Evapotranspiration, seed yield and water use efficiency of drip irrigated sunflower under full and deficit irrigation conditions

Deficit irrigation occurrence while maintaining acceptable yield represents a useful trait for sunflower production wherever irrigation water is limited. A 2-year experiment (2003–2004) was conducted at Tal Amara Research Station in the Bekaa Valley of Lebanon to investigate sunflower response to deficit irrigation. In the plots, irrigation was held at early flowering (stage F1), at mid flowering (stage F3.2) and at early seed formation (stage M0) until physiological maturity. Deficit-irrigated treatments were referred to as WS1, WS2 and WS3, respectively, and were compared to a well-irrigated control (C). Reference evapotranspiration (ET_rye-grass) and crop evapotranspiration (ET_crop) were measured each in a set of two drainage lysimeters of 2 m × 2 m × 1 m size cultivated with rye grass (Lolium perenne) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L., cv. Arena). Crop coefficients (K_c) in the different crop growth stages were derived as the ratio (ET_crop/ET_rye-grass).

Lysimeter measured crop evapotranspiration (ET_crop) totaled 765 mm in 2003 and 882 mm in 2004 for total irrigation periods of 139 and 131 days, respectively. Daily ET_crop achieved a peak value of 13.0 mm day⁻¹ at flowering time (stage F3.2; 80–90 days after sowing) when LAI was >6.0 m² m⁻². Then ET_crop declined to 6.0 mm day⁻¹ during seed maturity phase. Average K_c values varied from 0.3 at crop establishment (sowing to four-leaf stage), to 0.9 at late crop development (four-leaf stage to terminal bud), to >1.0 at flowering stage (terminal bud to inflorescence visible), then to values <1.0 at seed maturity phase (head pale to physiological maturity). Measured K_c values were close to those reported by the FAO.

Average across years, seed yield at dry basis on the well-irrigated treatment was 5.36 t ha⁻¹. Deficit irrigation at early (WS1) and mid (WS2) flowering stages reduced seed yield by 25% and 14% (P < 0.05), respectively, in comparison with the control. However, deficit irrigation at early seed formation was found to increase slightly seed yield in WS3 treatment (5.50 t ha⁻¹). We concluded that deficit irrigation at early seed formation (stage M0) increased the fraction of assimilate allocation to the head, compensating thus the lower number of seeds per m² through increased seed weight. In this experiment, while deficit irrigation did not result in any remarkable increase in harvest index (HI), water use efficiency (WUE) was found to vary significantly (P < 0.05) among treatments, where the highest (0.83 kg m⁻³) and the lowest (0.71 kg m⁻³) values were obtained from WS3 and WS1 treatments, respectively. Finally, results indicate that irrigation limitation at early flowering (stage F1) and mid flowering (stage F3.2) should be avoided while it can be acceptable at seed formation (stage M0).     

番茄果实不同发育阶段水分亏缺对其风味品质的影响

对番茄果实膨大期和成熟期各设充分供水、中度和重度亏水3个水平,进行盆栽试验,分析了膨大期和成熟期亏水水平及其交互作用对番茄可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、可滴定酸含量及糖酸比的影响.结果表明:果实膨大期、成熟期亏水水平及其交互作用对番茄可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、可滴定酸含量及糖酸比有显著影响(膨大期亏水对可溶性糖含量影响除外);成熟期中度亏水时,膨大期中度亏水较充分供水使可滴定酸和可溶性固形物含量显著提高,增幅分别为57.8%和29.4%,糖酸比显著降低,降幅为46.6%;膨大期重度亏水时,成熟期重度亏水较充分供水使可溶性糖、可溶性固形物和糖酸比依次减小49.3%,33.9%和75.0%,而使可滴定酸含量增加129.7%;果实发育阶段持续重度亏水较充分供水使可溶性糖、可溶性固形物含量和糖酸比分别减小16.5%,16.0%和36.5%.表明番茄果实膨大期和成熟期的水分供应均会对其风味品质产生显著影响,而且,各时期单独亏水的效应与其他时期的水分供应有密切关系;两时期适度亏水可显著改善番茄果实风味品质,膨大期到成熟期持续重度亏水反而不利于其风味品质的提高,只是获得了较高的酸度.     

