     

Strategies for the prevention of development of pesticide resistance in the UK—lessons for and from the use of herbicides,fungicides and insecticides

Since the 1950s, pesticide resistance has been identified in many species. This paper considers the role of resistance action groups and notes that they were all formed in response to resistance problems occurring. Data now exist on the strategies which are most effective and the paper aims to bring together information from the fields of weeds, pests and diseases. Pesticide mixtures, sequences or rotations have been demonstrated as having a clear role in resistance management strategies. Resistance management would be improved if there was agreement on uniform test methodology and interpretation of results. The industry must work together to agree what constitutes an anti-resistance strategy, whether this is for prevention or cure, and to ensure that this is then included within regulatory frameworks. Future developments such as patch treatment, biotechnology and biocontrol are discussed. It is concluded that, to date, there has been little discussion between specialists in the field of resistance to herbicides, fungicides or insecticides and it is clear there are significant advantages to be had from more interaction. ©1997 SCI     

The role of pendimethalin in the integrated management of propanil-resistant Echinochloa colona in Central America

Pre-emergence activity of pendimethalin on propanil-resistant jungle rice (Echinochloa colona) was demonstrated in glasshouse trials. Both susceptible and resistant populations, collected from Costa Rica, were controlled by 1·25 kg ha^-1, the usual application rate used in the field where Rottboellia cochinchinensis is also a problem. When applied post-emergence, propanil performance was improved by the addition of low doses of pendimethalin to the herbicide mixture. A propanil-resistant selection was controlled by 0·23 kg ha^-1 pendi-methalin+0·54 kg ha^-1 propanil at the one-to-two leaf stage, and 0·23 kg ha^-1 pendimethalin+1·08 kg propanil at the three-to-four leaf stage compared to 1·08 kg and 2·16 kg ha^-1 respectively when propanil was applied alone. This suggests that pendimethalin improves post-emergence control in the field compared to the standard propanil treatment and can provide residual pre-emergence control of late-germinating individuals, so reducing the propanil selection pressure. For effective jungle rice control, growers apply propanil (3·84 kg ha^-1) at 10 and 20 days after planting (DAP) followed by one application of fenoxaprop-P-ethyl (0·045 kg ha^-1) at 35 DAP. Field experiments, conducted in dry-seeded upland rice in southern Costa Rica, demonstrated that under high jungle-rice population pressure, one application of pendimethalin at 1·5 kg ha^-1 provided an effective replacement for propanil, resulting in reduced weed-control costs. ©1997 SCI     

昆虫对双酰胺类杀虫剂抗性机制研究进展

双酰胺类杀虫剂是以昆虫鱼尼丁受体为作用靶标的新型杀虫剂,由于其作用机制独特,对多种鳞翅目害虫具有良好的防治效果而得到广泛应用。但已经有多种害虫的田间种群对该类药剂产生了抗性,甚至导致田间防治失败。本文在综述昆虫对双酰胺类杀虫剂抗性现状的基础上,重点总结了抗性机制方面的最新研究进展,并对今后的研究方向进行了展望,以期为进一步深入研究双酰胺类杀虫剂的抗性机制提供借鉴。     

Evolving understanding of the evolution of herbicide resistance

A greater number of, and more varied, modes of resistance have evolved in weeds than in other pests because the usage of herbicides is far more extensive than the usage of other pesticides, and because weed seed output is so great. The discovery and development of selective herbicides are more problematic than those of insecticides and fungicides, as these must only differentiate between plant and insect or pathogen. Herbicides are typically selective between plants, meaning that before deployment there are already some crops possessing natural herbicide resistance that weeds could evolve. The concepts of the evolution of resistance and the mechanisms of delaying resistance have evolved as nature has continually evolved new types of resistance. Major gene target‐site mutations were the first types to evolve, with initial consideration devoted mainly to them, but slowly ‘creeping’ resistance, gradually accruing increasing levels of resistance, has become a major force owing to an incremental accumulation of genetic changes in weed populations. Weeds have evolved mechanisms unknown even in antibiotic as well as other drug and pesticide resistances. It is even possible that cases of epigenetic ‘remembered’ resistances may have appeared. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

