Dry cultivation enhances cadmium solubility in contaminated soils but minimizes cadmium accumulation in a leafy vegetable

Purpose

Water management has a strong influence on Cd solubility in agricultural soils, affecting Cd uptake in crops. In the process, sulfur interaction with other metals such as zinc may play an important role. A pot experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of water management coupled with zinc and sulfate amendment on Cd uptake by the leafy vegetable amaranth with a strong Cd accumulation tendency in its edible parts.

Materials and methods

The soils were amended with Cd, Cd+SO₄ and Cd+SO₄+Zn with no amendment as control. Then, the soils were flooded for 1 month, after which amaranth was grown with soil kept saturated (wet cultivation). In the succeeding planting, soils were tilled to aeration condition under which amaranth was grown again (dry cultivation). Soil and crop samples were collected and analysed for various parameters.

Results and discussion

The readily exchangeable quantities of Cd and Zn in the soil decreased under wet cultivation, increasing again under dry cultivation but to levels lower than those in the initial soil. Wet cultivation enhanced plant Cd concentration but reduced Zn accumulation compared to dry cultivation. Zn bioavailability was strongly affected by soil water status but failed to reduce Cd uptake by amaranth. Irreversible or slowly reversible changes occurred in Cd and Zn solubility and phytoavailability as soil water-saturated status was altered by periodic flooding events.

Conclusions

Dry cultivation with lower soil water content ensured high production with low Cd in the edible part of this leaf vegetable and so remains the recommended irrigation regime.

     

南方典型设施蔬菜生产系统镉和汞累积的健康风险

选取南京市典型设施蔬菜生产系统为研究对象,研究了设施土壤-蔬菜系统中镉和汞的累积特征,评价了不同类型蔬菜中镉和汞的暴露风险,提出了基于健康风险的设施菜地土壤镉和汞的环境质量基准。结果表明:(1)设施菜地表层土壤中镉和汞产生了明显累积,且土壤汞的平均含量超过了温室蔬菜产地环境质量评价标准;(2)叶菜类蔬菜对镉和汞的富集能力最强,部分叶菜中的镉和汞含量超过了食品中污染物限量标准;(3)研究区有约21.2%的蔬菜具有镉的潜在人体摄入风险,蔬菜中汞的风险概率约为1%,不同蔬菜镉和汞的人体摄入风险排序为叶菜根茎茄果;(4)不同蔬菜类型土壤镉和汞的环境质量基准值差异较大,因此在今后的标准修订时可考虑针对不同蔬菜类型分别制定设施菜地土壤重金属环境质量基准。     

Phosphorus accumulation and leaching risk of greenhouse vegetable soils in Southeast China

Over-fertilization has caused significant phosphorus(P) accumulation in Chinese greenhouse vegetable production(GVP) soils. This study, for the first time, quantified profile P accumulation directly from soil P measurements, as well as subsoil P immobilization, in three alkaline coarse-textured GVP soil profiles with 5(S5), 15(S15), and 30(S30) years of cultivation in Tongshan, Southeast China. For each profile, soil samples were collected at depths of 0–10(topsoil), 10–20, 20–40, 40–60, 60–80, and 80–100 cm. Phosphorus accumulation was estimated from the difference in P contents between topsoil and parent material(60–100 cm subsoil). Phosphorus mobility was assessed from measurements of water-soluble P concentration(PSol). Finally, P sorption isotherms were produced using a batch sorption experiment and fitted using a modified Langmuir model. High total P contents of 1 980(S5), 3 190(S15), and 2 330(S30) mg kg~(-1) were measured in the topsoils versus lower total P content of approximately 600 mg kg~(-1) in the 80–100 cm subsoils. Likewise, topsoil PSol values were very high, varying from 6.4 to 17.0 mg L~(-1). The estimated annual P accumulations in the topsoils were 397(S5), 212(S15), and 78(S30) kg ha~(-1) year~(-1). Sorption isotherms demonstrated the dominance of P desorption in highly P-saturated topsoils, whereas the amount of adsorbed P increased in the 80–100 cm subsoils with slightly larger P adsorption capacity. The total P adsorption capacity of the 80–100 cm subsoils at a solution P concentration of0.5 mg L~(-1) was 15.7(S5), 8.7(S15), and 6.5(S30) kg ha~(-1), demonstrating that subsoils were unable to secure P concentrations in leaching water below 0.5 mg L~(-1) because of their insufficient P-binding capacity.     