亏缺灌溉对南疆棉花生长和水分利用的影响

针对南疆地区水资源短缺、作物水分利用效率低等问题,以棉花为试验材料进行田间小区试验,在棉花现蕾期、开花期以及结铃期分别设置3个亏缺灌溉水平(W₁:50%ET_c,W₂:65%ET_c,W₃:80%ET_c,ET_c为作物蒸发蒸腾量),以全生育期100%ET_c灌溉处理为对照(CK),研究膜下滴灌条件下,不同生育期亏缺灌溉对棉花生长、产量、氮素吸收和水分利用效率的影响.结果表明:现蕾期亏水对棉花株高、叶面积指数、地上干物质生长、氮素吸收和产量有不同程度的抑制效应,但复水后补偿效应显著,其中轻度亏水(W₃)在籽棉产量减少3.48%的条件下,WUE高达1.57 kg/m³,显著高于CK的1.48 kg/m³;开花期亏水,棉花的各项生长指标均有显著降低,复水后补偿效应不显著,不利于棉花生长发育;结铃期亏水对棉花地上干物质累积、氮素吸收和产量均有显著的抑制效应,但在W₂和W₃水平下,WUE均达1.51 kg/m³.综合考虑在保证棉花产量的同时达到节水增产的目的,可在棉花蕾期进行80%ET_c灌水,其他生育阶段实施充分灌溉,来控制营养生长,促进生殖生长,获得更高的水分利用效率.     

不同氮源对秸秆堆沤氮素损失的影响

试验以玉米秸秆为研究对象,比较以硫酸铵或尿素为氮源调节碳氮比后对纳米膜覆盖发酵过程中的NH₃排放和堆沤产物氮素留存的影响,为减少秸秆好氧堆沤过程中的氮素损失提供参考依据。结果表明:堆沤7～60 d硫酸铵处理的发酵温度高于尿素处理;尿素处理膜内NH₃最高浓度为0.045%,而硫酸铵处理自始至终膜内侧NH₃未检测出;试验结束后尿素处理0和50 cm处的pH值分别上升至8.34和7.86,硫酸铵处理pH值分别下降至6.04和6.28;硫酸铵处理堆沤产物的干物质损失率、总养分含量、种子发芽指数和胡富比均高于尿素处理;相对于尿素处理,硫酸铵处理的氮素损失率减少了24.59%;除含水率外,尿素处理和硫酸铵处理堆沤产物的理化性质均符合NY/T 525—2021《有机肥料》的限量要求。      

河西绿洲不同生育期调亏灌溉对马铃薯生长、产量及品质的影响

在河西走廊张掖市甘州区党寨镇田家闸灌溉试验站开展了马铃薯不同生育期调亏灌溉的试验研究。在保持其他生育期土壤水分为正常灌溉（土壤含水率65%～75%）的情况下,在马铃薯的幼苗期、块茎形成期、块茎膨大期和淀粉积累期分别进行轻度（土壤含水率55%～65%）的调亏处理,以全生育期的正常灌溉作为对照,进行马铃薯生长指标、产量和水分利用的测定。试验结果表明,不同生育期水分调亏均引起马铃薯株高、茎粗和单株总生物量降低,其中块茎膨大期水分亏缺降低程度最为显著。调亏处理中,苗期轻度水分调亏处理马铃薯产量33 027.22 kg/hm2,与对照无显著差异,水分利用效率和灌溉水利用效率最高,分别达到6.91和9.38 kg/m3,而且能够显著提升马铃薯综合品质。而块茎形成期马铃薯产量和水分利用效率最低,仅分别为24 047.32 kg/hm2和5.85 kg/m3,且造成马铃薯品质下降。膜下滴灌调亏可促进水分利用效率和灌溉水利用效率提高,且苗期轻度水分调亏对马铃薯稳定提质和改善当地水分利用现状有积极意义。      

Regulated deficit irrigation improved fruit quality and water use efficiency of pear-jujube trees

Regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) was applied on field-grown pear-jujube trees in 2005 and 2006 and its effects on crop water-consumption, yield and fruit quality were investigated. Treatments included severe, moderate and low water deficit treatments at bud burst to leafing, flowering to fruit set, fruit growth and fruit maturation stages. Different deficit irrigation levels at different growth stages had significant effects on the fruit yield and quality. Moderate and severe water deficits at bud burst to leafing and fruit maturation stages increased fruit yield by 13.2-31.9% and 9.7-17.5%, respectively. Fruit yield under low water deficit at fruit growth and fruit maturation stages was similar to that of full irrigation (FI) treatment. All water deficit treatments reduced water consumption by 5-18% and saved irrigation water by 13-25% when compared to the FI treatment. During the bud burst to leafing stage, moderate and severe water deficits did not have effect on the fruit quality, but significantly saved irrigation water and increased fruit yield. Low water deficit during the fruit growth stage and low, moderate and severe water deficits during the fruit maturation stage had no significant effect on the fruit weight and fruit volume but reduced fruit water content slightly, which led to much reduced rotten fruit percentage during the post-harvest storage period. Such water deficit treatments also shortened the fruit maturation period by 10-15 d and raised the market price of the fruit. Fruit quality shown as fruit firmness, soluble solid content, sugar/acid ratio and vitamin C (V_C) content were all enhanced as a result of deficit irrigation. Our results suggest that RDI should be adopted as a beneficial agricultural practice in the production of pear-jujube fruit.     

温室梨枣树土壤水分和品质对调亏灌溉的响应

为探明调亏灌溉对温室梨枣树水分利用效率及梨枣品质的影响,以日光温室生长的9年生矮化密植成龄梨枣树为试材,试验设置充分供水处理(处理1(CK)),萌芽展叶期重度亏水处理(处理2),萌芽展叶期中度亏水处理(处理3)和果实膨大期中度亏水处理(处理4)。结果表明,亏水处理有利于提高梨枣树的根系吸水能力,促进根系向土壤深处生长,同时显著降低棵间蒸发;与CK相比,处理2和处理3对梨枣品质的所有指标都起到了提高和改善的作用,其中处理2最佳,处理3次之;综合考虑不同生育期调亏灌溉对梨枣树各项指标的影响,萌芽展叶期中度亏水能较好的改善果实品质,是实施调亏灌溉的最佳阶段。     

极端干旱区成龄葡萄园蒸散研究

利用波文比能量平衡法对新疆吐哈盆地葡萄园的蒸散变化规律进行了研究。结果表明,葡萄园水热平衡各分量的日变化呈典型的单峰曲线,潜热、感热和土壤热通量都随净辐射的增减而增减,但峰值出现的时间和大小各异,潜热通量占净辐射能量支出的大部分,其变化规律与净辐射的日变化规律一致性最好,土壤热通量变化很平缓,趋势与净辐射基本相同,但滞后净辐射2～3h。在晴朗无云的条件下,葡萄蒸散速率日变化呈单峰型。蒸散从早晨8:00以后出现,迅速增加,到中午13:00-15:00达到峰值,随后蒸散速率迅速下降;葡萄生长期内耗水强度呈现先增大后减小的趋势,果粒膨大期耗水强度最大为8.78mm/d,葡萄整个生长期内的日均蒸发蒸腾量为5.58mm,蒸发蒸腾总量为1 228.45mm。     

绿洲灌区膜下滴灌调亏对辣椒品质及产量的影响

为揭示滴灌水分亏缺对辣椒营养品质及产量的影响,以“陇椒6号”为对象,在辣椒苗期分别施加轻度(65%~75%田间持水量)、中度(55%~65%田间持水量)和重度水分调亏(45%~55%田间持水量),在盛果期和后果期分别施加轻度水分亏缺,以全生育期充分供水(75%~85%田间持水量)为对照,分别测定各水分处理辣椒青果营养品质(VC质量比、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和可溶性固形物质量比)和产量.结果表明:在辣椒苗期进行不同程度的水分调亏对辣椒青果营养品质(VC、可溶性固形物、可溶性固形物和可溶性蛋白质量比)影响不具有统计学意义(P>0.05);结果盛期轻度水分调亏可提高第二次收获的辣椒青果VC质量比7.8%~9.1%,提高可溶性糖9.8%~10.6%,提高可溶性固形物4.2%~4.7%,提高蛋白质质量比9.4%~10.4%.苗期重度水分调亏降低VC质量比2.2%.由此得出:结果盛期轻度水分调亏可以整体提高辣椒第二次收获的营养品质.苗期轻度水分调亏产量最高,为36 107.61 kg/hm².     

