Functional characterization of the catalytic and bromodomain of FgGCN5 in development,DON production and virulence of Fusarium graminearum

FgGCN5, a GCN5 homolog in Fusarium graminearum, plays a critical role in hyphal vegetative growth, asexual and sexual reproduction, deoxynivalenol(DON) biosynthesis and plant infection. For nuclear localized GCN5, four conserved sequence motifs(I–IV) are presented in the catalytic domain and a bromodomain in the carboxy-terminus. As a lysine acetyltransferase, conserved negatively charged residues are present to neutralize the protons from lysine substrates. However, the role of conserved motifs/domains and residues in FgGCN5 are unclear. Here, we generated deletion mutant strains for each the conserved motifs/domains and a glutamate residue 130(E130) replacement mutant. Deletion of each conserved motif in the catalytic domain and replacement of E130 site resulted in manifold defects in hyphae growth, asexual and sexual development, DON biosynthesis, and plant infection. Phenotypic defects in the mutant strains were similar to deletion mutants. The deletion of the bromodomain led a significant reduction in DON production and virulence, with no effects on hyphae growth, asexual or sexual reproduction. FgGCN5 was further found to localize to the nucleus in conidia and hyphae cells. In conclusion, FgGCN5 encodes a nuclear localized acetyltransferase. The conserved motifs in the catalytic domain and E130 are essential for correct functions of the gene. The conserved bromodomain is important for DON production and pathogen virulence. This was the first report to identify the functions of conserved motifs/domains in FgGCN5, which will contribute to our understanding of the mechanism(s) by which FgGCN5 regulates F. graminearum.     

StKU80, a component in the NHEJ repair pathway,is involved in mycelial morphogenesis,conidiation, appressorium development,and oxidative stress reactions in Exserohilum turcicum

Homologous recombination(HR) and nonhomologous end joining(NHEJ) are considered the two main double-strand break(DSB) repair approaches in eukaryotes. Inhibiting the activities of the key component in NHEJ commonly enhances the efficiency of targeted gene knockouts or affects growth and development in higher eukaryotes. However, little is known about the roles of the NHEJ pathway in foliar pathogens. Here we identified a gene designated St KU80, which encodes a putative DNA end-binding protein homologous to yeast Ku80, in the foliar pathogen Exserohilum turcicum. Conserved domain analysis showed that the typical domains VWA, Ku78 and Ku-PK-bind are usually present in Ku70/80 proteins in eukaryotes and are also present in St Ku80. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that St Ku80 is most closely related to Ku80(XP_001802136.1) from Parastagonospora nodorum, followed by Ku80(AGF90044.1) from Monascus ruber. Furthermore, the gene knockout mutants ΔSt KU80-1 and ΔSt KU80-2 were obtained. These mutants displayed longer septas, thinner cell walls, smaller amounts of substances on cell wall surfaces, and more mitochondria per cell than the wild-type(WT) strain but similar HT-toxin activity. The mutants did not produce conidia and mature appressoria. On the other hand, the mutants were highly sensitive to H_2O_2, but not to ultraviolet radiation. In summary, the St KU80 plays devious roles in regulating the development of E. turcicum.     

GCK家族蛋白激酶MoSOK1调控稻瘟病菌的生长发育与致病性

稻瘟病菌致病相关基因功能的研究有助于揭示其致病机理,为稻瘟病防治提供理论依据。本研究利用基因替换技术对稻瘟病菌SOK1同源基因(MoSOK1)进行了分析。MoSOK1编码GCK(germinal center kinase)家族的Ste20蛋白激酶,其与全蚀病菌中对应蛋白具有最高同源性。本研究表明,MoSOK1基因在附着胞分化关键期上调表达;与野生型菌株相比,MoSOK1基因缺失突变体菌落颜色加深,气生菌丝减少,生长速度变慢,产孢量下降,分生孢子萌发延迟,致病性降低。另外,交配实验表明,MoSOK1基因缺失突变体能够进行交配,但产子囊壳能力降低。本研究初步表明,MoSOK1基因参与稻瘟病菌生长发育和致病过程。     

