The potential efficiency of irrigation management and propargyl bromide in controlling three soil pests: Tylenchulus semipenetrans, Fusarium oxysporum and Echinochloa crus-galli

Propargyl bromide (3-bromopropyne, 3BP) is a potential alternative for methyl bromide. Little information is available about its efficiency in controlling pests. The purpose of this paper is to estimate the 3BP dose required for killing three pests and to compare the efficiency of water management approaches to that of fumigation. The pests, Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht (fungus), Echinochloa crus-galli (L) Beauv (grass) and Tylenchulus semipenetrans Cobb (nematode) were exposed to different 3BP concentrations in a sandy loam at 30 degrees C in a closed system. The lethal dose for killing 90% of the population (LD90) was calculated from the total applied mass, and varied from 0.3 microg g(-1) soil for the nematode, 3 microg g(-1) for the grass, and 9 microg g(-1) for the fungus. The concentration-time index for killing 90% of the population (CT90) was 11 microg g(-1) h for the nematode, 112 microg g(-1) h for the grass and 345 microg g(-1) h for the fungus. 3BP seems as efficient as other fumigant alternatives in controlling these pests. Using an open system, it was shown that the volume of soil in which the pests were controlled varied for different irrigation managements. Even 96 h after fumigation (with a concentration 10 times higher than would potentially be applied in the field), more than 20% of the soil volume had not reached the fungus and grass CT90 of the non-irrigated soil. The soil underneath the furrow and the bed reached CT90 only slowly in all irrigated treatments even though techniques for increasing efficiency were used (tarping, surface sealing with water and high application rate).     

海南单柄蛛毒素杀虫肽HNTXa的分离与性质分析

为了从海南单柄蛛Ornithoctonus hainana毒素中获得对哺乳动物无毒而对昆虫有毒杀作用的单一蛋白组分,应用反相层析和阳离子交换对海南单柄蛛粗毒素进行分离纯化。分别通过胸腔注射、腹腔注射和饲喂的方法测定各毒素组分对蟋蟀、小鼠和棉铃虫的毒性作用,并采用改进的寇式法计算LD50。分离得到一种新的杀虫肽,命名为海南单柄蛛毒素a(Hainana toxica,HNTXa),聚丙烯酰胺等点聚焦电泳(IEF-PAGE)分析其等电点为8.15～8.45。杀虫肽HNTXa对棉铃虫和蟋蟀有较强的抑制作用。棉铃虫经饲喂浸沾HNTXa的棉花叶片72h后,死亡率超过30%;HNTXa对蟋蟀的LD50值为58μg/g,LD50的95%置信区间为55～62μg/g;HNTXa对哺乳动物小鼠无明显毒性。     

Toxicity of dimethoate and fenoxycarb to honey bee brood (Apis mellifera), using a new in vitro standardized feeding method

A new in vitro method was devised to assess the effects of pesticides on honey bee brood. The method allowed the quantification of doses ingested by larvae and the assessment of larval and pupal mortality. Larval mortality in control samples was lower than 10%. Two active substances were tested: dimethoate and fenoxycarb. The LD(50) of dimethoate was 1.9 microg larva(-1) 48 h after oral exposure of larvae at day 4. Additional dose-related effects on pupal mortality were noted. After a chronic intoxication, the NOAEC (No Observed Adverse Effect Concentration) for larval mortality at day 7 was 2.5 mg kg(-1), whereas a NOAEC of 5 mg kg(-1) was found at day 22 for delayed effects on the reduction of adult emergence. Fenoxycarb applied at day 4 showed no effect on larvae, whereas emergence of adults was affected at doses higher than 6 ng larva(-1).     

Comparative biological activities of a plaque-purified variant and a Turkish native isolate of SpliNPV-B against Spodoptera littoralis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

The noctuid moth Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval) is an important pest of many cultivated plants worldwide and five different geographical Nucleopolyhedrovirus (NPV) strains of this pest have been isolated to date. Two of these, a plaque-purified variant of the S. littoralis NPV from Morocco (SpliNPV-M2) and a SpliNPV isolated from field-infected S. littoralis larvae found in Turkey (SpliNPV-TR1), were compared biologically in terms of infectiveness (median lethal dose, LD50) for third instars and in terms of virulence (median lethal time, LT50) for neonates and third-instar S. littoralis larvae. The LD50 values of SpliNPV-TR1 and SpliNPV-M2 were 20.73 and 185.21 occlusion bodies (OBs)/larva, respectively, with non-overlapping confidence limits indicating they were significantly different. Thus, SpliNPV-M2 was found to be significantly less infective (about nine times higher LD50) than SpliNPV-TR1. The LT50 values of neonates for SpliNPV-M2 and SpliNPV-TR1 were 37 and 43.9 h at a concentration of 10(6) OBs ml(-1), respectively. For these same isolates, the LT50 values at a concentration of 3 x 10(6) OBs ml(-1) were calculated as 35.6 and 41.7 h, respectively. The LT(50) values of third instars for SpliNPV-M2 and SpliNPV-TR1 were 147.4 and 160.5 h, respectively, at a dose of 3000 OBs/larva and 145.4 and 152.4 h, respectively, for the same isolates at a dose of 20,000 OBs/larva. On the other hand, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) and Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) revealed a lack of lethality of the SpliNPV-TR1 isolate.     