夏玉米不同生育期亏缺-复水对蒸发蒸腾和产量的影响

[目的]探究不同时间尺度下夏玉米蒸发蒸腾量的变化规律.[方法]试验在夏玉米3个生育阶段(出苗—拔节期、拔节—抽雄期、抽雄—灌浆期)分别设置3个灌水水平(充分灌溉:100％ETa;中度水分亏缺:80％ETa;重度水分亏缺:60％ETa),其中ETa为蒸渗仪实测的充分灌溉条件下的蒸发蒸腾量,采用正交试验设计,共9个处理(C...     

不同生育期亏缺灌溉对酿酒葡萄生长及耗水特性的影响

为了探究不同生育期亏水对酿酒葡萄生长、耗水特性、水分利用效率及产量的影响,在武威市进行了不同生育期亏水滴灌试验,分析了不同生育期亏水对酿酒葡萄横径、纵径、耗水规律、产量、水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,酿酒葡萄横、纵径的生长总体表现为先快速,后缓慢,再由快速至稳定的趋势,浆果膨大期亏水对于葡萄横、纵径生长不利;浆果快速膨大初期葡萄横、纵径膨大速率均与产量、水分生产效率以及灌溉水利用效率极显著正相关;浆果膨大期、着色成熟期亏水显著降低酿酒葡萄的耗水强度;浆果膨大期耗水模系数占到50%以上,该阶段水分亏缺会导致葡萄产量的减少,通过试验发现减产幅度达30.2%,是酿酒葡萄需水临界期;新梢生长期适度水分亏缺有利于增产,在试验条件下,增产率为10.1%。因此,果实膨大期水分亏缺对葡萄的产量不利,在新梢生长期可适度亏水,以实现酿酒葡萄高产和高效的生产目的。     

调亏灌溉对大棚滴灌甜瓜生长发育的影响

在大棚滴灌条件下对厚皮甜瓜伊丽莎白不同生育期进行不同程度的亏缺灌溉,研究调亏灌溉对其植株生长、产量、品质及水分利用效率的影响.以土壤相对含水量为标准,在营养生长期和生殖生长期分别设置不同的土壤水分灌溉下限处理,分别是T1(75%~75%),T2(75%~55%),T3(65%~65%),T4(55%~75%),T5(55%~55%)5个试验处理.结果表明:在营养生长期,随着水分亏缺程度的加大,株高、茎粗、叶面积均呈减小趋势.在果实发育阶段,营养生长期及生殖生长期的水分亏缺对果实的生长、产量都有影响,均随亏缺程度的加大而降低,产量以处理T1和T2的最高,T5的最低,T3的大于T4的,各处理间差异具有统计学意义.水分利用效率为处理T2的最高,T1和T4的较低,T2与T4相比,在灌水基本相同的条件下,产量增加了26.2%,水分利用效率提高了27.7%.品质方面,水分亏缺提高了TSS含量;在营养生长期充分灌溉、生殖生长期亏水灌溉可以提高可溶性蛋白、游离氨基酸、维生素C的含量;而营养生长期亏水灌溉、生殖生长期充分灌溉有利于可滴定酸的合成.经综合分析,认为处理T2的灌溉下限设置可以作为武汉地区大棚滴灌条件下的甜瓜灌溉制度.     

地下水埋深对玉米生长发育及水分利用的影响

为研究地下水埋深对作物的生长发育及水分利用的影响,选择具有代表性的夏玉米为研究对象,借助地中渗透仪,通过人工控制设置不同地下水埋深（分别设置0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8,1.0和1.2 m）,探讨地下水埋深对不同生育期夏玉米的形态指标、产量、耗水量及地下水补给量的影响,分析不同地下水埋深条件下水分利用率差异.结果表明：地下水埋深对玉米株高的影响不具有统计学意义,而地下水埋深过浅或过深均会明显抑制植株叶面积指数和茎粗的增长（P〈0.05）,地下水埋深0.4 m时叶面积指数和茎粗最大.随作物生育进程,根系数量和根系干质量随地下水埋深增大,先减小后增大.玉米灌浆前,单株根系伤流量随地下水埋深增大而增大,而灌浆前后则无显著影响.地下水位埋深过深或过浅均影响穗长、秃尖长、穗粒数、百粒质量及经济产量.分析表明,0.53 m为当地玉米产量最优地下水位埋深.玉米生长期内0~80 cm土层土壤含水量随着地下水埋深增大而降低,同一地下水埋深处理玉米生育期内土壤含水量变化幅度较小.夏玉米全生育期耗水量、阶段耗水量及耗水强度随地下水位埋深增大而直线减少,回归方程在P〈0.01水平下具有统计学意义;同样夏玉米全生育期地下水补给量、阶段地下水补给量及地下水补给强度随地下水位埋深增大而直线减少,回归方程在P〈0.01水平下也具有统计学意义.玉米水分利用率随地下水埋深增大而增大,地下水埋深1.2 m处理水分利用率最高.研究成果对江淮丘陵区地下水资源利用及评价、玉米高产高效灌溉制度的制订具有实际意义.     