生物有机类复合调理剂在设施叶菜障碍土壤上的应用效果

针对设施叶菜土壤次生盐渍化和酸化严重,研制生物有机类复合调理剂,并从改良土壤综合性状方面探明其改良机制,为研制生物有机类复合调理剂及其在设施障碍土壤中的应用提供技术支撑和科学依据。以植物源有机肥、生物炭和耐酸耐盐功能微生物为原料研制生物有机类复合调理剂1和调理剂2,市场购买生物有机类调理剂3,并以化肥处理为常规对照,在苏南苋菜和鸡毛菜大棚中进行小区试验。调理剂1和调理剂2降低了土壤铵态氮和硝态氮含量,降低了电导率7.2%～12.9%,并显著增加了产量11.7%～24.5%。调理剂3增加了土壤有效磷和速效钾含量,显著增加电导率9.8%～20.8%,降低了土壤pH值,增加1.8%苋菜产量,但减少3.0%鸡毛菜产量。土壤生物学性状方面,调理剂1和调理剂2能显著增加土壤酶活性和有益微生物数量及微生物活性和多样性,并增加7.8%～30.2%土壤细菌数量,减少8.0%～45.2%土壤真菌数量。调理剂3则对土壤酶活性和微生物数量影响不显著,但降低了微生物活性和多样性。统计分析显示,对于高养分酸化设施叶菜土壤,高生物活性调理剂1和调理剂2主要通过降低盐分含量和改善土壤生物学性状有效缓解连作障碍,进而达到增产。在盐渍化和养分过度积累的设施障碍土壤中,应施用养分适宜、生物活性高的有机类土壤调理剂。     

设施蔬菜收获切割影响因素优化试验

为实现设施蔬菜收获机在收获过程中具有最佳的收获效果,该文设计了SHQG-I型设施蔬菜收获切割试验平台,该试验平台可对各个因素有效工作范围进行调整,采用响应曲面试验法对收获过程中刀具切割蔬菜茎部的切割综合影响因素进行优化。该文以奶油生菜为研究对象,根据奶油生菜的生长状况及种植情况,对收获切割的过程进行了分析,选取设施蔬菜的切割部位、切割方式、切削速度、削切角度、夹持距离、夹持角度6个参数作为影响因素,切割力大小作为试验指标,设计了SHQG-I型设施蔬菜收获切割试验平台。利用响应曲面试验法进行了试验,并利用Design-expert软件对试验结果进行分析,确定最优的工作参数:切削速度675 mm/s,削切角度4.85°,夹持距离98.5 mm,夹持角度64.5°。最终确定最优参数下的理论切割力为17.9 N,实际切割力为17.4 N,保证了收获成功率100%的情况下,有效降低了收获过程中切割力3~8 N/棵。该研究结果将用于温室蔬菜收获机的改进,同时对设施蔬菜收获提供参考。     

设施蔬菜生产系统重金属积累特征及生态效应

研究土壤重金属的空间变异特征,可以揭示人为活动对土壤中重金属积累特征的影响,进而为土壤利用、污染风险评价提供重要的基础资料.选取南京市郊区一处典型的设施蔬菜生产系统为研究对象,测定了土壤、灌溉用水、肥料、蔬菜等介质中重金属砷(As)、镉(Cd)、铜(Cu)、汞(Hg)、铅(Pb)、锌(Zn)含量,研究了土壤中重金属的空间变异及积累特征,分析了积累产生的原因,讨论了系统中作物的重金属积累效应.结果表明:(1)与露天蔬菜地相比,设施蔬菜地土壤重金属Cu、Hg、Pb、Zn均产生明显的累积,且土壤中Cu、Hg、Pb平均含量超过温室蔬菜产地环境质量评价标准.(2)农用投入品的大量输入对土壤性质的空间变异产生了明显影响,而土壤Cu、Hg、Pb、Zn也呈现与之一致的空间变异特征,且这些元素与土壤性质存在显著相关性.(3)土壤性质的变化和重金属的积累对叶菜类作物重金属吸收影响较大,且前者更为重要.     