Resistance of Rotala indica Koehne var. uliginosa Koehne to sulfonylurea herbicides

The present paper aims to quantify the degree of resistance development in Rotala indica Koehne var. uliginosa Koehne to sulfonylurea (SU) herbicides based on whole plant responses. Seeds of resistant (from Omagari City, Akita Prefecture, Japan) and susceptible (from Tsukuba City, Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan) R. indica plants were seeded in 200 cm² pots. The plants, at the 1.5 leaf stage, were blanket-applied with different rates of three sulfonylurea herbicides: bensulfuron methyl (BSM), pyrazosulfuron ethyl (PSE) and imazosulfuron (ISN). Of the three herbicides, the weed appears to have developed the highest degree of resistance to BSM. The resistant/susceptible (R/S) values based on mortality, root length and dry weight are consistently highest at 197, 157 and 101, respectively. Responses based on shoot length, however, showed a higher R/S value for PSE. Roots of R. indica are more sensitive to higher rates of SU herbicides than the shoots. Indeed, a high degree of resistance to SU herbicides have evolved in R. indica , for which the recommended field rates are not enough for effective control of the weed.     

几种虫生真菌对枸杞负泥虫的致病性及应用

室内用浸溃接种法测定了2种不同寄主来源的球孢白僵菌(Beauveria bassiana)2菌株和金龟子绿僵菌(Metarhizium anisopliae)1菌株对枸杞负泥虫的毒力.结果表明,3种菌株对枸杞负泥虫均具有毒杀作用.绿僵菌IPPCKAS2029菌株表现了较高的毒力,对2龄幼虫的致死中时(LT50)4.39 d,校正死亡率为100%;对成虫的致病力低于幼虫,致死中时(LT50)10.65 d,校正死亡率73.8%.球孢白僵菌FW-05、Z-28两菌株的毒力弱于前者,对2龄幼虫的致死中时(LT50)分别为6.85 d和7.78 d,校正死亡率分别为86.5%和82.7%;对成虫的致死中时(LT50)分别为16.18 d和18.92 d,校正死亡率分别为61.9%和55.6%.     

黄绿绿僵菌KM1104对灰飞虱的毒力

为了筛选防治灰飞虱的高毒力生防真菌菌株及明确黄绿绿僵菌对灰飞虱的侵染致病温度条件,室内测定了黄绿绿僵菌KM1104菌株在24~30℃下对灰飞虱成虫及3龄若虫的毒力。结果表明:黄绿绿僵菌菌株KM1104对灰飞虱成虫和3龄若虫均具有较强的毒力,其中对成虫的毒力高于3龄若虫,在24~30℃下对成虫和3龄若虫的LC50分别为1.45×103~7.14×104和7.25×103~3.69×105孢子/mL,致死中时LT50分别为3.02~11.53d和6.85~11.58d。不同温度下黄绿绿僵菌KM1104菌株对灰飞虱的毒力不同,其中30℃下毒力最强,对成虫和3龄若虫的致死中浓度LC50分别为1.45×103和7.25×103孢子/mL,接种1.01×105~1.01×108孢子/mL后对成虫和3龄若虫的致死中时LT50分别为3.02~6.86d和6.85~9.35d。综合以上结果,黄绿绿僵菌菌株KM1104具有良好的灰飞虱生防制剂开发潜力,且在30℃下使用致病力最强。     

新疆阿勒泰地区近50年来极端气温与降水变化

利用新疆阿勒泰地区六个气象代表站点1961～2008年的观测资料,研究了近50年来阿勒泰地区的极端气温与极端降水量的变化。结果表明：阿勒泰地区近50年以来极端最高与最低气温、月与年最大日降水量、年降水强度、冬与夏季降水强度及大雨和暴雨和热月都呈上升的趋势,冷月呈下降的趋势。其中平均极端最低气温60年代最低,80年代开始...     

