猪圆环病毒2 型疫苗研究进展

疫苗免疫接种是防控猪圆环病毒2型(Porcine circovirus type 2,PCV-2)的主要方式,PCV-2疫苗的研究与开发已成为国内外兽医工作者的关注热点.在国际市场上销售的商品化PCV-2疫苗主要包括亚单位疫苗、嵌合病毒疫苗和灭活疫苗,其中PCV-2灭活疫苗已在我国规模化猪场中广泛使用.综述了近年来国内外各类PCV-2疫苗研究进展及存在的问题,以期为猪圆环病毒病的防制与PCV-2新型疫苗的研发提供参考.     

水生无脊椎动物血淋巴细胞分类及免疫研究进展

水生无脊椎动物的血淋巴细胞是机体免疫防御屏障的重要组成部分,但对不同水生无脊椎动物的血淋巴细胞分类和功能的研究整体上比对脊椎动物的研究落后。本研究中系统地归纳和综述了贝类、甲壳类、棘皮动物等水生无脊椎动物血淋巴细胞的分类及其免疫功能的研究进展,贝类血淋巴细胞的分类主要以染色后细胞质中颗粒物质的有无作为指标,一般分为颗粒细胞(granulocyte)和透明细胞(hyalinocyte),其防御机制主要通过包囊作用、伤口修复、吞噬作用等方面体现;甲壳动物血淋巴细胞的分类主要依据血淋巴细胞的形态特征和胞质中颗粒物质的有无、大小和密度等特征,一般将其分为无颗粒细胞(hyaline cell)、小颗粒细胞(semi-granular cell)和大颗粒细胞(granular cell),透明细胞和小颗粒细胞共同介导吞噬作用,小颗粒细胞还介导包囊作用,大颗粒细胞主要介导细胞毒作用;棘皮动物的细胞免疫主要由体腔细胞即变形吞噬细胞或颗粒细胞完成。建议未来应使用多种方法和技术以及结合血淋巴细胞表面受体对水生无脊椎动物血淋巴细胞进行分类和功能研究。     

南极鱼类适应低温的分子进化研究进展

南大洋是地球上最冷的水域,水温常年在0℃以下,许多生物在南大洋降温过程中走向灭绝,而南极鱼亚目鱼类在南大洋逐渐变冷过程中快速进化,成为冰冻海域最繁盛的脊椎动物.随着越来越多的南极亚目鱼类基因组完成测序和分析,人们对这些鱼类在冰冻环境下生存和繁衍机制的认识也越来越深入和全面.本文从抗冻蛋白的起源、血液发生、抗过氧化机制、...     

小麦贸易及转入外源基因研究进展

随着小麦转基因技术进一步研究应用,转基因小麦的商品化生产和进出口贸易已指日可待,随之而来的是转基因小麦安全性和检验检疫问题。本文在前人研究基础之上系统地总结分析了小麦的贸易现状,对转基因小麦的研究和商品化生产进展缓慢的原因进行分析,并对目前小麦转入外源基因的研究进展情况进行了阐述。     

兰花花器官及成花基因调控研究进展

为了更有效地对开花植物中最大家族之一的兰科(Orchidaceae)植物进行开花调控,对具有蕊柱和唇瓣等独特花结构的兰花花器官调控和成花过程的分子遗传基础进行了阐述,并在此基础上对兰科花发育的调控进行了展望。结果表明:1)兰花花器官ABCDE模型中,A和E类基因决定萼片,A、B和E类基因决定花瓣,B、C和E类基因决定雄蕊,而D和E类基因决定心皮;2)温度、光周期和激素是决定兰花花起始和发育的关键;3)成花过程中的转录组、基因组以及功能基因验证的研究,取得了较大的突破。综上,本研究可为兰花花发育的分子遗传基础研究开辟新的思路。     