日光温室无污染蔬菜生产定位试验研究

对日光温室蔬菜生产连续进行4年10茬的无污染定位试验,其中处理基肥施用EM堆肥,追肥则减少N肥施用量,病虫防治以生物农药为主,且在病虫无法控制情况下选用少量化学农药,对照采用常规施肥与施药方法,试验结果表明,土壤有机质含量提高了0．14％－0．4％,化肥用量降低50％,农药用量降低30％,产量提高了5％－10％,产值提高1％－6％。     

氮肥对黄土高原大棚蔬菜及土壤硝酸盐累积的影响

通过对黄土高原大棚蔬菜不同施肥水平及采收期试验,研究了氮肥施用量对蔬菜产量、品质以及土壤硝酸盐积累的影响.结果表明:在土壤氮素水平较低情况下,随氮肥施用量的增加蔬菜产量随之提高,当黄瓜施用量达300kg·hm-2、芹菜施用量达400kg·hm-2时,其产量分别较对照提高16.7%和37.5%,而菜体中硝态氮含量与对照差异不大;但当施用量超过500kg·hm-2及600kg·hm-2时,会使黄瓜、芹菜产量逐渐下降同时导致蔬菜及土壤中硝态氮含量迅速增高,使蔬菜达到高污染水平.施肥后随时间的推移,蔬菜中的硝酸盐含量逐渐降低,在中等施肥条件下30d后可达到食用水平.黄土高原土壤氮素淋溶强烈,在氮肥施用后15d,50cm左右土层中硝态氮累积量最多形成峰值,且随时间的推移其峰值有逐渐向下移动的趋势.本实验证实:适量氮肥有利于蔬菜生长,还可有效减少氮素污染,在黄土高原大棚蔬菜生产中氮肥最佳用量为400～500kg·hm-2,同时应严格控制采收时间,在蔬菜采食前30d内不能施用氮肥.     

我国北方典型日光温室蔬菜生产系统土壤重金属积累趋势

本文以山东省寿光市日光温室蔬菜生产系统为例,研究了As、Cd、Cu、Hg、Pb和Zn等重金属元素在土壤中的积累趋势。结果表明：有机肥中Cu、Zn元素含量较高,而无机肥中Cd、Zn元素含量较高,但所有元素均未超过目前的相关标准。表层土壤中上述元素的平均含量均未超出《温室蔬菜产地环境质量评价标准》(HJ333-2006)相应的标准限值,但Cd平均含量已接近评价标准。除了As和Pb元素外,表层土壤中Cd、Cu、Hg和Zn的含量随着种植年限的增长而增加,出现积累。在目前的重金属积累状况下,主要蔬菜可食部分的重金属含量明显低于中国食品污染物限量标准,处于安全级别。由于蔬菜生产最初均是在底层土壤上开始的,加之封闭的生产环境,表明土壤中重金属主要来自各种农用投入品的输入,而各种肥料的高量输入是其积累的主要原因。今后对该地区设施蔬菜生产的环境管理,除了制定更严格的肥料重金属含量标准外,更重要的是要严格控制各种肥料的施用量,这样既可降低系统养分过量盈余,又可控制土壤重金属的积累。     

轮作对设施蔬菜大棚中次生盐渍化土壤盐分离子累积的影响

2007 年8 月在江苏省宜兴市采集10 个典型大棚土壤及其邻近露地蔬菜地土壤调查其离子组成和电导率, 并选择2 个土壤具有次生盐渍化特征的大棚研究轮作(蓖麻-白菜-蓖麻、辣椒-白菜-辣椒)对土壤电导率(EC)和离子组成的影响。结果表明, 大棚蔬菜地土壤EC 显著高于露地蔬菜地土壤, 20%的大棚土壤已发生次生盐渍化(EC>500 μS·cm^-1); 大棚土壤的SO₄^2-、NO₃^-离子浓度显著高于露地蔬菜土壤, 说明SO₄^2-、NO₃^-是影响大棚次生盐渍化的主要离子。2 年3 茬大棚蔬菜地轮作试验结果表明, 蓖麻-白菜-蓖麻轮作导致土壤EC 下降5%, 辣椒-白菜-辣椒轮作使土壤EC 下降33%, 表明后者对土壤次生盐渍化改良效果优于前者。两轮作系统盐分离子累积差异主要在于SO₄^2-, 辣椒-白菜-辣椒轮作能降低土壤SO₄^2-的累积, 而蓖麻-白菜-蓖麻轮作则不然。建议根据次生盐渍化土壤主控盐分离子以及不同作物对盐分离子吸收累积偏向性选择合适的轮作系统, 实现轮作改良次生盐渍化最佳效果。     

