禽传染性喉气管炎病毒体内外感染模型中鸡Toll样受体21mRNA转录水平的研究

为研究病毒与机体的相互作用,本研究参考GenBank中鸡Toll样受体21 (ChTLR21)的基因序列设计实时定量PCR特异性引物,以鸡核糖体蛋白L4 (RPL4)为内参基因,建立检测ChTLR21 mRNA相对转录水平的实时定量PCR方法,分析ChTLR21在禽传染性喉气管炎病毒(ILTV)感染的鸡胚成纤维细胞(CEF)中和感染SPF雏鸡免疫器官脾脏、法氏囊和胸腺组织中的转录水平.结果显示:ILTV感染CEF后2h、4h、8h和18h时间点ChTLR21 mRNA转录水平分别为未感染对照细胞的1 540.53、0.98、1.19和3.70倍.但仅在ILTV感染2h时引起ChTLR21转录水平升高,与对照组相比差异显著(P＜0.05).ILTV感染SPF雏鸡后6h、24 h和30 h脾脏中ChTLR21 mRNA转录水平分别为未感染对照的56.34、59.85和3.61倍;法氏囊中分别为0.03、25.98和3.08倍;胸腺中分别为2.52、50和7.32倍.在感染初期,脾脏中ChTLR21转录量显著升高,随后有所降低,但均高于未感染对照(p＜0.05);法氏囊中仅在感染6h时呈显著抑制(p＜0.01);胸腺中呈波动性转录水平升高,但与对照组无统计学差异(p＞0.05).本研究证明ChTLR21参与了鸡体对ILTV感染的应答,并在体内外感染模型中呈现不同的表达规律.     

SU6656对鸡传染性喉气管炎病毒与宿主细胞互作分子网络的影响

为探索SU6656对鸡传染性喉气管炎病毒(ILTV)感染的影响及调控机制,本研究应用鸡LMH细胞系感染ILTV LJS09株作为实验模型,测定了SU6656对ILTV增殖和毒力的影响,通过高通量RNA测序技术(RNA-Seq)在全基因组范围内检测宿主细胞基因转录谱表达,并利用荧光定量PCR对部分差异表达基因进行验证。进一步的GO功能分析显示,在宿主细胞应答ILTV感染过程中,SU6656所调控基因主要涉及氢离子跨膜运输、辅酶Q的结合、Fe~(2+)和S~(2+)聚集等功能。KEGG通路分析表明,氧化磷酸化通路在SU6656调控ILTV感染的过程中可能发挥重要作用。本研究为进一步解析ILTV感染及致病机制提供了重要依据。     

鸡毒支原体MG-HY株感染鸡气管的转录组学分析

旨在进一步探究鸡毒支原体（MG）感染SPF雏鸡后气管基因组转录水平的变化,筛选出MG感染后参与气管黏膜炎性损伤的差异表达基因和调控通路。使用MG-HY株菌液按0.2 mL·羽^-1经点眼滴鼻感染SPF雏鸡,感染后收集气管组织利用RNA-Seq技术进行测序分析。转录组分析结果显示,在MG感染期间RNA-seq共筛选出3 112个显著（P<0.01）差异表达基因（DEGs）,其中,1 646个上调基因,1 466个下调基因。GO功能分析显示,差异基因主要涉及生物调节、刺激的反应、多细胞生物过程、细胞成分组织或生物发生等生物过程。KEGG-Pathway分析发现差异基因参与黏膜免疫信号传导通路,例如：细胞因子-细胞因子受体相互作用,细胞黏附分子（CAMs）,细胞外基质（ECM）受体相互作用、紧密连接、PPAR信号通路和MAPK信号通路等,表明这些基因参与了MG诱导的雏鸡气管炎症反应和损伤。使用qRT-PCR验证与黏膜免疫相关的13个差异表达的基因,其结果与转录组分析一致。本研究为进一步阐明MG感染导致宿主气管黏膜上皮损伤和黏膜免疫机制提供了基础。     