家蚕抗核型多角体病毒基因与蛋白的研究进展

追踪研究蚕体内的抗家蚕核型多角体病毒（Bombyxmori nuclearpolyhedrosis virus,BmNPV）基因与蛋白,了解家蚕抗BmNPV的机制,对减轻甚至解除血液型脓病、促进桑蚕产业发展具有重要意义。文章就家蚕抗BmNPV基因和蛋白的研究进展进行综述,提出今后对家蚕抗BmNPV的研究策略应是运用多种技术同时从DNA、RNA、蛋白质水平上进行研究,鉴定家蚕抗BmNPV基因或蛋白及其与抗BmNPV的相关性;再采用RNA干涉、转基因技术对家蚕进行基因操作,改变其对BmNPV的抵抗能力,确认这些基因、蛋白的抗病毒功能。另外,使用免疫组化、免疫共沉淀,ELISA等技术探索基因一蛋白、蛋白一蛋白间的相互作用,找到基因或蛋白的上、下游作用因子,解释清楚家蚕抗BmNPV的详细机制,为最终解除家蚕脓病危害、促进蚕业发展提供参考资料。     

低温胁迫对烟草保护性酶类及氮和碳化合物的影响

目的探索外源甜菜碱对低温胁迫下烤烟幼苗生理特性的影响。方法以红花大金元和K326为材料进行盆栽试验,以在室温环境不施加外源甜菜碱条件下生长的烟草幼苗为正向对照(CK),以4 ℃低温胁迫下未施用外源甜菜碱溶液处理的烟草幼苗为负向对照(CK₀),设置5个外源甜菜碱浓度(0.0125、0.0500、0.1000、0.1500和0.2000 mol/L)对4 ℃低温胁迫3 d的烟草幼苗进行灌根处理,对渗透物质含量、抗氧化酶活性、多酚代谢相关酶及总酚含量等指标进行测定。结果施用外源甜菜碱可对低温胁迫下烟草的一系列生理指标产生影响：可提高过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和多酚氧化酶(PPO)的活性;提高多酚含量以及苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性;使可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白的积累增加;使丙二醛(MDA)和超氧阴离子(O₂⁻)的含量以及电解质渗透率得到抑制。结论4 ℃低温胁迫下,红花大金元根施0.1500 mol/L、K326施 0.1000 mol/L外源甜菜碱具有最大缓解效应。     

转基因技术在动物遗传改良上的应用进展

简要介绍了几种比较常用的转基因方法.包括显微注射法、脂质体介导法、电转染法、胚胎干细胞法、病毒载体法、精子载体法、卵巢直接注射法.传统的转基因方法与基因打靶、体细胞核移植、RNA干扰以及线粒体转移技术相结合,在基因功能研究和疾病治疗中发挥越来越重要的作用.特别是近年来在植物上出现的外源基因清除技术,为我们在动物上彻底去除外源基因的影响提供了新思路.     

Fine mapping and genetic analysis of resistance genes,Rsc18, against soybean mosaic virus

Soybean mosaic virus(SMV) affects seed quality and production of soybean(Glycine max(L.) Merr.) worldwide. SC18 is one of the dominant SMV strains in South China, and accession Zhonghuang 24 displayed resistance to SC18. The F₁, F₂ and 168 F₁₁ recombinant inbred lines(RILs) population derived from a hybridization between Zhonghuang 24(resistant, R) and Huaxia 3(susceptible, S) were used in this study. According to the segregation ratios of the F₂ gener...     

Transgenic Crops by Direct Treatment of Exogenous DNA Without Agrobacterium tumefaciens Plasmid and Tissue Culture

Gene transfter methods are developing quickly recently,but each method has its limitations.We introduce a new gene transfer technique in this paper,which is simple,effective,and easy to operate,but does not get enough attention from scientists.This technique is used to transform plants by injecting exogenous DNA to stigma,style,ovary,young fruit or meristem of the recipient,or soaking the recipient‘s seeds in exogenous DNA solution.Los of heritable variations were found in many characters of many crops,It may be used to creaste new germplasms or realize gene exchange between different species,gerera,or families,even between animals and plants,A brief discussion was given to the mechanism of exogenous DNA introduction,integration into and expression in the recipient.We also discussed the merits and limitations of the technique.Currently there are two successful approaches that can be used to transform plants genetically,but each method has its limitations that are delaying the application of the techniques to certaincommercially important crops.The first tecnhique exploits a natural genetic engineer,Agrobacterium tumefaciens,which contains a tumor-inducing(Ti) plasmid that transfers a DNA segment(the T-DNA) from the plasmid to the nuclear genome of infected plants(or in vitro to plant tissue).The method is restricted to dicotyledenous plants;monocotyledenous plants are usually not susceptible to agrobacterial infection.The second technique involves direct transfter of DNA to plant protoplast ,prepared by enzymatic digestion of cell walls,for example by chemically stimulated uptake using polyethylene glycol or a high voltage pulse,generating transient‘holes‘in the protoplast membrane.This technique depends on a tissue culture system that allows regeneration of mature plants from protoplasts,But so far it is impossible to achieve plant regeneration from protoplasts in many crops.Both techniques use dominant selectable markers(for example,kanamycin resistance) to select for the transformed tissue or plant which can then be screened for expression of co-transferred but unselected genes(Lichenstein,1987).Now there is a new successful method which can transform various crops,regardless of dicots or monocots,cereals or legumes,It doesn‘t need Agrobacterium tumefaciens and plasmid ,doesn‘t depend on the tissue culture system that allows regeneration of mature plants from protoplasts,Comple and advance equipments are not necessary,It is very simple,but very effective,Next is a review about the technique,its application in serveral crops,the mechanism of transformation,and its merits and limitations.     