玉米穗腐病致病禾谷镰孢复合种的遗传多样性、致病力与毒素化学型分析

【目的】明确中国玉米穗腐病致病禾谷镰孢复合种(Fusarium graminearum species complex,FGSC)的菌群遗传结构、致病力、毒素化学型及其相互关系,为玉米镰孢穗腐病防控提供参考信息。【方法】从中国玉米主产区采集玉米穗腐病样本,经单孢分离鉴定,选取代表性的禾谷镰孢复合种,利用22对SSR和10对VNTR引物,使用Popgen32、NTsys2.1、STRUCTURE2.3.4群体遗传学研究软件进行数据分析,结合TEF-1α、β-tubulin和RPB2基因测序构建系统发育树,分析7个地理区域禾谷镰孢复合种的遗传多样性,采用花丝通道注射接种法测定各镰孢菌的致病力,利用产毒基因特异性引物进行毒素化学型的检测。【结果】在禾谷镰孢复合种中共检测到等位位点数48个,多态性位点数39个,多态性条带比率为81.25%,每对引物扩增出多态性条带2—4条;禾谷镰孢复合种7个地理群体平均Shannon’s信息指数和Nei’s遗传多样性指数分别为0.41和0.29,7个地理区域遗传相似度集中在0.6677—0.8797,遗传距离为0.1282—0.4039,表明菌群间具有较丰富的...     

禾谷镰孢Tri12基因敲除突变体的致病力

Tri12是镰孢菌Fusarium编码单端孢霉烯族毒素(trichothecenes,以下简称“单族毒素”)输出泵的基因,而产毒基因Tri5编码的单端孢霉二烯合酶催化毒素生物合成中的第一步反应。以禾谷镰孢FusariumgraminearumSchw.野生型菌株NRRL29169为亲本,获得Tri12敲除的转化子MT12。与NRRL29169相比,MT12在PDA培养基上生长慢,生长量小(P<0.01),大分生孢子较长。致病力测定结果显示,NRRL29169致病力最强,所致病害可以自接种点向上下扩展至其他小穗,而MT12的致病力极弱。我们由此推测,Tri12的敲除导致病菌产生的毒素不能被泵出体外毒害寄主,进而在病菌体内积累抑制自身生长和毒素的进一步产生,从而降低病菌的致病力。     

The putative elongator complex protein Elp3 is involved in asexual development and pathogenicity by regulating autophagy in the rice blast fungus

Autophagy is responsible for maintaining fundamental cellular homeostasis and is, therefore, essential for diverse development processes. This study reported that PoElp3, the putative catalytic subunit of Elongator complex, is involved in the maintenance of autophagy homeostasis to facilitate asexual development and pathogenicity in the rice blast fungus Pyricularia oryzae. It was found that the ΔPoelp3 strains were defective in vegetative growth, conidiation, stress response, and pathogenicity. The mutants exhibited hyper-activated autophagy in the vegetative hyphae under both nutrient-rich and nutrient-deficient conditions. The hyper-activation of autophagy possibly suppressed the production of vegetative hyphae in the ΔPoelp3 strains. Moreover, the ΔPoelp3 strains were found to be more sensitive to rapamycin during vegetative- and invasive-hyphal growth but have no effect on Target-of-Rapamycin (TOR) signaling inhibition. Taken together, these results demonstrated that PoElp3 is involved in asexual development and pathogenicity by regulating autophagy in the rice blast fungus.     

肌动蛋白结合蛋白FgAbp1参与禾谷镰孢生长、发育和毒素体形成

[目的]Abp1作为肌动蛋白结合蛋白家族成员之一,在各种真核生物肌动蛋白骨架形成过程中具有核心作用.本研究旨在分析禾谷镰孢(Fusarium graminearum)中肌动蛋白结合蛋白FgAbp1在生长发育、对新型杀菌剂氰烯菌酯敏感性以及毒素体形成等生物学过程中的功能.[方法]利用融合PCR和酵母空隙修复技术分别构建F...     

