IPM - Biological and integrated management of desert locust

Locusts have caused periodic disasters in the recorded history of humankind. Up to now, locust disaster is still the biggest threat to the world's agricultural production. The desert locust Schistocerca gregaria is one of the most harmful locusts, which has caused massive food crises, economic losses, and ecological disasters. The desert locust is a migratory insect pest that occurs year-round in the tropic and subtropical regions. Under the wind and seasonal alternation, it moves and flies in the African continent and West Asia. Desert locust damages the stems and leaves of more than 300 plants, including Gramineae, Tribulus terrestris, and Euphorbiaceae. Locusts cause devastating disasters to local plants, especially field crops, and significantly threaten food security. To date, voluminous research has been conducted regarding the ecology and management of desert locusts. This review represents an effort to summarize the basic information on the biology and ecology, distribution, damage, and economic impact of desert locusts, examine the recent developments in integrated locust management, and make recommendations for future research.     

新疆塔城地区边境草原蝗虫发生现状及防治对策

对塔城地区草原蝗灾现状进行了叙述,回顾了近年来蝗灾发生的危害及特点,总结了蝗灾发生的自然基础和人为因素,归纳了当前控制蝗灾方面的技术手段并对其效果进行分析评价。文章认为当前蝗灾多发的根源在于人为和自然因素造成的草原生态环境的急剧恶化,指出当下防控工作的关键在于保护和恢复草原生态以消除蝗灾发生的生态基础,大力加强蝗灾预警能力,同时注重加强与邻国的蝗情信息共享。     

东亚飞蝗光电诱导的气吸捕集效应研究

为给蝗虫趋光捕集装置的研制提供技术支持,利用光照作用下蝗虫气吸滑移捕集试验装置,测试了蝗虫趋光气吸滑移捕集效果,分析了蝗虫趋光响应原因,探讨了蝗虫趋光气吸滑移捕集机理。结果表明：蝗虫视觉定向有效激发的光照诱导信息是蝗虫趋光响应的前提,频闪交变光照有效控制蝗虫行为取向、增强蝗虫趋光视觉敏感性及激发视觉敏锐性是其趋光响应的诱因,且蝗虫趋光视觉活性效应激发基础上,频闪交变偏振光强化蝗虫趋光视觉行为响应的敏感性,蝗虫响应偏振恒定光照的弱敏感性可通过提高光照强度来增强;6 m·s-1捕集入口负压风速气吸趋光蝗虫捕集进入的有效实现,需要蝗虫趋光敏感行为的激发,且在0～50 mm距离内增效显著,可有效激发蝗虫生物摩擦控制的趋光调控行为敏感性,加速蝗虫趋光滑移捕集行为的实现;6 m·s-1捕集入口负压风速、15°倾斜调控光照形成的偏振光可有效促使30°滑移面上蝗虫视觉敏感响应,弱化蝗虫滑移摩擦控制效应,增强趋光捕集行为调控强度,增效趋光捕集效果,相应趋光捕集率达到85%。     

飞蝗对2种植物挥发物的嗅觉行为反应

【目的】为明确东亚飞蝗(Locusta migratoria manilensis)的嗅觉选食机制,对由其寄主和非寄主植物挥发物诱发的蝗蝻的电生理和行为反应进行研究。【方法】以5龄蝗蝻为材料,测试整株小麦苗和棉花苗的气味及两种单个挥发物所引起的趋向性反应和触角电位反应,并对结果进行差异显著性分析。【结果】整株小麦苗的气味能引起蝗蝻的正趋向性反应;整株棉花苗则相反。1-辛烯-3-醇和庚醇均可以引起显著的触角电位反应。行为反应上,1-辛烯-3-醇能引起不同饥饿状态的蝗蝻的正趋向性反应;庚醇能引起不同饥饿状态的蝗蝻的负趋向性反应。【结论】东亚飞蝗蝗蝻对寄主植物和非寄主植物及其部分挥发物有明显趋向性,但趋向性因蝗蝻的饥饿程度和挥发物的浓度而变化。     