沼肥替代化肥对设施蔬菜产量和土壤养分及重金属累积的影响

针对盲目施用沼肥可能带来的土壤环境问题,该研究采用5年8茬的设施番茄-甜椒田间轮作试验,研究不同沼肥和化肥配比对蔬菜产量、设施土壤氮磷养分及重金属累积的影响.结果表明:在等氮钾养分投入下,沼肥和化肥以不同比例配施的各处理没有影响蔬菜产量;氮素盈余和0~180cm土层土壤全氮含量随沼肥施用比例增加没有显著差异;磷素盈余随沼肥施用比例增加显著增加,完全沼肥处理0~30cm土层土壤Olsen-P及CaCl2-P含量分别达到151和8.0mg/kg,高于其他2个处理,且明显超出环境阈值.与完全沼肥处理相比,减量沼肥施用(3/5沼肥处理)明显降低了土壤氮素淋洗风险和磷素累积.与不施肥处理相比,施用沼肥后30~60、60~90、150~180cm土层土壤全Hg含量均低于不施肥处理;除30~60cm土层使用沼肥处理土壤中全As含量显著高于不施肥处理,其他土层各处理间均没有显著差异,而完全沼肥处理全Cr、全Cd、全Pb含量有所下降,且全Pb含量下降最为显著,但均没有出现重金属污染风险.沼肥替代化肥施用可有效实现废弃物中的养分资源循环利用,但增加菜田土壤磷素累积和淋失风险,本研究为设施菜田合理施用沼肥提供技术支持,为实现沼肥资源的循环利用和化肥替代模式提供理论参考.     

设施菜地土壤氮素运移及淋溶损失模拟评价

设施菜地因大水大肥管理方式导致的氮素淋失已成为当前关注焦点。探寻氮素淋失阻控技术需要首先探明土壤中NO_3~--N的运移和淋失过程,找到淋失阻控的关键点,从而实现蔬菜栽培高产量低环境成本。本研究以京郊设施菜地黄瓜-番茄轮作系统为研究对象,通过田间试验获取土壤温度、湿度、NO_3~--N含量等数据,对反硝化-分解(DNDC)模型进行参数校验,并以农民常规种植模式为基线情景,设置改变土壤基础性质、灌溉量、施氮量等不同情景,运用DNDC模型对设施菜地系统土壤氮素运移及淋溶损失进行定量评价。结果表明:经验证后的DNDC模型能够较好地模拟蔬菜产量、5 cm土壤温度和0～20 cm土壤孔隙含水率变化以及NO_3~--N的迁移过程,是模拟和评价氮素运移和损失的有效工具。模拟不同情景表明,设施菜地0～60 cm土壤NO_3~--N累积主要受灌溉水量和氮肥施入量的影响,此外土壤pH和土壤有机碳的变化也是影响NO_3~--N运移的重要因子。节水节肥是设施菜地氮素淋失减量的最有效方法,相比常规措施,同时减少20%灌溉量和20%施氮量可明显降低59.04%的NO_3~--N淋失量。同时,在节水节肥的基础上改变灌溉方式并提高20%土壤有机碳含量,在保证蔬菜产量的前提下,能够进一步降低69.04%的NO_3~--N淋失量。可见, DNDC模型为设施菜地NO_3~--N淋失评价和阻控提供了一个较好的解决方案。在当前重点关注减氮节水等管理措施的同时,提高土壤本身的质量,不失为一种更有效的减少设施菜地氮素淋失的途径。     