滴灌施肥生育期比例分配对榆林市马铃薯生长和水分利用的影响

以当地主栽品种“紫花白”为研究材料,按前期(苗期+块茎形成期,ES)少、后期(块茎膨大期+淀粉积累期,LS)多的施肥比例,基于马铃薯苗期、块茎形成期、块茎膨大期、淀粉积累期占全生育期总施肥量的比例设置了8个处理(T1-T8),研究了同一滴灌施肥水平下,生育期内施肥比例分配对马铃薯的生长、产量和水分利用的影响.结果表明:马铃薯LAI和干物质值均表现为苗期和块茎形成期,ES_0.4~0.5处理大于ES_0.2~0.3,在块茎膨大期时,处理ES_0.2大于ES_0.3~0.5;淀粉积累期和成熟期,处理T7的LAI和干物质下降明显.而块茎形成期开始施肥的处理T1,T2在块茎膨大期、淀粉积累期和收获时都获得了较高的LAI和干物质.对于干物质转运而言,开花后块茎积累量表现为ES_0.2>ES_0.3~0.5,块茎干物质累积主要是在花后同化作用下建立的.产量变化规律为ES_0.2>ES_0.5(处理T7除外)>ES_0.4(处理T5除外)>ES_0.3(处理T2除外).各处理马铃薯单株商品薯质量变化规律与产量一致,而平均单薯质量、单个商品薯质量和单株结薯数间没有统一的变化规律.施肥处理水分利用和肥料偏生产力变化趋势与产量类似,各处理耗水量差异不具有统计学意义.综上,从产量和节水角度考虑,试验条件下滴灌施肥马铃薯生育期内比例分配最优方案为苗期和块茎形成期总施肥比例20%(苗期不施肥,形成期20%),块茎膨大期占施肥总量的55%和淀粉积累期占施肥总量25%.     

灌排方案对避雨番茄需水特性与产量的影响

为了实现南方地区番茄节水、优质、高效生产,在避雨栽培条件下,研究了不同灌排方式对番茄需水特性与产量的影响.研究结果表明:各亏缺灌溉处理土壤含水率随时间总体呈下降趋势,暗管埋深08 m的处理较埋深06 m处理,土壤含水量下降更快但不明显.番茄不同生育阶段的蒸发蒸腾量差别较大,表现为始花坐果期>果实成熟与采收期>苗期.随着番茄的生长,其日蒸发蒸腾量大体呈逐渐上升的趋势.在不同灌排模式和避雨措施条件下,苗期的日蒸发蒸腾量变化范围为107～271 mm／d,始花坐果期日蒸发蒸腾量变化范围为160～309 mm／d,果实成熟与采收期日蒸发蒸腾量变化范围为178～335 mm／d.在相同的排水措施,不同灌溉条件下,番茄果实产量随着灌水量的减少而减少,水分利用率和灌溉水利用率却随着灌水量的减少而增大.研究可为南方避雨栽培下番茄灌排方式的选择及其节水、优质、高产提供参考.     

覆膜滴灌对玉米田间水热传输及耗水的影响

基于充分滴灌条件下,定量分析了东北典型区玉米膜下滴灌与不覆膜滴灌下太阳净辐射、土壤热通量、土壤温度和作物耗水量的差异.结果表明:在晴天覆膜使得净辐射峰值时间滞后约1 h,在阴天覆膜处理土壤热通量能够为玉米生长提供更多的能量;全生育覆膜与不覆膜处理,冠层上方获得净辐射分别为133.25和135.42 W/m²,覆膜处理获得的可供能量低于不覆膜处理的,但在玉米生长中后期,覆膜处理提高了2%的净辐射;全生育期覆膜提高了0~80 cm土层平均地温1.13 ℃和土壤积温149.68 ℃;覆膜滴灌下玉米生长初期和后期的耗水量显著低于不覆膜滴灌处理下的,全生育期耗水量显著减少10.21%,生育期内平均作物系数K_c显著降低7.42%.     