禾谷镰孢菌β2-微管蛋白在大肠杆菌中的可溶性表达及纯化

【目的】在大肠杆菌中表达禾谷镰孢菌（Fusarium graminearum）的β2-微管蛋白,筛选使β2-微管蛋白可溶性表达的诱导因子,并对可溶性蛋白进行纯化。【方法】以构建好的质粒（pET32a+-β2-tubulin）为模板,PCR扩增出β2-微管蛋白基因,将其克隆到pET30a+表达载体上,并转化到表达宿主菌BL21(DE3)及Rossatta（DE3）pLysS,筛选阳性克隆,进行蛋白诱导表达,并筛选蛋白可溶性表达的诱导因子;对纯化后的蛋白进行SDS-PAGE和Western blot验证。【结果】获得了在大肠杆菌中表达效率高的阳性克隆;为了克服常规诱导条件下表达的β2-微管蛋白主要以包涵体形式存在的问题,通过对诱导温度、时间、诱导物浓度、初始诱导时的菌液浓度、培养液及宿主菌等六因子的综合分析,获得了β2-微管蛋白可溶性表达的优化条件;利用HisTrap HP预装柱对β2-微管蛋白进行纯化,可获得纯度很高的可溶性β2-微管蛋白;SDS-PAGE确认表达出的融合蛋白分子量为51.6 kD;Western blot证实表达的融合蛋白能与6×His及β-微管蛋白的单克隆抗体发生特异性反应。【结论】本研究为外源基因在大肠杆菌中的可溶性表达提供了参考;获得的微管蛋白为研究微管蛋白靶标类药物的抗性机制以及生产中开发新的以微管蛋白为靶标的杀菌剂提供了物质基础。     

Soil application of Trichoderma asperellum GDFS1009 granules promotes growth and resistance to Fusarium graminearum in maize

Of diseases affecting maize (Zea mays), Fusarium graminearum is one of the most common pathogenic fungi that cause stalk rot. In the present study, the Trichoderma asperellum GDFS1009 strain was shown to be an effective biocontrol agent against stalk rot. In a confrontation culture test, Trichoderma strain displayed an approximately 60% inhibition rate on the mycelial growth of F. graminearum. In pot trials, the application of 2 g/pot of T. asperellum GDFS1009 granules had the best control effect on stalk rot at the seedling stage (up to 53.7%), while the average plant height and fresh weight were also significantly improved. Additionally when fertilizer was added at 8 g/pot, the application of 3 g/pot of Trichoderma granules had the best control effect on maize stalk rot (40.95%). In field trials, when inoculating F. graminearum alone, the disease index for inoculating was 62.45, but only 31.43 after treatment with T. asperellum GDFS1009 granules, suggesting a control efficiency of 49.67%. Furthermore, in a naturally F. graminearum-infected field, Trichoderma granules, when applied for 3 consecutive years, showed significant control of stalk rot and increased yields.     