昆虫病原线虫JLSY 003的鉴定及其生物学特性测定

经28S rDNA和ITS序列分析,从吉林省松原市土样中分离到的昆虫病原线虫JLSY 003为Oscheius myriophila品系.本研究以大蜡螟末龄幼虫为寄主,测定该线虫的生物学特性.结果表明,JLSY 003浓度为80IJs/larva时具有较高的侵染力,致死中时间LT50为15.409 h,侵染24、48h...     

短时极端高温对亚洲玉米螟卵、初孵幼虫和成虫的影响

为探明短时极端高温对亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis(Guenée)的影响,采用耐热能力测定方法,研究了亚洲玉米螟经6 h高温处理后的半数致死温度(LT50)、存活率以及不同高温下的半数致死时间(Lt50)。结果表明,经6 h高温处理后,亚洲玉米螟卵、初孵幼虫和成虫的LT50分别为40.24~40.44、38.59和42.84~44.54℃;当卵、初孵幼虫、1日龄和3日龄成虫分别在37、35、41和37℃时,其存活率与对照均无显著差异,而分别在39、37、43和39℃时,其存活率显著低于对照,卵、初孵幼虫、1日龄和3日龄成虫的短时高温阈值分别为37~39、35~37、41~43和37~39℃;当温度高于高温阈值时,卵、初孵幼虫和成虫的Lt50分别为0.38~6.31、0.22~8.35和3.80~24.15h,且雄成虫的Lt50小于雌成虫。研究表明,短时极端高温对亚洲玉米螟的存活率具有显著影响。     

蜡蚧轮枝菌对月季长管蚜的毒力测定

研究结果表明蜡蚧轮枝菌对月季长管蚜有较强的致病性,孢子浓度2.0×105个/mL时可造成大量月季长管蚜感染死亡,其LT50=（6.62±0.14）d; 而高浓度2.0×108个/mL对月季长管蚜感染致死的LT50=（4.69±0.16）d,第8天的死亡率达93.6%,致死中时随浓度增加而缩短。第5天的致死中浓度为（1.72±0.18）×107个/mL,第8天为（1.53±0.15）×104个/mL,致死中浓度随时间增加而减小。     

50％多·锰锌可湿性粉剂防治苹果主要病害的应用技术研究

50%多·锰锌可湿性粉剂500、600、700倍液室内对苹果轮纹病、炭疽病菌菌丝生长及孢子萌发的抑制效果均为100% ,对斑点落叶病菌菌丝生长及孢子萌发的抑制效果在70.21%以上优于单剂代森锰锌、多菌灵的效果 ;其对上述3种病菌的抑制中量 (EC50)小于单剂 ,共毒系数均>200,增效显著。田间对斑点落叶病和褐斑病的防效在81.12%以上 ,显著优于单剂 ,对轮纹病、炭疽病生长期及贮藏期的防治效果分别为97%～99.2%、70.9%～87.6%和87.1%～95.5%、50.5%～86.2% ,优于单剂代森锰锌的效果 ,优于或相当于多菌灵的效果。     

感染星天牛幼虫高致病力金龟子绿僵菌菌株的筛选

室内测定了6株金龟子绿僵菌菌株的菌落生长速率、产孢量及其对星天牛幼虫的致病力。结果表明：不同菌株生长速率和产孢量存在显著差异,在PPDA培养基上,菌株MaYTTR04和MaZPTR01的菌落生长较快,培养15 d后,菌落直径分别为6.3 cm和5.9 cm;产孢量以菌株MaYTTR04最大,MaZPTR01其次,分别为2.0×10^8孢子·cm^-2和1.1×10^8孢子·cm^-2,显著高于其他菌株。生物测定结果表明,不同绿僵菌菌株对星天牛幼虫的致病力差异显著,接种20 d后,星天牛幼虫累积死亡率在40%～96.7%之间;菌株MaZPTR01和MaYTTR04对星天牛幼虫致死率分别达到96.7%和93.3%;僵虫率也高,分别达到86.7%和80%;致死中时（LT50）短,分别为5.71 d和5.80 d。研究结果表明,菌株MaZPTR01和MaYTTR04对星天牛幼虫致病力较强,同时具备良好的生产性能,故可作为优良菌株用于星天牛的防治。     

Toxicity and neurophysiological effects of selected insecticides on the mole cricket, Scapteriscus vicinus (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae)