IBDV感染雏鸡不同组织Mx基因的分布研究

为了探究传染性法氏囊病病毒(IBDV)感染雏鸡后抗病毒基因Mx在其体内不同组织的表达变化,试验以IBDV感染3天(22日龄)的SPF蛋鸡为研究对象,应用实时荧光定量PCR方法,检测了IBDV感染组雏鸡与对照组雏鸡法氏囊、盲肠扁桃体、脾脏、胸腺、肝脏、腺胃、十二指肠、卵巢等组织中Mx mRNA和IBDV VP2 mRNA表达水平。结果表明:IBDV感染雏鸡3 d后,Mx mRNA在盲肠扁桃体中表达水平最高,显著高于其他组织(P0.05);其次为法氏囊和肝脏;卵巢表达量最低(P0.05)。IBDV感染组雏鸡各组织Mx mRNA表达水平均显著高于对照组(P0.05)。IBDV感染雏鸡3 d后,IBDV VP2 mRNA在法氏囊中的表达量最高(P0.05),脾脏次之,其他被检组织无统计学差异(P0.05)。说明雏鸡感染IBDV 3 d后,IBDV载量在免疫器官较非免疫器官高;抗病毒基因Mx转录表达水平相对都比较高,其转录表达水平与器官的病毒载量没有明显的相关性。     

PP1和PP2对鸡传染性喉气管炎病毒感染影响的研究

为研究化学小分子SRC抑制剂PP1和PP2对鸡传染性喉气管炎病毒(ILTV)感染宿主细胞的影响,本研究将ILTV接种鸡细胞系LMH作为研究模型,检测了PP1和PP2对ILTV感染各阶段的作用。结晶紫染色结果显示,ILTV感染细胞中,与DMSO处理组相比,PP1和PP2处理组的细胞死亡均明显增多,表明PP1和PP2促进了ILTV感染介导的宿主细胞死亡;高内涵细胞筛选检测分析结果显示,在病毒感染24h时,PP1和PP2处理组EGFP荧光面积显著大于对照组(p<0.05),表明PP1和PP2可以促进ILTV的扩散,并且该现象不受ILTV中和抗体的影响,提示PP1和PP2可以促进ILTV的细胞-细胞间扩散;病毒特异性qPCR检测显示,PP1和PP2处理组的病毒基因组拷贝数与DMSO对照组相比无显著差异,PP1和PP2处理组之间的病毒基因组拷贝数也无显著差异(p>0.05),PP1和PP2对病毒复制无显著影响。为了进一步确定PP1和PP2促进ILTV细胞-细胞间扩散的具体作用方式,本研究利用多种颜色及理化性质不同的染料对LMH细胞膜、细胞质以及ILTV囊膜分别进行染色检测,结果显示PP1和PP2能够促进ILTV进入细胞,但对ILTV吸附细胞和细胞间胞质直接联系无显著影响。本研究初步确定了PP1和PP2影响ILTV感染的具体作用方式,为对其进一步分子机制研究奠定了基础。     

禽白血病病毒J亚群感染DF-1细胞后错配修复相关基因转录水平变化的研究

为研究禽白血病病毒J亚群(ALV-J)感染DF-1细胞后错配修复相关基因MMR、BRCA1和p53mRNA的转录水平变化,本研究将ALV-J NX0101株接种DF-1细胞,感染7 d后检测ALV-p27抗原,确定病毒感染是否成功。然后提取细胞中总RNA,采用荧光定量PCR以β-actin基因作为内参对MMR(MSH2、MSH3、MLH1和PMS1)、BRCA1和p53基因的mRNA转录情况进行检测。结果表明,与正常对照细胞比较,病毒感染细胞中的MMR(MSH2、MSH3、MLHl和PMSl)和p53基因的mRNA转录水平升高,而BRCA1基因的mRNA转录水平降低。表明在ALV感染宿主细胞后MMR(MSH2、MSH3、MLHl和PMS)、BRCA1和p53参与了宿主细胞DNA损伤的识别及修复过程,这一结果为ALV的致瘤机理的研究提供了新的思路。     

宿主Ncor1基因沉默对VSV复制的影响

核受体共抑制因子1(NCOR1)组织分布广泛,可调节基因转录。前期研究表明,与NCOR1功能密切相关的转导蛋白(β)样1X连接受体1(TBL1XR1)在水疱性口炎病毒(VSV)复制进程中发挥促进功能。为明确NCOR1因子在VSV复制增殖过程中的作用及机制,首先设计并构建靶向Ncor1的shRNA过表达质粒shNcor1。将shNcor1质粒与骨架质粒共转染293T细胞,获得表达shNcor1的慢病毒颗粒。用慢病毒感染小鼠巨噬细胞(RAW264.7)并构建Ncor1基因沉默细胞系。VSV分别感染Ncor1沉默与对照细胞系后,通过Q-PCR和TCID₅₀检测VSV的转录、复制水平。结果表明,Ncor1基因沉默能抑制VSV的转录及复制。此外,当Ncor1基因沉默时,经VSV诱导的干扰素相关基因Ifit1及Ifit2的转录水平显著升高,提示NCOR1对病毒复制的调控与干扰素信号的激活相关。本研究从宿主细胞出发为阐明VSV的致病机制提供了新的思路。     

