四川水土保持依托改革开放持续发展

改革开放40年来,四川水土保持攻坚克难,开拓奋进,健全法制法规,理清发展思路,创新机制体制,加快了水土流失治理步伐,提高了水土保持行政执法和监管服务能力,实现了跨越式发展。党的十九大将建设生态文明作为中华民族发展的千年大计,把生态治理提升到了新的高度。面临新的挑战、新的机遇,当前和今后一段时期四川省需要从实行最严格的水土保持监管、打赢重点地区水土流失治理攻坚战、推进生态清洁小流域建设、构建水土保持监测技术支撑体系等方面着手,大力推进水土保持工作。     

“长治”工程建设的新特点、新形势与新思路

“长治”工作呈现出各级领导更加重视、监管力度加大、精品意识增强、治理思路新、监督执法进一步加强等新特点。当前面临的新形势是 :全社会对水土保持作用和地位的认识趋于统一 ,水保工作的社会经济条件正在发生深刻变化 ,全社会、多部门参与水土流失治理的新格局正在形成 ,水保工作的内涵不断拓展。“长治”工作新思路是 :强化生态意识 ,把握治理方向 ;积极开展退耕还林 (草 ) ,加快坡耕地治理 ;坚持综合治理 ,优化措施结构 ;依法树立行业管理的权威     

勇于担当主动作为谱写水土保持工作新篇章

2020年,在以习近平同志为核心的党中央坚强领导下,各级水利(水保)部门坚决贯彻党中央、国务院和部党组决策部署,推动水土保持制度建设取得新成效、监督管理取得新突破、重点治理取得新进展、监测与信息化应用实现新拓展、发展基础得到新提升。“十三五”时期全国完成水土流失治理面积30.6万km 2。党的十九届五中全会对开启全面建设社会主义现代化国家新征程、向第二个百年奋斗目标进军作出了战略部署,要准确把握新发展阶段水土保持工作面临的新形势,深入贯彻新发展理念对水土保持工作提出的新要求,切实提高推动水土保持高质量发展的能力水平。各级水利(水保)部门要扎实做好2021年水土保持工作:一是抓紧编制“十四五”水土保持规划,二是依法有效强化人为水土流失监管,三是科学推进水土流失综合治理,四是不断提升水土保持监测评价水平,五是全力抓好《黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展规划纲要》落实,六是统筹推进水土保持各项基础工作。     

关于新农村建设中水土保持工作的思考

水土保持是新农村建设的基础性工作,具有促进农田基本建设、推进农业结构调整、提高农业综合生产能力、改善农村生产生活条件和人居环境的作用。正宁县作为甘肃省新农村建设的试点县,坚持以科学发展观为指导,以发展民生水保为重点,紧扣"生态立县"这一主题,围绕民生水保、生态水保、资源水保、和谐水保的目标,坚持预防为主、保护优先、加强治理的基本思路,为全县经济社会又好又快发展和新农村建设提供了良好的生态保障。介绍了水土保持在正宁县新农村建设中所取得的成效、正宁县水土保持工作存在的主要问题,提出了今后水土保持工作发展的思路和重点。     

宣城市矿山开采造成的危害及其治理对策初探

随着社会经济的发展,各类开发建设项目造成的水土流失日益加剧,本文就我市矿山开采造成的水土流失提出了治理对策：加大宣传力度,提高水土保持和环境保护意识;加大监督执法力度,做好矿山水土保持工作;落实水保措施,确保生态安全。     

云南省开展水土保持的做法与成效

云南省各级党政领导重视和支持水土保持 ,积极出台有关法规、政策 ,为搞好水土保持工作提供了保障。治理中坚持高起点要求 ,有力地推动了水保产业化建设。适应市场经济要求 ,大力发展水土保持专业户、重点户 ,调动社会各方面力量参与水土流失治理开发。介绍了具体的做法、成效及今后做好水保工作的思路。     