植物耐盐性研究进展

概述了盐胁迫下植物的生理生化反应机理,在此基础上阐述了渗透调节、离子区域化、大分子蛋白、基因表达的调控、保护酶相关基因利用转基因技术转化植物的研究进展,旨在为开展植物耐盐研究、选育耐盐新品种提供参考。     

灰飞虱对杀虫剂抗药性的研究进展

灰飞虱对杀虫剂产生抗药性是其近年来暴发频繁的重要原因。本文综述了国内外关于灰飞虱抗药性的研究成果,包括灰飞虱抗药性的发展、交互抗性、抗性机理、抗性遗传及生物适合度等。田间灰飞虱种群对多种药剂产生了不同程度的抗药性,其中对新烟碱类药剂吡虫啉和昆虫生长调节剂噻嗪酮产生了高水平到极高水平抗性(抗药性倍数分别为44.6～108.8倍和超过200倍),对有机磷类药剂毒死蜱和乙酰甲胺磷(抗药性倍数分别为10～12.6倍和9～13倍)、氨基甲酸酯类药剂甲萘威和残杀威(抗药性倍数分别为29.8～45.3倍和40.1～131.5倍)和拟除虫菊酯类药剂高效氯氰菊酯和溴氰菊酯(抗药性倍数分别为7.8～108.8倍和12～21倍)产生了中等水平到高水平的抗药性,对氟虫腈、阿维菌素和噻虫嗪没有产生抗药性(抗性倍数5倍)。长期大面积使用化学药剂是灰飞虱产生抗药性的重要原因。因此,必须加强灰飞虱的抗性治理,以延缓其抗药性进一步发展。     

植物抗线虫基因与抗性机理研究进展

植物寄生线虫是严重危害农业生产的一类重要病原生物,对全球作物产量造成重大损失.抗线虫基因在植物抗线虫反应中发挥重要作用,发掘抗线虫基因并培育抗线虫品种是防治线虫病害的一条有效途径.抗线虫基因的定位与克隆对解析植物抗线虫性的分子机理做出了巨大贡献,明确线虫与寄主植物之间的互作关系及抗线虫机制,可以为制定和采取更加有效的防控策略提供借鉴.     

植物抗病研究进展与展望

植物在其整个生活史中随时经受多种病原的侵袭,在进化过程中植物发展出多种对抗病原的机制。植物抗病性研究是当前植物病理学研究的热点问题之一。培育具有广谱而持久抗性的植物品种是育种学家追求的目标。目前,关于植物非寄主抗性、抗病基因介导的抗性、microRNA相关的抗性、感病基因的研究以及基因编辑在植物抗病性中的应用等方面已取得了大量新的研究成果。本文就以上几个方面综述了近年来植物抗病研究中的最新进展,并提出今后研究和育种中的应用展望。     

Non-target-site-based resistance to ALS-inhibiting herbicides in six Bromus rigidus populations from Western Australian cropping fields

BACKGROUND: Bromus rigidus is a common weed species that has increased in cropping fields owing to limited control options. During a random field survey in Western Australia, six B. rigidus populations that had survived in‐crop weed control programmes were collected. The study aimed to determine the resistance profile of these six populations. RESULTS: Based on dose–response studies, all six B. rigidus populations had a low‐level resistance to sulfosulfuron and sulfometuron (both sulfonylurea herbicides) while remaining susceptible to herbicides with other modes of action. ALS in vitro activity assays revealed no differences in enzyme sensitivity between susceptible and resistant populations, while the use of malathion (a cytochrome P450 inhibitor) in combination with sulfosulfuron caused the resistant populations to behave like the susceptible population. CONCLUSION: This study established that these six B. rigidus populations have a low‐level resistance to the ALS‐inhibiting sulfonylurea herbicides, but are able to be controlled by other herbicide modes of action. The low‐level, malathion‐reversible resistance, together with a sensitive ALS, strongly suggest that a non‐target‐site enhanced metabolism is the mechanism of resistance. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

美洲斑潜蝇对阿维菌素的抗性筛选和遗传方式

在室内对美洲斑潜蝇进行了阿维菌素的抗性筛选和抗性遗传方式分析.经过1年的筛选,抗性水平从起初的13.05倍提高到36.05倍,遗传分析结果表明,抗性基因位于常染色体上,抗性为不完全显性遗传,受多基因控制.     