Mole crickets (Scapteriscus spp.) are severe subterranean pests of turfgrasses, commonly targeted with neurotoxic insecticides. Ideally insecticides used against mole crickets should induce quick knockdown or mortality to minimize damage caused by their tunneling. However, neurophysiological effects of insecticides on mole crickets are mostly unknown. The aims of this study were to investigate neurophysiological and toxic effects of several insecticides on tawny mole cricket (Scapteriscus vicinus Scudder) adults and nymphs, and potential synergy between pyrethroid and neonicotinoid insecticides. Bifenthrin, fipronil, and the combination of bifenthrin + imidacloprid provided the fastest median mortality when injected. The combination of bifenthrin + imidacloprid elicited faster toxicity than either active ingredient alone. Imidacloprid, bifenthrin, and bifenthrin + imidacloprid caused immediate knockdown, whereas fipronil immobilized mole crickets within 1-2 h. Acephate, bifenthrin, fipronil, imidacloprid, and bifenthrin + imidacloprid caused significant neuroexcitation. Bifenthrin + imidacloprid resulted in greater increases of spontaneous neural activity than the additive effects of imidacloprid and bifenthrin alone. Excitatory compounds acting at sodium and chloride channels (bifenthrin and fipronil) were the most toxic against S. vicinus. Combining a sodium channel toxin (bifenthrin) and a synaptic toxin (imidacloprid) led to greater than additive neurophysiological and toxic effects, which to our knowledge provides the first documented evidence of synergistic neurological “potentiation”.     

Identification of potential vectors of the coconut lethal disease phytoplasma

Lethal disease (LD) is a lethal yellowing-type disease of coconuts associated with phytoplasmas in Tanzania, but the insect vector for it has not yet been identified. In this study, the auchenorrynchous insects in LD-infected coconut fields were surveyed to determine potential vectors for the disease. No significant correlation was found between disease incidence and numbers of insects collected from the field, possibly reflecting the unknown incubation period for the disease. However, analysis of more than 5000 individual insects by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), using LD-specific primers derived from the phytoplasma 16S rRNA gene, revealed PCR products of the correct size from eight individuals of Diastrombus mkurangai and four of Meenoplus spp. When digested with restriction endonucleases, fragments of the same size as the LD phytoplasma were obtained. No PCR products were detected in any of the other insect species tested. These results implicate D. mkurangai and Meenoplus spp. as probable vectors of the LD phytoplasma.     

91种农药制剂对家蚕的急性毒性研究

为评价农药对家蚕的环境安全性,作者采用毒叶饲喂法在室内测定了91种农药对家蚕(Bombyx mori L.)的急性毒性,并根据其毒性范围进行分级,结果表明:有30种药剂的LC50<0.5mg/kg桑叶,属于剧毒级,包括甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐、阿维菌素、高效氯氰菊酯、联苯菊酯、虫酰肼、三唑磷等;有15种药剂的LC50为0.5～20mg/kg桑叶,属于高毒级,如丁硫克百威、虫螨腈、杀铃脲、氟虫腈、噻嗪酮、高渗氯胺磷、敌百虫;19种药剂的LC50为20～200mg/kg桑叶,属于中等毒级;27种药剂的LC50>200mg/kg桑叶,属于低毒级。     

几种常用杀虫剂对异色瓢虫的敏感性测定

在实验室及田间罩笼条件下，进行了异色瓢虫对8种杀虫剂的敏感性测定。结果显示：8种供试药剂对异色瓢虫幼虫的毒性（LC50值）差异很大，矿物油类药剂敢死虫对异色瓢虫最安全，其LC5。值高于其田间常用有效剂量；苦参素植物保护剂、吡虫啉、阿维菌素对异色瓢虫成虫的LC50值也高于各自的田间使用剂量，但对幼虫的LC50值却介于推荐的田间有效剂量与高限剂量之间，对瓢虫幼虫安全有一定威胁。     

三种不同来源胆碱酯酶用于农药残留快速检测的比较

本实验以罗非鱼肌肉胆碱酯酶、Sigma C2888乙酰胆碱酯酶及商品化农药残留检测试剂盒为检测酶,使用酶抑制法进行检测,比较了12种不同浓度农药对这三种酶酶活力抑制情况。结果表明,9种有机磷杀虫剂和3种氨基甲酸酯类杀虫剂对罗非鱼肌肉胆碱酯酶都有较强的抑制作用,IC50值均10×10-6μg/m L。敌敌畏对胆碱酯酶的抑制作用最强,其IC50值为0.031×10-6μg/m L;灭多威的抑制能力最弱,IC50值为50.91×10-6μg/m L。8种农药(丁硫克百威、敌敌畏、辛硫磷、对硫磷、甲胺磷、乐果、马拉硫磷、甲基异柳磷)对罗非鱼肌肉胆碱酯酶的抑制作用Sigma C2888,检测试剂盒ACh E对7种农药(呋喃丹、灭多威、辛硫磷、对硫磷、甲胺磷、马拉硫磷、敌百虫)的灵敏度高于Sigma C2888。与罗非鱼肌肉胆碱酯酶比较,呋喃丹、灭多威、辛硫磷、甲胺磷、敌百虫对检测试剂盒胆碱酯酶的抑制更强。