牛副流感病毒3型感染MDBK细胞后影响天然免疫基因表达的筛选与验证

为筛选与验证牛副流感病毒3型(BPIV3)感染MDBK细胞后天然免疫相关基因的差异表达变化,通过细胞病变观察、Western blot验证病毒HN蛋白表达,以及病毒增殖复制动力学曲线,确定病毒复制情况。利用转录组测序技术,对1MOI基因C型SD2014BPIV3毒株感染MDBK细胞的12h对照组与感染组的差异表达基因进行筛选,最后收集BPIV3感染MDBK不同时间点细胞样本,应用RT-qPCR在转录水平验证了天然免疫相关显著差异基因的表达变化情况。结果表明,BPIV3毒株在MDBK细胞上有较强的复制能力,从病毒感染12h的转录组数据中获得了1 401个显著差异基因,经过筛选获得了9个与天然免疫相关的基因,最后在转录水平验证了MDA5、IRF7、STAT1、ISG65、TRIM25等9个与天然免疫相关基因的表达变化,并验证了其上、下游通路或同一家族基因的表达变化。结果表明,筛选与验证的BPIV3感染MDBK细胞差异表达天然免疫相关基因,为宿主细胞影响病毒复制的分子机制研究奠定了基础。     

鸡传染性支气管炎病毒MM41株感染雏鸡的组织病理学研究

为全面了解鸡传染性支气管炎病毒(IBV)感染引起雏鸡多个器官组织病理损伤情况,研究对IBV M41株人工感染SPF雏鸡后不同时间的气管、肺脏、肾脏、哈德氏腺、胸腺、法氏囊、脾脏、肝脏、胰腺和十二指肠进行病理组织学变化观察,同时应用实时荧光定量PCR方法对气管和肾脏中IBV载量进行检测。结果显示,IBV M41株主要侵害鸡呼吸器官气管和肺脏,分别在感染后第1、3天开始出现病变并持续2~3周。肾脏主要表现为肾小管上皮细胞轻度变性和少量淋巴细胞浸润,从第5天持续到第28天。感染后第5天,免疫器官哈德氏腺、胸腺和法氏囊开始出现不同程度的细胞变性,其中哈德氏腺最严重。感染后第3~21天,脾脏白髓面积增大,局部出现少量异嗜性细胞,病变轻微。感染5 d后,肝脏、胰腺和十二指肠先后出现轻度细胞变性,少量淋巴细胞浸润,持续到第28天。感染后第1~11天气管和肾脏病毒载量维持较高水平,分别在第5、8天达到峰值,气管病毒载量较肾脏高。结果表明,IBV M41株主要侵害鸡呼吸系统,对泌尿、免疫和消化系统也有亲嗜性;不同器官组织损伤程度和持续时间存在差异;气管和肾脏的病毒载量与组织损伤存在相关性。研究首次对IBV M41株感染雏鸡进行系统的组织病理学观察,为了解疾病发展过程、IBV致病机理和病理学诊断提供参考。     

宿主反应促进感染新城疫强毒的鸡发病

美国农业部农业研究服务署的科学家们针对鸡感染新城疫病毒(NDV)强毒时的发病机理和转录因子表达等进行了研究。他们采用微阵列检测发现,在感染早期脾脏会出现强烈的转录性宿主反应,伴随着与抗病毒和前炎性反应相关的基因群的诱导反应。在感染后48h出现的多个基因诱导反应包     

Concurrent infection in chickens with fowlpox virus and infectious laryngotracheitis virus as detected by immunohistochemistry and a multiplex polymerase chain reaction technique

A concurrent infection of chickens with infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV), a herpesvirus, and fowlpox virus (FWPV), an avipoxvirus, is described. Two techniques, an immunohistochemistry (IHC) technique and a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR), were used to examine 11 tissue samples from chickens clinically diagnosed as FWPV-infected, but only IHC was used to examine six tissue-paraffin blocks prepared from turkeys suspected of having FWPV infection. By multiplex PCR, both FWPV and ILTV were detected from three chicken samples (FI-90, FI-93, and FI-94); both FWPV and ILTV were detected from only two samples (FI-93 and FI-94) by IHC. All chicken samples were positive for FWPV by both PCR and IHC. Viral DNA from these samples was further confirmed by restriction enzyme analysis. When turkey samples were analyzed by the double-stain IHC, all six samples showed the presence of FWPV antigens, but no ILTV antigens. The double IHC technique, using monoclonal antibodies against FWPV and ILTV, was successful in simultaneous demonstration of specific FWPV and ILTV antigens colocalized in infected tissue samples as well as within individual cells. This paper emphasizes the importance of reliable tests that detect specifically the presence of ILTV and FWPV in infected tissue samples. The multiplex PCR assay holds potential to be versatile, rapid, and more sensitive (100%) than IHC (67%) for the simultaneous detection of two different avian viruses. Furthermore, the presence of mixed infection should always be kept in mind in the virologic analysis of respiratory sickness of poultry.     