A strategy to identify sources of quantitative resistance in pathosystems involving disease escape and physiological resistance: the case study of rice sheath blight

An epidemiology‐based strategy using rice sheath blight (ShB) as a biological model was developed that enables identification of sources of resistance. A set of 163 cultivated rice genotypes, including genotypes which had been reported to express partial resistance to ShB, and a few genotypes reported as very susceptible, were assessed using two complementary methods. First, microfield experiments allowed measurement of disease intensification at, and spread from, inoculated sources, along with morphological traits of each genotype. Secondly, detached tiller tests allowed measurement of the physiological resistance to the disease under conditions where morphology does not come into play. Multivariate analysis involving hierarchical cluster analysis, followed by multiple correspondence analysis, indicated that levels of physiological resistance, groups of plant morphology and disease levels in microfields were associated. Results from logistic regressions further indicated that a decreased number of lesions measured on detached tillers increased the odds of a rice genotype belonging to the group with low disease intensity in microfields. The combined results from microfield and detached tiller tests allowed identification of 23 genotypes with low level of disease intensity, which may be used as sources of resistance to ShB in breeding programmes. The results suggest that this strategy, which combines the crop stand and the individual tiller scales, may be applied to the identification of sources of resistance to a range of diseases with similar life cycle traits.     

我国小麦田禾本科杂草对精噁唑禾草灵的抗药性研究进展

小麦是我国主要的粮食作物, 麦田草害的发生与危害严重影响小麦的产量与品质。我国小麦田的禾本科杂草主要包括日本看麦娘、看麦娘、菵草和多花黑麦草等, 田间杂草防除主要依靠化学除草剂。精噁唑禾草灵自20世纪80年代进入我国市场以来, 长期用于小麦田禾本科杂草防除, 已经报道麦田多种禾本科杂草对精噁唑禾草灵产生了高水平抗药性。为更加科学合理地控制小麦田杂草的发生与危害, 一些学者就麦田禾本科杂草对精噁唑禾草灵的抗药性水平监测和抗性机理进行了系统研究。本文系统总结了我国小麦田抗精噁唑禾草灵杂草的发生种群、抗性水平、靶标酶抗性机理与非靶标抗性机理, 还梳理了抗性杂草的交互抗性与多抗性发生情况, 分析了我国在抗性杂草治理方面的经验以及面临的问题, 为农田杂草防除提供指导。     

我国云南、湖北和山东葡萄产区霜霉病菌对甲霜灵的抗性检测

为明确我国云南省宾川县、湖北省公安县和山东省烟台市葡萄产区霜霉病菌对甲霜灵的抗性发生态势,采用叶盘漂浮法测定了这3个产区共127株葡萄霜霉病菌对甲霜灵的抗性频率及抗性水平。结果显示,不同区域间病菌的抗性频率和抗性水平均存在差异。其中,湖北省公安县霜霉病菌的抗性频率和抗性水平均较高,抗性频率达92.0%,高抗菌株占76.0%,低抗菌株占16.0%,敏感菌株占8.0%;山东省烟台市霜霉病菌的抗性频率为74.0%,低抗菌株占64.0%,高抗菌株占10.0%,敏感菌株占26.0%;云南省宾川县霜霉病菌的抗性频率和抗性水平均较低,抗性频率为29.6%,敏感菌株占70.4%,低抗菌株占29.6%,无高抗菌株。