临汾市2013年水土保持工作成效与做法

2013年,临汾市水土保持工作综合工程建设、生态修复和监督执法三大措施,统筹生态、经济和社会三大效益,共完成新增治理水土流失面积2.83万hm2,实施生态修复面积5.33万hm2,建设淤地坝11座,收缴水土保持补偿费2 800万元。其主要做法与经验是正确把握了"四个关系",即:水土保持工作与科学发展的关系;水保工程建设与安全生产的关系;水保工程建设与科学管护的关系;水保工程建设与精品打造的关系。     

宁都县水土保持生态建设现状与发展对策

宁都县自1993年起被列入国家水保重点防治工程项目县,经过连续15年的综合治理,已初步治理水土流失面积505.46km2,但目前全县尚有979.5km2的水土流失面积需要治理。在分析水土保持生态建设现状与存在问题的基础上,提出了确立"生态立县"发展战略、践行可持续发展战略、加强水保队伍建设的水土保持生态建设发展对策。     

达县以水保项目为龙头建设社会主义新农村示范村

高寨村属于四川达县西部的管村镇,总土地面积186hm^2其中水土流失面积110hm^2。2007年,该村被列为水土保持重点治理区后,县委、县政府确定将该村作为水土保持与新农村建设相结合的示范村,提出以水保项目为龙头,整合扶贫、以工代赈、“三村”建设等项目,突出民生水保、生态水保,由县水保局按照“科学化布局、规模化治理、多元化投入、产业化开发、科技化管理”的发展思路,统一规划,分部门实施。     

宁夏水土保持“十四五”发展对策

经过多年的水土流失治理,宁夏全区水土保持工作取得了显著成效,生态环境和群众生产生活条件持续改善,但还存在各地水土流失综合治理进展不平衡、不充分,人为水土流失监管任务重、要求高,监测手段现代化程度不高等问题。“十四五”是宁夏建设黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展先行区的关键期,宁夏水土保持工作应统筹推进、精准治理,大力推广成功治理经验和模式;全面提升水土保持信息化水平,加强人为水土流失监管,强化水土流失监测工作;大力提升社会各方参与水土保持工作的积极性。     

Chemistry, biochemistry, nutrition, and microbiology of lysinoalanine, lanthionine, and histidinoalanine in food and other proteins

Heat and alkali treatments of foods, widely used in food processing, result in the formation of dehydro and cross-linked amino acids such as dehydroalanine, methyldehydroalanine, beta-aminoalanine, lysinoalanine (LAL), ornithinoalanine, histidinoalanine (HAL), phenylethylaminoalanine, lanthionine (LAN), and methyl-lanthionine present in proteins and are frequently accompanied by concurrent racemization of L-amino acid isomers to D-analogues. The mechanism of LAL formation is a two-step process: first, hydroxide ion-catalyzed elimination of H(2)S from cystine and H(2)O, phosphate, and glycosidic moieties from serine residues to yield a dehydroalanine intermediate; second, reaction of the double bond of dehydroalanine with the epsilon-NH(2) group of lysine to form LAL. Analogous elimination-addition reactions are postulated to produce the other unusual amino acids. Processing conditions that favor these transformations include high pH, temperature, and exposure time. Factors that minimize LAL formation include the presence of SH-containing amino acids, sodium sulfite, ammonia, biogenic amines, ascorbic acid, citric acid, malic acid, and glucose; dephosphorylation of O-phosphoryl esters; and acylation of epsilon-NH(2) groups of lysine. The presence of LAL residues along a protein chain decreases digestibility and nutritional quality in rodents and primates but enhances nutritional quality in ruminants. LAL has a strong affinity for copper and other metal ions and is reported to induce enlargement of nuclei of rats and mice but not of primate kidney cells. LAL, LAN, and HAL also occur naturally in certain peptide and protein antibiotics (cinnamycin, duramycin, epidermin, nisin, and subtilin) and in body organs and tissues (aorta, bone, collagen, dentin, and eye cataracts), where their formation may be a function of the aging process. These findings are not only of theoretical interest but also have practical implications for nutrition, food safety, and health. Further research needs are suggested for each of these categories. These overlapping aspects are discussed in terms of general concepts for a better understanding of the impact of LAL and related compounds in the diet. Such an understanding can lead to improvement in food quality and safety, nutrition, microbiology, and human health.     