Infection of endothelial cells with equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) occurs where there is activation of putative adhesion molecules: a mechanism for transfer of virus

Evidence is presented to show that activation of endothelial and leucoyte adhesion molecules is a key step in transferring virus from infected leucocytes; and determines the restricted tissue tropism. A range of tissues from 2 experimentally infected mares in late pregnancy at 4 and 8 days after infection with EHV-1 were compared with those from normal pregnant and nonpregnant mares. Rabbit antisera to equine activated endothelial cell molecules were used to identify which tissues expressed these molecules in normal nongravid and gravid mares, and to investigate whether the range of tissues was altered in pregnant mares as a consequence of infection. The results indicated that the endothelium of the pregnant reproductive tract did express these molecules. In the 2 pregnant mares infected with EHV-1, the endothelial cells in the nasal mucosa also expressed these activated endothelial cell molecules. Therefore, the sites expressing these molecules closely correlated with those where virus infection of endothelial cells has been described and is consistent with experimental in vitro data, indicating that expression of these molecules is an essential stage in the transference of virus from leucocytes to endothelial cells.     

Detection of infectious laryngotracheitis virus in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues by nested polymerase chain reaction

Infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) is routinely diagnosed by histopathologic examination of trachea, eyelid, and lung tissues. Lesions consistent with infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) infection include syncytial cell formation with intranuclear inclusion bodies. These changes are present during the acute phase of infection. To increase the sensitivity of detecting ILT, a nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was developed for detection of ILTV DNA. Nested PCR assay was specific for the amplification of ILTV DNA and did not amplify a variety of other avian pathogens. To further validate the ability of this assay to detect ILT, nested PCR was performed in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues from 35 cases of respiratory disease. Of the 35 cases, 12 were considered ILT suspects on the basis of initial clinical observation. Eleven of the 12 ILT-suspect cases were diagnosed as ILT, and the remaining 24 were diagnosed as nonspecific tracheitis (NST) by histopathologic examination. Histopathologically positive samples were confirmed by direct fluorescent antibody test and virus isolation. Of the 11 ILT-positive cases, 10 were positive by nested PCR. In addition, ILTV DNA was detected in 7 of the 24 samples diagnosed as NST upon histopathologic examination. Therefore, by nested PCR, ILTV DNA was detected in tissues independently of the presence of syncytial cells, intranuclear inclusions, or both. ILT nested PCR is a specific and sensitive assay capable of detecting ILT at different stages of infection and can be utilized in combination with histopathological examination to accelerate the diagnosis of ILT infection.     

Fowl adenoviruse-4 infection induces strong innate immune responses in chicken

Fowl adenovirus (FAdV), as the causative agent of hepatitis-hydropericardium syndrome (HHS), poses a significant threat to the poultry industry in China in recent years. In this study, we investigated the immunopathogenesis of a FAdV-4 strain HN/151025 in 60-day-old chickens. The virus was highly virulent in chickens, with a broader tissue tropism in chickens, causing 60 % mortality. Postmortem findings of dead chickens showed mild HHS and liver degeneration and necrosis. Importantly, FAdV-4 infection induced significant upregulation of genes encoding most toll-like receptors, some cytokines (interleukin-1β, 2, 6, 8, and 18, and interferon-γ), most of avian β-defensins, myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases, and inducible nitric oxide synthase, in tissues of infected chicken, especially in spleen and bursa of Fabricius. There was also a significant positive correlation between FAdV-4 genome load and the mRNA expression levels of most of these factors in specific infected tissues. The results indicated the potential role of these proteins in host immune response against FAdV-4 infection. However, overexpression of these proteins might contribute to tissue damage of FAdV-4 infected chickens, and eventually lead to chicken death.     