中国南方大棚蔬菜地氮平衡与损失

High rates of fertilizer nitrogen (N) are applied in greenhouse vegetable fields in southeastern China to maximize production;however,the N budgets of such intensive vegetable production remain to be explored.The goal of this study was to determine the annual N balance and loss in a greenhouse vegetable system of annual rotation of tomato,cucumber,and celery at five N (urea) application rates (0,348,522,696,and 870 kg N ha-1 year-1).Total N input to the 0-50 cm soil layer ranged from 531 to 1 053 kg ha-1,and N fertilizer was the main N source,accounting for 66%-83% of the total annual N input.In comparison,irrigation water,wet deposition,and seeds in total accounted for less than 1% of the total N input.The fertilizer N use efficiency was only 18% under the conventional application rate of 870 kg N ha-1 and decreased as the application rate increased from 522 to 870 kg N ha-1.Apparent N losses were 196-201 kg N ha-1,of which 71%-86% was lost by leaching at the application rates of 522-870 kg N ha-1.Thus,leaching was the primary N loss pathway at high N application rates and the amount of N leached was proportional to the N applied during the cucumber season.Moreover,dissolved organic N accounted for 10% of the leached N,whereas NH3 volatilization only contributed 0.1%-0.6% of the apparent N losses under the five N application rates in this greenhouse vegetable system.     

Inter- and intraspecific functional variability of tropical arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi isolates colonizing corn plants

For a single plant species under the same environmental conditions, the interaction with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and their contribution to plant growth varies among AMF isolates, with both inter and intraspecific variability. The present study evaluated the functional variability of 41 isolates of 20 species and eight genera of AMF for root colonization, growth promotion, and P uptake of corn and observed the relationship of this functional variability with the isolates genetic variability revealed by PCR-RFLP analysis. All the isolates abundantly colonized the corn roots, but only 23 promoted higher shoot dry mass and P leaf content. The cluster analysis based on functional variability data separated the isolates Acaulospora morrowiae (Am2), Acaulospora sp. (Aca), A. colombiana (Ac3, Ac4, and Ac5), Gigaspora albida (Gia1), Gi. margarita (Gim4 and Gim5), Gi. rosea (Gir), Rhizophagus clarus (Rc2, Rc3, Rc4, Rc5, and Rc6), Claroideoglomus etunicatum (Ce4), R. manihotis (Rm), Scutellospora calospora (Sc), S. heterogama (Sh2, Sh3, Sh4, and Sh5) and S. pellucida (Sp3) from the others at the distance of 80% functional similarity. These were considered efficient in promoting functional symbiosis in corn while the other isolates were considered inefficient. The cluster analysis obtained by the PCR-RFLP technique was partly coherent with the species classification based on spore morphology. The isolates of R. clarus fell into one cluster and the isolates of the Gigaspora and Scutellospora genera (Gigasporaceae family) were clustered in a second cluster, without the ability to separate the species of these genera.     

攀西地区某蔬菜生产基地土壤镉污染评价及其对蔬菜安全性的影响

为探索四川省攀西地区某蔬菜生产基地土壤中镉(Cd)含量对蔬菜质量安全的影响,本文采集蔬菜生产基地土壤样品110个,同步采集成熟蔬菜样品122个,测定土壤样品pH、 Cd全量、 5种形态Cd含量和蔬菜样品总Cd含量,分析土壤Cd污染情况和蔬菜样品中Cd超标情况,以及土壤中Cd形态分布特征和蔬菜对Cd的积累富集特征。结果表明,土壤Cd含量风险筛选范围、管制范围分别占40.9%、 1.8%,存在较为严重的镉污染风险;蔬菜Cd总含量合格率达99.2%,安全性高;研究区域土壤中Cd主要以可交换态、铁锰氧化物结合态、残渣态存在,迁移系数(M)与土壤pH呈负相关,各类蔬菜富集Cd的能力也与土壤pH呈负相关。通过分析得知,土壤pH影响土壤中Cd的生物有效性,可通过增加土壤pH降低Cd的生物有效性,从而降低蔬菜对Cd的富集作用;土壤Cd超标不一定影响蔬菜的安全性,可通过选择合适的蔬菜品种保障蔬菜的质量安全。     