Detection, accumulation, distribution, and depletion of furaltadone and nifursol residues in poultry muscle, liver, and gizzard

Nitrofurans were broadly used as an extremely effective veterinary antibiotic especially in pig and poultry production farms. Because of fears of the carcinogenic effects on humans, the nitrofurans were banned from use in livestock production in many countries, including the European Union. The present study examines the accumulation, distribution, and depletion of furaltadone and nifursol and of their tissue-bound metabolites [3-amino-5-morpholinomethyl-2-oxazolidinone (AMOZ) and 3,5-dinitro-salicylic acid hydrazine (DNSAH), respectively, in poultry edible tissues (muscle, liver, and gizzards) following administration to chickens of therapeutic and subtherapeutic concentrations of both compounds. Nitrofurans determination was performed by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, respectively, for feeds and for poultry tissues. Furaltadone and nifursol, in very low concentrations, were found in samples of muscle, liver, and chicken's gizzard collected from slaughtered animals after 5 weeks of treatment and no withdrawal time period. When a withdrawal time period of 3 weeks was respected, no detectable nitrofuran parent compounds was observed in all of the studied matrices. For AMOZ, concentrations of 270 μg/kg in meat, 80 μg/kg in liver, and 331 μg/kg in gizzard were determined after administration of a medicated feed with furaltadone (132 mg/kg), 3 weeks after withdrawal of treatment. For DNSAH, the concentration values obtained are much lower than those observed for AMOZ. For meat, liver, and gizzard, DNSAH concentrations of 2.5, 6.4, and 10.3 μg/kg, respectively, were determined, after administration of a medicated feed with nifursol (98 mg/kg), 3 weeks after withdrawal of treatment. The gizzard could be considered a selected matrix for nitrofuran residues evaluation in poultry, due to its capacity of retaining either nitrofuran parent compounds or metabolites in higher concentrations, regardless of the administered dose or of the respected withdrawal time period.     

Occurrence, sensory impact, formation, and fate of damascenone in grapes, wines, and other foods and beverages

Among plant-derived odorants, damascenone is one of the most ubiquitous, sometimes occurring as an apparent natural product but more commonly occurring in processed foodstuffs and beverages. It has been widely reported as a component of alcoholic beverages, particularly of wines made from the grape Vitis vinifera . Although damascenone has one of the lowest ortho- and retronasal detection thresholds of any odorant, its contribution to the sensory properties of most products remains poorly understood. Damascenone can be formed by acid-catalyzed hydrolyses of plant-derived apocarotenoids, in both aglycon and glycoconjugated forms. These reactions can account for the formation of damascenone in some, but not all, products. In wine, damascenone can also be subject to degradation processes, particularly by reaction with sulfur dioxide.     

Total phenolics and antioxidant activities of fenugreek, green tea, black tea, grape seed, ginger, rosemary, gotu kola, and ginkgo extracts, vitamin E, and tert-butylhydroquinone

The total phenolics and antioxidant activities of fenugreek, green tea, black tea, grape seed, ginger, rosemary, gotu kola, and ginkgo extracts, vitamin E, and tert-butylhydroquinone, were determined. Grape seed and green tea were analyzed for their phenolic constituents using high-performance liquid chromatography. The total phenolics of the plant extracts, determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method, ranged from 24.8 to 92.5 mg of chlorogenic acid equivalent/g dry material. The antioxidant activities of methanolic extracts determined by conjugated diene measurement of methyl linoleate were 3.4-86.3%. The antioxidant activity of the extracts using chicken fat by an oxidative stability instrument (4.6-10.2 h of induction time) followed a similar trend in antioxidant activity as determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method. Seven phenolics in grape seed and green tea extracts were identified that ranged from 15.38 to 1158.49 and 18.3 to 1087.02 mg/100 g of extract, respectively. Plant extracts such as green tea and grape seed extracts can be used to retard lipid oxidation in a variety of food products.     