尖孢镰刀菌FoPLC4参与调控孢子形成和致病性

【目的】黄瓜枯萎病是黄瓜生产中的重要病害,其病原菌为尖孢镰刀菌黄瓜专化型（Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum）。研究旨在明确尖孢镰刀菌黄瓜专化型编码磷脂酶C（phospholipase C,PLC）的FoPLC4在调控分生孢子形成和致病性等方面的功能。【方法】采用生物信息学方法,确定FoPLC4在染色体上的位置,分析FoPLC4结构。基于尖孢镰刀菌番茄专化型基因组数据库,采用特异性引物克隆黄瓜枯萎病菌FoPLC4。根据同源重组原理构建携带潮霉素磷酸转移酶（hygromycin phosphotransferase,HPH）基因的敲除载体,利用PEG（polyethylene glycol）介导的方法转化原生质体,获得黄瓜枯萎病菌的敲除突变体?FoPLC4和遗传回复突变体?FoPLC4/plc4。转化子经潮霉素B平板筛选后通过PCR和RT-PCR分子验证。在PDA（potato dextrose agar）培养基上测定?FoPLC4生物学性状。利用分生孢子接种黄瓜胚根测定?FoPLC4在黄瓜幼苗上的致病性。【结果】FoPLC4位于尖孢镰刀菌基因组的4号染色体,DNA全长3 282 bp,不含内含子,编码1 093个氨基酸;FoPLC4含有5个结构域,包括EF手形（EF-hand）区、PH（pleckstrin homology）区、C2区和2个催化区,属于PLCδ亚型。与野生型菌株相比,?FoPLC4菌落生长速率没有显著改变,但气生菌丝较疏松;?FoPLC4可以同时产生大型分生孢子和小型分生孢子,大型分生孢子只占孢子总数的12.1%,而野生型菌株在相同条件下只能产生小型分生孢子,?FoPLC4产孢量下降了82.2%。致病性测定表明?FoPLC4在黄瓜幼苗上的萎蔫症状明显减轻,接种10 d后病情指数下降了53.3%。回复突变体?FoPLC4/plc4在菌落生长、产孢和致病性等性状与野生型相比没有显著差别。【结论】尖孢镰刀菌黄瓜专化型FoPLC4全长3 282 bp,不含内含子,编码1 093个氨基酸。与野生型相比,?FoPLC4分生孢子的产孢类型明显改变、产孢数量和对黄瓜幼苗的致病性显著降低。FoPLC4在调控尖孢镰刀菌分生孢子形成和致病性中发挥重要作用。     

Isolation and identification of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense in Fujian Province,China

Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium oxyporum f. sp. cubense(Foc), is the most serious disease affecting banana production.To clarify the distribution of the Foc races in Fujian Province of China, 79 soil samples were collected from four regions of Zhangzhou City, the primary banana production area in Fujian. We isolated and identified 12 Foc strains based on internal transcribed spacer(ITS) sequence analysis, PCR amplification by using Foc-specific primers and pathogenicity assays.Our analysis indicated that 11 isolates belong to Foc race 1, and 1 isolate belongs to the Foc tropical species race 4(TR4).Although TR4 has previously been reported to occur in primary banana-producing provinces, such as Hainan, Guangxi,and Guangdong of China, this is the first report of TR4 isolated from the soil in Fujian Province. Monitoring the presence of Foc, in particular, the TR4 strains in the soil, is the basic strategy to prevent and control Fusarium wilt.     

The peroxisomal matrix shuttling receptor Pex5 plays a role in FB1 production and virulence in Fusarium verticillioides

The peroxisomal matrix oxidase,catalase and peroxidase are imported peroxisomes through the shuttling receptors,which regulates the cellular oxidative homeostasis and function.Here,we report that PTS1 shuttling receptor FvPex5 is involved in the localization of PTS1,utilization of carbon sources and lipids,elimination ROS,cell wall stress,conidiation,fumonisin B₁(FB₁) production,and virulence in maize pathogen Fusarium verticillioides.Significantly,differential expression o...     

香蕉枯萎病菌fgb2基因的克隆与序列分析

为了解fgb2基因在尖孢镰刀菌古巴专化型侵染香蕉过程中的作用,及其与尖孢镰刀菌古巴专化型1号和4号生理小种之间的致病力差异关系,采用PCR和RT—PCR方法扩增了2个生理小种的fgb2基因,并对其扩增产物进行了测序及相似序列搜索和比对,同时还对其基因编码的蛋白进行了氨基酸序列比对和功能分析。结果表明,2个生理小种fgb2基因开放阅读框分别为1466bp和1452bp,基因同源性为96．33％;其编码的氨基酸数量分别为299个和316个;从．詹62基因序列及其编码蛋白的氨基酸序列来看,2个生理小种的致病力差异与詹62基因并无明显对应关系。     