温室滴灌条件下水分亏缺对番茄生长及生理特性的影响

为确定温室滴灌条件下番茄高产高效的适宜土壤水分控制指标,采用小区试验方法,在温室滴灌条件下研究了不同时期水分亏缺对番茄生长发育及生理特性的影响。研究结果表明,任何生育阶段发生水分亏缺均会降低番茄叶片光合速率及气孔的开度,进而影响干物质的累积和运转,但不同时期水分亏缺的影响形式及程度有所不同;苗期水分亏缺会抑制番茄的正常生长发育,但水分过高会使植株徒长,不利于光合产物向产量的运移;开花坐果期水分亏缺不仅抑制了番茄的生长发育,而且降低了干物质的累积,并最终影响到产量的形成;成熟采摘期水分亏缺会加速番茄植株的老化,降低最终干物质量,对番茄产量的形成影响最为明显。在不影响番茄植株正常生长发育及生理需水情况下,适度水分亏缺(T1处理)可实现高产与高效用水的统一。     

极端干旱区滴灌葡萄耗水特征及水肥制度寻优

[目的]探寻极端干旱区无核白葡萄的适宜水肥制度.[方法]在萌芽期充分供水条件下,以全生育期充分灌溉为对照(CK),设置新梢生长期(W1)、开花期(W2)、果实膨大期(W3)、着色成熟期(W4)4个亏水处理(θf=65％～90％),同时设置3个施肥配比,分别为:N施量、P2O5施量、K2O施量为275.0、275.0、2...     

Irrigation influences on growth, yield, and water use of persimmon trees

A 3-year irrigation trial provided basic information on the response of persimmon (Diospyros kaki cv. Triumph) water use and development to irrigation levels. Constant experimental factors applied to recommended “baseline” crop factors resulted in ratios of irrigation (I) to FAO56 reference crop evapotranspiration (ET₀) ranging from 0.35 to 1.14. Vegetative and reproductive growth, sap flow, stem water potential (SWP), and local climate were monitored. An overall increase in yield and vegetative growth in response to irrigation was found, which suggests a potential yield increase for higher irrigation levels (40 tons/ha for annual irrigation of 1,000 mm). At high irrigation, the yield response curve levelled off and the marginal contribution of additional water declined. The up to threefold increase in number of fruits with irrigation, with no influence on natural abscission, suggests that differences in fruit quantities stem from response to irrigation at the earlier growth stages. Mean fruit size and fruit quality, as indicated by the ratio of rejected fruit, increased with irrigation up to I/ET₀ of ~0.8. Relative yield increased linearly with relative transpiration. However, post-harvest quality was not influenced. SWP, sap flow, and non-transpirable water fractions indicated that the seasonal irrigation tables were not well tuned. Initial adjustments were made during the final season of the experiment and a new table was developed based on our results. The new table should be a basis for further trials.     

弥雾微喷对葡萄光合特性、产量及品质的影响

为研究滴灌+冠层弥雾微喷(降温增湿措施)模式对葡萄光合特性,生理指标及产量品质的影响,试验设定微喷处理(WP1,WP2与WP3)与对照处理(CK)4个处理,在果粒膨大期测定不同处理的光合特性,果粒体积,产量与品质等数据结果显示:微喷处理胞间CO₂浓度日变化幅度均低于对照处理,微喷处理中WP1处理的胞间CO₂浓度最低;各处理的净光合速率均呈现“M”变化规律,在14:00出现“午休”现象,但微喷处理比对照处理“午休”时长较短,且WP1处理在14:00净光合速率降低幅度较小,各处理果粒体积与增长速率大小依次为WP1,WP2,WP3,CK,各处理的果粒体积增长速率均在7月15日达到最大.使用熵值法对各处理的产量与品质进行评价,各处理得分大小依次为WP1,WP2,CK,WP3.说明每日恰当的微喷处理可以显著提高葡萄净光合速率,果粒体积与果粒体积增长速率,产量与品质,但当微喷时间较长时也会影响葡萄产量与品质,因此以微喷1 h/d为最优.