Cryopreservation of farm animal gametes and embryos: recent updates and progress

Cryopreservation has undergone tremendous advances and is widely used in animal production based on decades of study of cellular permeability, freezability and empirical generalization. Several improvement are particularly important: the cryopreservation protocol has been continuously refined over the years to achieve greater reproductive performance; cryoprotective agents are more effective and less toxic than previously; there has been significant innovation in advanced cryopreservation systems and carriers. Despite this, there are still problems that urgently require practical solutions, such as remedies for cryodamage and encouraging the use of frozen–thawed porcine sperm in pig production.     

禽流感双乳相灭活疫苗的研究

用AIVH5N1和H9N2毒株作抗原,采取分步乳化法制成双乳相灭活疫苗。经无菌检验、稳定性和安全性试验,疫苗A和C符合兽用生物药品规程的要求,经免疫效力和保护力测定,疫苗可于免疫后3～5d产生HI抗体,9～14d抗体达高峰值,其中H5N1的HI抗体可达9log2以上,H9N2可达11log2以上,疫苗保护力与常规疫苗相近,但产生保护力的时间明显提早;疫苗在4℃条件下,保存期可达1年,免疫期为6～9个月。     

Unlikely allies against factory farms: animal rights advocates and environmentalists

I examine the risks and opportunities associated with social movement coalition building in attempts to block or curtail the rise of Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs) in the United States. As producers have scaled up animal production facilities, environmentalists and animal rights activists, along with numerous other social actors, have begun anti-CAFO campaigns. I argue that while the CAFO has mobilized a diverse group of social actors, these individuals and organizations do not all have the same interests (aside from resistance to CAFOs), leading to some unlikely allies. These odd alliances provide opportunities for agrifood scholars to study the relationship between the coalitions that social movement organizations form and the support they receive from their respective constituencies. Lastly, I argue that the need for agrifood scholars to address the pitfalls associated with single-issue coalition building extends beyond the unlikely alliance between environmentalists and animal rights activists, as agrifood related crises have led to a proliferation of such coalitions.

显微介导远缘基因鲤家系的建立及遗传多样性分析

运用显微介导远缘杂交技术,将未经遗传修饰的中国对虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis)总DNA直接导入受体鲤(Cyprinus carpio L·)内,以期通过这种基因组水平的远缘杂交技术改善受体鲤的品质。创建的远缘基因鲤提高了鲤的品质,丰富了鲤的遗传基础。本研究对48尾显微介导远缘基因鲤亲鱼进行标记取样,通过20个具有多态的鲤微卫星引物分析,选出在中度遗传距离(0.5～0.6)的亲本进行繁殖,从子代群体中选出品质性状优良的3个家系为研究对象。利用微卫星标记,分别对3个家系进行了遗传背景分析。结果表明,3个家系的平均有效等位基因数(Ne)分别为2.153 5、2.384 0和2.411 0;平均观测杂合度(Ho)分别为0.482 5、0.430 0和0.445 0;平均期望杂合度(He)分别为0.519 5、0.572 0和0.570 0;平均多态信息含量(PIC)分别为0.430 0、0.471 5和0.494 5。其遗传多样性处于中度多态(0.25PIC0.5)偏高水平。3个家系的基因分化系数(GST)为0.074,家系之间属于中度分化水平。     

