谈蜂场产品系列之一——蜂场产品释义

<正>蜂场是养蜂生产单位,养蜂生产通过蜂场来进行,蜂场与其他养殖场不同,蜂场由许多蜜蜂群体组成,每个蜂群又由数万只蜜蜂个体组成,一个蜂场拥有数百万以至上千万只蜜蜂。由此可见,蜜蜂是生产蜂产品的最小单位,蜜蜂生产的蜂产品集中到蜂群,蜂群生产的蜂产品集中到蜂场。蜂场产品是蜜蜂集体劳动的果实,是     

蜜蜂白垩病发病规律及防治措施

长白山区野生蜜源植物以不受污染、天然纯绿色而闻名中外,因此,吸引了很多农业人员从事养蜂,截止到2002年末,延边地区饲养蜂群6.7万箱。自1992年部分蜂场发现白垩病,到1997年蜂群患病率高达40%,受白垩病危害的蜂群,轻则群势下降,重则蜜蜂丧失生产能力,甚至整群死亡,严重影响了养蜂生产的发展,为了掌握该病在延边地区的发病规律,采取切实有效的防治措施,我们对白垩病发病规律进行调查,总结出防治白垩病的方法。1病原症状与诊断蜜蜂白垩病又叫石灰质病,是由蜜蜂子囊球菌引起的一种蜜蜂幼虫死亡的真菌性传染病。主要是老熟幼虫或封盖幼虫死亡,…     

山东省蜂场消毒存在的问题及改进建议

<正>随着蜜蜂规模化饲养管理技术的发展普及和新型养蜂机械装备的研发应用,我国蜂场的养殖规模不断扩大。在养殖密度较高情况下,一旦有蜂群发生疾病,极易通过交哺行为、盗蜂以及养蜂者饲养管理过程等途径引起疫病在全场的快速传播流行,给养蜂生产造成严重损失。近年来,我国中蜂囊状幼虫病、以色列急     

抗白垩病蜂群的选育实践

蜜蜂白垩病是养蜂生产中的一大病害 ,对蜂群造成严重危害。自 1990年起 ,在我国部分地区的蜂场开始发现蜜蜂白垩病 ,并迅速蔓延 ,全国各地的蜂场都有不同程度的感染。受白垩病危害的蜂群 ,主要表现在蜜蜂老熟幼虫在封盖后死亡 ,减少了蜂群新生蜂的数量 ,群势迅速下降 ,不能维持正常的蜂群活动 ,严重的甚至弃巢飞逃 ,整群灭亡。虽然多年来广大的养蜂者不停地对此病采取预防措施 ,但始终不能根除。我县蜂群从 1993年开始发现蜜蜂白垩病 ,到1997年全县蜂群发病率达 4 0 %。发病时间主要在每年 2～ 4月和 7～ 8月 ,都是大蜜源的流蜜期 ,发病后不…     

小蜂螨和美洲幼虫腐臭病同时发生的防治措施

小蜂螨和美洲幼虫腐臭病,都是养蜂生产上的常见病害,传播快,为害大,有不少蜂场的蜂群深受其害。 11年前,我所有110多群蜜蜂在南方繁殖时,感染了小蜂螨和美洲幼虫腐臭病,当时由于参加生产的同志经验不足,单纯用药物治疗,收效甚微。蜂群繁殖了5个多月,不仅蜜蜂没有增多,却损失80％以上,越养     

蜜蜂囊状幼虫病药物防治试验初报

蜜蜂囊状幼虫病是当前阻碍养蜂生产的主要病害。在防治上过去曾采用综合防治措施、中草药治疗等,对本病有所控制,但是药效不够显著,因此病情得不到有效的控制,疾病反复发生。值得注意的是,意蜂发生囊状幼虫病的蜂场日趋增多。为了尽快地     

防治蜂螨要坚持不懈

防治蜂螨要坚持不懈蜂螨，自６０年代初在黑龙江省各地蜂场先后发现以来，一直危害着蜂业的生产与发展。轻者产量减产，重者蜂群灭亡，教训十分深刻。然而在今天，当各种细菌性疾病（美洲幼虫腐臭病、欧洲幼虫腐臭病、白垩病）不断向蜂群袭击的时候，不少养蜂者顾此失彼，...     

关于建议抓紧蜂群过冬前的有利季节突击防治蜂螨的报告

蜂螨是寄生在蜜蜂成虫及幼虫体躯的一种寄生虫。依靠吸吮蜜蜂的体液生活。有蜂螨的蜂群,蜜蜂寿命缩短,在严重的情况下,整个蜂群迅速削弱,甚至整个蜂场被毁灭!目前,蜂螨在南方蔓延比較普遍,特别在江苏、浙江、湖北、江西、广东等省比较严重,是南方养蜂生产的最大威胁!     

我是这样防治白垩病的

蜜蜂白垩病是一种顽固性真菌传染病.蜜蜂极易感染,小群大群都会感染,一经感染很难根治.给养蜂生产造成严重损失,给健康蜂群构成严重威胁.据笔者所知.近4年来,与本地相邻近的三县市的12家蜂场,其中有10家蜂场的蜜蜂都先后不同程度患过白垩病,患病蜂群一般占该场蜂群的10%～20%.经过养蜂人员的积极治疗.到现在还有4家蜂场白垩病尚未治愈.白垩病成为本地养蜂人员的"头痛病".     

长白山北部地区蜜蜂体外寄生虫——地胆幼虫的危害及其预防

地胆 ,一般称为芫菁 ,它的幼虫是蜜蜂体外寄生虫 ,虽然不常发现 ,但有时对蜜蜂危害很严重。1　地胆幼虫危害蜂群情况及分析2 0 0 3年 4月 ,在长白山北部的吉林省舒兰市新安乡石砬村 ,于学华、张国祥等 4～ 5个蜂场发现地胆幼虫寄生在蜜蜂体上。同期 ,附近 30km的开原乡也有多个蜂场发现地胆幼虫寄生蜜蜂。于学华等蜂场的蜂群自 4月中旬开始发现地胆幼虫被外勤蜂带进蜂群 ,此时正是侧金盏 (冰朗花 )、元胡、柳树花期。于学华蜂场有蜂 4 0群左右 ,当时全场蜂群都寄生地胆幼虫 ;张国祥蜂场的蜂群也寄生地胆幼虫。被地胆幼虫寄生的蜂群表现不安 …     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.