高致病性FAdV-4传代中的毒力和Fiber2基因的比对分析

为筛选禽腺病毒疫苗株和制备亚单位疫苗提供科学依据,探明高致病性禽腺病毒C亚型4血清型（FAdV-4）毒株在传代中的毒力变化以及不同感染方式对雏鸡死亡率的影响,首先制备2 ~ 15代的高致病性FAdV-4尿囊液,用LMH细胞检测第2、4、8和15代尿囊液的半数细胞感染量（TCID₅₀）;其次选取的4个代次尿囊液分别通过黏膜（点眼）和颈背部皮下途径接种SPF雏鸡,观察动物的死亡率;最后应用PCR方法扩增主要结构蛋白Fiber2基因序列并进行比对分析。结果表明：所有制备的2 ~ 15代FAdV-4毒株均在5 ~ 7 d内致鸡胚死亡（100%）,4个代次毒株的TCID₅₀为10^6.5±0.2/0.1 mL,不同代次毒株间的毒力差异不显著（P＞0.05）;选取的4个代次毒株经颈背部皮下接种雏鸡的死亡率为100%,死亡雏鸡出现典型的心包积液综合征。而经黏膜接种的雏鸡死亡率呈下降趋势,分别为80%、50%、30%和30%;不同代次毒株Fiber2基因序列没有发生变化。总之,不同代次毒株通过皮下接种后对雏鸡的致病力没有差异,但黏膜接种的死亡率则逐代下降,而主要结构蛋白Fiber2基因则没有出现碱基变异。     

Multi-functional roles of TaSSI2 involved in Fusarium head blight and powdery mildew resistance and drought tolerance

The mutation of the gene encoding a stearoyl-acyl carrier protein fatty acid desaturase (ssi2) has been proved to enhance pathogen resistance in several plants, while it's potential to regulate biotic and abiotic stresses in wheat is still unclear. In this study, we cloned TaSSI2 gene in wheat and provided several evidences of its involvement in multiple biological functions. By using barley stripe mosaic virus (BSMV)-induced gene silencing (VIGS) in wheat, it was found that TaSSI2 negatively regulated both powdery mildew and Fusarium head blight (FHB) resistance, which was consistent with the phenotype observed in knock-out mutants of Kronos. The expression of TaSSI2 was down-regulated by in vitro treatments of methyl jasmonate (MeJA), but positively regulated by salicylic acid (SA) and abscisic acid (ABA), implying the cross-talk between different hormone signaling pathways involved in wheat to regulate biotic stresses is still to be elucidated. Furthermore, the up-regulated expression of PR4 and PR5 indicated that TaSSI2 probably regulated FHB resistance by depressing the SA signaling pathway in wheat. In addition, the over-expression of TaSSI2 increased the content of linolenic acid (18:3) and subsequently enhanced drought tolerance of transgenic Brachypodium. This phenomenon might be associated with its subcellular localization in the whole cytosol, partly overlapping with Golgi apparatus and the secreted vesicles. As a stearoyl-acyl carrier protein fatty acid desaturase, TaSSI2 was proposed to be involved in cell lipid metabolism and carried targets out of the cell from membrane or wax synthesis, resulting in enhanced drought tolerance in plant.     

长链非编码RNA调控植物生长发育与逆境胁迫响应研究进展

长链非编码RNA(long non-coding RNAs,lncRNAs)是一类转录本长度大于200 nt的非编码RNA,其表达和保守性比编码蛋白的mRNA低,在动植物各个生物学过程中发挥重要作用。近年来,植物lncRNAs的作用和功能受到广泛关注。本文总结了lncRNAs调控植物生长发育和生殖,应对低温、干旱等非生物胁迫和病虫害等生物胁迫方面的功能,同时根据lncRNAs在基因组上的来源,分类讨论了不同来源lncRNAs的作用机制,为深入挖掘植物新的lncRNAs、功能验证与作用机制探究提供参考。     

Melanin,DNA replication,and autophagy affect appressorium development in Setosphaeria turcica by regulating glycerol accumulation and metabolism

Setosphaeria turcica(syn. Exserohilum turcicum) is the pathogenic fungus of maize(Zea mays) that causes northern leaf blight, which is a major maize disease worldwide. Melanized appressoria are highly specialized infection structures formed by germinated conidia of S. turcica that infect maize leaves. The appressorium penetrates the plant cuticle by generating turgor, and glycerol is known to be the main source of the turgor. Here, the infection position penetrated by the appressorium on maize l...