鸡白痢沙门氏菌感染对雏鸡脾脏miRNA表达谱的影响

目的鉴定感染鸡白痢沙门氏菌后雏鸡脾脏差异表达的miRNA,为阐明miRNA在鸡白痢沙门氏菌感染中的调控机制提供理论基础。方法采集感染和未感染鸡白痢沙门氏菌的SPF雏鸡脾脏,提取脾脏RNA,构建6个miRNA文库;利用Illumina Hiseq 2500测序技术和生物信息学分析筛选差异表达miRNA,通过TargetScan和miRanda算法预测差异表达miRNA的靶基因,并进行GO功能富集和KEGG通路富集分析,最后利用RT-qPCR方法验证测序结果。结果鉴定到29个差异表达miRNAs,其中15个显著上调、14个显著下调。GO分析表明：脂多糖介导的信号通路正调控以及NIK/NF-κB介导的信号通路负调控等免疫相关生物学过程显著富集;KEGG分析显示：差异表达的miRNA主要参与溶酶体和内吞作用等免疫相关通路。高通量测序结果与RT-qPCR结果一致。结论成功鉴定到鸡白痢沙门氏菌感染雏鸡脾脏miRNA表达谱,获得29个鸡白痢沙门氏菌感染潜在相关miRNAs。     

遗传标记技术在动物育种中的研究进展

随着生物科学的不断发展,遗传标记辅助选择(MAS)已经在动物改良中获得了较大的遗传进展,其中最关键的环节是识别有效的遗传标记,即这一标记应与控制这些数量性状的基因(QTL)处于连锁不平衡(linkage disequilibrium)状态。就目前遗传标记技术在动物遗传育种中的研究进展进行了综述,并展望了遗传标记技术在该领域的应用前景,以期引出这一技术可能存在的一些问题以供思考。     

Plant protection: Current status,progress and challenges in China

正China is one of the countries in the world that is severely damaged by crop diseases, pests, and weeds.There are morethan1 700speciesofagriculturalpestsoccurring annually, 53 of which are on the list of the 100 worst pests     

重组昆虫杆状病毒杀虫剂研究进展

从亲本病毒及其启动子的选择，外源毒素基因，昆虫专性激素和酶基因，增效基因，标记基因，宿主反义RNA基因的引入，病毒自身基因的修饰以及重组病毒的安全性等方面综述了该领域的最新研究进展。     

狂犬病毒CVS株G基因和IFN-a基因共表达重组腺病毒载体的构建

通过RT-PCR方法扩增得到狂犬病毒G基因,PCR方法得到IFN-Αa基因并亚克隆入pIRES获得pIRES-a质粒.双酶切G基因和pIRES-a质粒并回收目的基因与腺病毒穿梭载体pAdTrack-CMV连接,再与pAdEasy-1质粒在BJ5183菌中同源重组产生腺病毒载体质粒.线性化后的重组腺病毒质粒转染人胚肾293细胞,通过观察报告基因绿色荧光蛋白的表达鉴定重组的腺病毒.结果表明:该重组病毒质粒经酶切鉴定与预期结果一致;转染293细胞后观察到绿色荧光蛋白的表达,说明成功构建了G和IFN-a双基因共表达重组腺病毒载体.     

利用微滴数字PCR技术分析转基因大豆‘GE-J12’中外源基因的拷贝数

为鉴定抗除草剂转基因大豆新品种‘GE-J12’的外源基因插入拷贝数,以该转化体的外源插入目的基因G2-EPSPS和GAT的序列、3′转化体特异性序列为靶序列,设计PCR扩增引物和TaqMan探针,并对引物探针特异性进行鉴定,同时以大豆内标基因Lectin为参照,建立微滴数字PCR拷贝数检测体系。特异性试验结果显示,只有以抗除草剂转基因大豆‘GE-J12’基因组DNA为模板才有扩增信号。以单株转基因大豆‘GE-J12’基因组DNA为模板,进行外源目的基因G2-EPSPS和GAT、3′转化体特异性序列的微滴数字PCR检测,转基因大豆‘GE-J12’的外源目的基因G2-EPSPS和GAT在基因组上的插入拷贝数均值分别为0.99和1.01。同时3′转化体特异性序列的拷贝数均值为1.00,验证单株转基因大豆‘GE-J12’为纯合子,因此鉴定该单株转基因大豆‘GE-J12’的外源基因在大豆基因组上为单拷贝插入,同时与Southern blot方法进行比较,结果一致。