设施菜田土壤剖面中的反硝化特征

利用田间原位硅胶管法和自动连续在线培养监测体系（Robot 系统）,分别监测了设施菜田不同施肥处理土壤剖面N2O浓度以及不同土层土壤反硝化潜势、NO和N2O产生潜势。结果表明:灌溉施肥后,传统施肥处理（CN）土壤剖面50 cm和90 cm处的N2O浓度都会出现峰值,50 cm处的N2O浓度峰值都高于90 cm处; 50 cm处的N2O变幅在2.15～50.77 l/L 之间,90cm处的变幅在2.57～14.05 l/L 之间;空白处理（CK）剖面N2O浓度几乎不受灌水的影响,50 cm和90 cm处的N2O浓度变幅较小,在1.43～2.75 l/L 之间。反硝化潜势、NO和N2O产生潜势的监测结果显示,040 cm土层反硝化较为强烈;40100 cm土层中由于受碳源限制,反硝化发生及强度明显滞后,添加碳源,经过48 h培养后,能够达到与表层反硝化潜势相当的程度;厌氧条件下,上层040 cm土壤的N2O和NO产生量远高于底层40100 cm的。由此推测,原位监测的高N2O浓度,可能来源自上层的扩散,因而田间表层通量观测数据可能会低估N2O产生量。底层土壤有一定反硝化潜势,当施用有机肥后,底层土壤氮素反硝化损失不容忽视。     

蔬菜嫁接机器人研制与试验

在中国,蔬菜嫁接仍以人工作业为主,为解决人工嫁接存在的作业效率低、成活率低、质量难以保证等问题,该文基于瓜、茄苗通用的"贴接法"嫁接技术,采用双工位上苗方式设计搬运装置、切削装置、上苗及送夹装置,利用虚拟样机技术构建瓜、茄类蔬菜嫁接机器人。经试验得出:切刀旋转半径为68mm,切刀转速为120r/min时,秧苗切削成功率98%,满足嫁接技术要求;嫁接速度为884株/h,嫁接成功率为95.7%,成活率为96.8%。因此,蔬菜嫁接机器人可有效解决人工嫁接存在的问题,取代人工嫁接作业。     

Relationship between phosphorus sorption indexes and plant response in a greenhouse experiment

Abstract

Twenty six phosphorus (P) sorption indexes were utilized as complement measurements of P fertility diagnosis on sixteen soils from Sandy Pampa and Ondulating Pampa. Adsorption values behaved as non‐availability indexes and were negatively correlated with P absorption by plants. The best parameters were P‐25–2hrs: adsorbed P with 25 μg P added, equilibrium period: 2 hrs (r = ‐0.89**); BC: buffer capacity (r = 0.86**); P‐1550: adsorbed P with 1550 (μg P added (r = ‐0.80* in Ondulating Pampa). Intensity or desorption related positively with plant P (r = 0.69**).

When applying P fertilization in a greenhouse trial, absorbed P, dry matter, and foliar area showed a positive correlation with adsorption indexes and a negative one with desorption indexes.     

津冀设施蔬菜施肥调查分析

为明确设施蔬菜施肥现状及找出施肥中存在的主要问题,在津冀地区选取设施蔬菜播种面积超过6 000hm2的7个县,实地调查设施蔬菜有机肥和化肥投入、蔬菜产量等信息,共调查了156个农户(温室,n=139;大棚,n=17)。调查结果表明,津冀两地设施蔬菜肥料过量施用现象普遍,N、P_2O_5和K_2O投入量平均分别超出推荐量的2.5、10.4和2.5倍;施用的养分总量、有机肥和基肥化肥中的P_2O_5占比明显过高,三者N∶P_2O_5∶K_2O分别为1∶1.05∶1.09、1∶1.50∶1.10和1∶1.38∶0.92;基肥化肥比例明显偏高,N+P_2O_5+K_2O用量占化肥(基肥+追肥)养分总量比例达到36.3%。建议津冀两地今后在减少N、P_2O_5、K_2O投入总量的同时,还应协调N、P_2O_5、K_2O比例以及化肥的基追肥比例,改进P_2O_5使用策略。