Growth and Ca,Mg, K,and P uptake by triticale,wheat, and rye at four al levels

This study was conducted to determine relationships between Al toxicity and mineral uptake of triticale (X Triticosecale, Wittmack), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and rye (Secale cereale L.). Two culti‐vars of each species were grown in 1/5‐strength Steinberg solution with 0, 3, 6, or 12 ppm Al added. The solutions were adjusted to pH 4.8 at transplanting and were not adjusted thereafter. The plants were grown in a growth chamber for 19 days before harvesting to determine nutrient solution pH, dry weights, and Al, Ca, Mg, K, and P levels in plants. Increasing Al concentration reduced the final pH of solutions. The addition of 12 ppm Al severely reduced the growth and increased Al concentration of plant tops. The Al levels in roots generally increased with increments of added Al up to 6 ppm. Increasing Al decreased the uptake of Ca, Mg, and P by plant tops more than that of K. Regression analyses indicated that Al toxicity was associated with increasing K/Ca + Mg equivalent ratios and decreasing P concentration in plant tops. Differences between species were: higher Al concentration in rye than wheat with 6 and 12 ppm Al, higher translocation of Ca from roots to tops in wheat than in rye and Mg in triticale and wheat than rye; K/Ca + Mg equivalent ratios associated with 50% reduction in top growth followed the order: triticales > tolerant wheat > sensitive wheat > rye. Differences in mineral uptake associated with Al toxicity in wheat were more indicative of differential Al sensitivity in wheat than in triticale and rye which have higher internal Al tolerance.     

Grain Yield,Quality, and Nutrient Concentrations of Feed,Food, and Malt Barley

Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is a cereal grown for animal feed, human consumption, and malting. Nutrient concentrations are important as they provide information regarding the dietary values of barley consumed by animals or human beings. In addition, grain nutrient removal may be useful for refining fertilizer recommendations. A study was conducted in 2015 and 2016 investigating the cultivar effects on grain yield, quality, and grain nutrient concentrations and removal under irrigated conditions for two-row barley cultivars. Adjunct and feed cultivars produced the highest yields compared with the all-malt and food cultivars. Specific quality and nutrient values were greater than or equal to in the food cultivar compared to the malt or feed cultivars. Variations in nutrient concentrations were measured among the adjunct and all-malt cultivars, which could potentially affect the malting and brewing qualities. Grain yield, quality, nutrient concentrations and nutrient removal varied among cultivars grown under identical environmental conditions, which may influence end-use.     