复方金银花对鸡体内NDV分布的影响

选用1日龄雏鸡,无污染环境饲养21 d后,随机分成感染组、中药治疗组、空白组。中药治疗组饮水给予复方金银花制剂。以单克隆抗体介导的免疫组化（IHC）法检测攻毒鸡体内NDV抗原的分布及定位,以确定复方金银花对新城疫病毒感染鸡的组织嗜性的影响。结果显示,感染组和中药治疗组鸡的16个组织器官中均能检测到NDV抗原,病毒以气管、肺脏、十二指肠、空肠等器官中分布为最高。复方金银花对新城疫的组织损伤有一定的保护作用,可缩短组织修复的时间。     

Mild infectious laryngotracheitis in broilers in the southeast

During 2001, a mild infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) infection occurred in broiler flocks in the southeastern United States. Clinical signs included mild tracheitis, swollen sinuses, and conjunctivitis, with no increased mortality and minimal serologic response. Infrequent intranuclear inclusion bodies with or without syncytial cell formation were observed in eyelid, trachea, and larynx and in the chorioallantoic membrane of infected embryos. Immunohistochemistry and a nested infectious laryngotracheitis polymerase chain reaction (ILT PCR) were utilized to confirm the presence of ILTV nucleic acid in fixed tissues. In addition, 2-wk-old specific-pathogen-free (SPF) birds inoculated with field material exhibited the mild signs observed in broilers in the field. Tracheal swabs and tissues taken from these SPF birds were also positive by nested ILT PCR. Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of ILT PCR products indicated that ILT virus associated with mild respiratory disease in the southeast is related to the chicken embryo origin vaccine type strains.     

Immunohistochemical localization of galectin-3 in the granulomatous lesions of paratuberculosis-infected bovine intestine

The presence of galectin-3 was immunohistochemically quantified in bovine intestines infected with paratuberculosis (Johne''s disease) to determine whether galectin-3 was involved in the formation of granulation tissue associated with the disease. Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection was histochemically confirmed using Ziehl-Neelsen staining and molecularly diagnosed through rpoB DNA sequencing. Galectin-3 was detected in the majority of inflammatory cells, possibly macrophages, in the granulomatous lesions within affected tissues, including the ileum. These findings suggest that galectin-3 is associated with the formation of chronic granulation tissues in bovine paratuberculosis, probably through cell adhesion and anti-apoptosis mechanisms.     

Galectin secretion and binding to adult Fasciola hepatica during chronic liver fluke infection of sheep

Galectins are increasingly recognised as important mediators of immune homeostasis and disease regulation, but comparatively little is known about their role in parasite infection. This study investigates the interaction between two ovine galectins, galectin-11 and galectin-14, and the parasitic liver fluke, F. hepatica. Galectin-14 was found in eosinophils infiltrating the tissue surrounding infected bile ducts and secreted in the connective tissue, while galectin-11 was specifically induced in epithelial cells of bile ducts from infected sheep. Strong nuclear staining was observed for galectin-11. Both galectins were found to be secreted into the bile fluid of parasite infected sheep, and were also detected in the excretory/secretory products of adult flukes, following their removal from the ovine host. Recombinant galectin-14, but not recombinant galectin-11, was found to bind specifically to the surface tegument of adult flukes in a carbohydrate dependent manner. This study shows for the first time that both galectin-14 and galectin-11 are produced in liver tissue after chronic liver fluke infection and that they can directly interact with the parasite in the bile ducts. Galectin-11 may also be involved in epithelial cell turnover and cancerogenesis.     

Isolation and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against structural proteins of infectious laryngotracheitis virus

Thirteen infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV)-specific monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were isolated after immunization of mice with purified infectious laryngotracheitis virions. On the basis of their reactions in western blot analyses of ILTV-infected cells, the MAbs were assigned to five different virus proteins or protein groups. Two of the viral target proteins could be identified after transient expression of cloned ILTV genes in eucaryotic cells. The MAbs of group II detected a 60-kD protein that was shown to be the ILTV homologue of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) glycoprotein (g)C. The MAbs of group I reacted with the positional homologue of HSV-1 gJ, which is encoded by the open reading frame (ORF) 5 gene within the unique short genome region of ILTV. The ORF 5 gene product of ILTV was previously described as a 60-kD glycoprotein (gp60), whereas multiple protein bands with apparent molecular masses of 85, 115, 160, and 200 kD were identified in the present study. Immunoelectron microscopy revealed that both gC and gJ of ILTV are localized in the envelope of virus particles, whereas the 15-kD protein detected by the MAbs of group III presumably represents a tegument component. Immunofluorescence analyses of infected cells demonstrated that the epitopes of the gC- and gJ-specific MAbs are conserved in all tested ILTV isolates originating from different parts of the world and that these MAbs are also suitable for in situ antigen detection in tissues of ILTV-infected chickens. The remaining ILTV-specific MAbs recognized viral proteins of 22 kD (group IV) and 38 kD (group V) that were not further characterized up to now.