Tillage,lime, and poultry litter effects on soil zinc,manganese, and copper

Abstract

Long‐term no‐tillage has profound effects on soil properties which can affect the availability of plant nutrient elements. The objectives were to study the effects of tillage and lime treatments on soil pH and extractable soil micronutrients where poultry litter was used as a nitrogen (N) source. Surface soil samples were taken in the spring and fall for two years from a long‐term tillage experiment that had been in place for nine years. There were two tillage treatments [conventional (CT) and no‐tillage (NT)] and six lime/ gypsum treatments (control, 8,960 kg gypsum ha^‐1 every fourth year, 4,480 kg lime ha^‐1 every fourth year, and three treatments of 8,960 kg lime ha^‐1 in a four‐year period divided by application times into 1, 2, and 4 treatments per year). Poultry litter was applied each year of the two‐year experiment at a rate of 8.96 Mg ha^‐1 on a dry weight basis. The crop was corn (Zea maize L.). Soil samples were analyzed for pH and Mehlich‐1 zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and copper (Cu). Soil pH was higher for NT than CT and was higher in the spring than in the fall. Lime rates resulted in soil pH increases, but showed less difference for CT than NT. The three 8,960 kg ha^‐1 per four yr treatments caused an interaction in that for CT the pH increased more for 2,240 kg ha^‐1each year than for 8,960 kg ha^‐1 every fourth year and the opposite was true for NT. Extractable Zn, Mn, and Cu all responded to this interaction being lower for the higher pH plots. Extractable Zn was higher for NT possibly due to high Zn from the poultry litter and non‐incorporation for NT. Extractable Cu was lower for NT as expected from the soil pH, whereas extractable Mn was not affected by tillage. Extractable Zn and Cu both increased over time due to inputs from the poultry litter. Neither extractable Zn nor Mn responded to increasing lime rates, however Cu decreased with increasing lime rate. Extractable Cu was influenced mainly by soil pH differences due to tillage and lime. Extractable Zn was influenced much more by tillage and from inputs by the poultry litter and not as much by pH differences. Extractable Mn was the least responsive to tillage and lime treatments of the three micronutrients studied.     

Phytotoxicity of cobalt,vanadium, titanium,silver, and chromium

Abstract

The phytotoxicity of five nonessential elements (Co, V, Ti, Ag, Cr) to higher plants was studied in solution culture experiments with bush beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. C.V. Improved Tendergreen). All, but in varying degrees, tended to concentrate in roots with a decreasing gradient to stems and leaves. Cobalt was one of the more mobile of the five trace metals. Its toxicity was expressed as severe chlorosis; 43 (with 10^‐5 M) and 142 (with 10^‐4 M) μg Co/g dry weight in leaves resulted in severe chlorosis. Vanadium as 10^‐4 M vanadate resulted in smaller plants but not in chlorosis. Leaf, stem, and root V, respectively, were 13, 8, and 881 μg/g dry weight. Titanium was somewhat mobile with considerable yield decrease at 10^‐4 M; leaf, stem, and root Ti concentrations, respectively, were 202, 48, and 2420 μg/g. Symptoms were chlorosis, necrotic spots on leaves, and stunting. Silver was very lethal at 10^‐4 M AgNO₃; at 10^‐5 M yields were greatly decreased, but plants were grown without symptoms. Leaf, stem, and root concentrations of Ag for this treatment, respectively, were 5.8, 5.1, and 1760 μg/g dry weight. Plants grown with 10^‐5 N Cr₂O₇ were decreased in yield by about 25% with or without EDTA (ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid) while the same level of Cr₂(SO₄)₃ was essentially without effect. For the two salts, the leaf, stem, root concentrations for Cr, respectively were 2.2 and 1.3, 0.7 and 0. 7, and 140 and 104 μg/g. Most of the trace metals studied here had interactions in the uptake and/or distribution of other elements.     

Cooking,Roasting, and Fermentation of Chickpeas,Lentils, Peas,and Soybeans for Fortification of Leavened Bread

The effects of cooking, roasting, and fermentation on the composition and protein properties of grain legumes and the characteristics of dough and bread incorporated with legume flours were determined to identify an appropriate pretreatment. Oligosaccharide content of legumes was reduced by 76.2–96.9% by fermentation, 44.0–64.0% by roasting, and 28.4–70.1% by cooking. Cooking and roasting decreased protein solubility but improved in vitro protein digestibility. Mixograph absorption of wheat and legume flour blends increased from 50–52% for raw legumes to 68–76, 62–64, and 74–80% for cooked, roasted, and fermented ones, respectively. Bread dough with cooked or roasted legume flour was less sticky than that with raw or fermented legume flour. Loaf volume of bread baked from wheat and raw or roasted legume flour blends with or without gluten addition was consistently highest for chickpeas, less for peas and lentils, and lowest for soybeans. Roasted legume flour exhibited more appealing aroma and greater loaf volume of bread than cooked legume flour, and it appears to be the most appropriate preprocessing method for incorporation into bread.