张掖湿地蝗虫多样性调查研究

在张掖湿地采用随机抽样调查,对蝗虫群落组成以及发生规律进行研究。根据张掖湿地植被生态情况,将调查区域植被划分为芦苇湿地、碱荒地、人工绿化地3种生境。结果表明:张掖湿地蝗虫种类有3个总科,8科,18种。其中优势种有4种,即中华稻蝗、无齿稻蝗、东亚飞蝗、日本蚱,其捕获量占总捕获量的百分比依次为31.14%、17.04%、16.13%、10.73%。不同生境蝗虫群落的丰富度指数、多样性指数、均匀度3项特征指数,由大到小依次为碱荒地> 人工绿化地> 芦苇湿地,优势度指数由高到低依次为芦苇湿地>人工绿化地>碱荒地。张掖湿地蝗虫群落的发生规律为:5月中下旬蝗蝻出现,主要活动期出现在7月至10月,8月下旬种类和种群数量均达到高峰期,11月上旬蝗虫完全消失,不再活动。     

草地蝗虫悬浮速度的研究

在内蒙古锡林郭勒盟镶黄旗蝗灾发生区,采集了严重危害草原的4龄期、5龄期及成虫的亚洲小车蝗,分别对它们的活体、死体的悬浮速度进行了测定,为草地蝗虫吸捕机的设计与改进提供了理论依据。     

Jellyfish Green Fluorescent Protein （GFP） as a Reporter for Fusarium gramminearum Development on Wheat

The plasmid pGPDGFP under the control ofpgpdA promotor was used together with vector pAN7-1 containing the hygromycin resistance cassette to co-transform protoplasts of HG1, Fusarium graminearum from Hubei Province, China. Twelve out of 14 hygromycin-resistant transformants showed green signal under the UV light and contained one or several copies ofgfp, as indicated by Southern analysis of genomic DNA digested with different restriction enzymes and hybridized to the gfp probe. A single gfp copy transformant （HG1C5） was selected for further evaluation of 80 Chinese wheat cultivars or advanced lines. The results showed different resistance type to F. graminearum were observed. GFP signals observed in the rachis and adjacent spikes of 70 Chinese wheat lines such as Chuanchongzu 104 indicated both type I （host resistance to the initial infection by the fungus） and type II （resistance to the spread of FHB symptoms within an infected spike） were not observed. While other 10 lines showed type II resistance to F. graminearum with GFP signals only in inoculated spikelets. Development of the mycelium can be intuitively observed and the resistance of wheat to F. graminearum can be identified at 7 days post inoculation （dpi） in this way. The results showed no differences were evaluated between the transformed HG1C5 and the non-transgene artificial inoculation by SAS paired chi-square test and McNernar＇s test （P=-0.0625）.     

干酪乳杆菌对断奶仔猪十二指肠发育的组织学影响

为研究干酪乳杆菌对断奶仔猪十二指肠黏膜组织结构和功能及发育的影响,采用组织化学和免疫组织化学方法,以168头14日龄断奶仔猪为试验对象,随机分成7组,每组4个重复。研究结果显示:1)干酪乳杆菌预防组(E组)、预防治疗组(F组)的肠绒毛高度分别比大肠杆菌K88攻毒组(D组)明显增高了11.6%(P0.01)和11.2%(P0.01)。2)E组、F组的绒毛高度与肠隐窝深度的比值(V/C)分别比D组显著增加了21.3%(P0.01)和20.5%(P0.01)。3)E组、F组的肌层厚度分别比D组增加了11.8%(P0.05)和10.2%(P0.05)。4)D组、E组、F组和直接治疗组(G组)各组间增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)含量在统计学上差异不显著,但使用干酪乳杆菌预防和治疗的E组和F组的增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)含量均高于K88攻毒的D组。以上结果表明,饲用干酪乳杆菌进行预防能够显著提高断奶仔猪小肠绒毛高度,明显增加V/C值、肌层厚度及PCNA含量,提示干酪乳杆菌能有效维护断奶仔猪肠道健康,减轻大肠杆菌对肠黏膜结构的损害,促进肠道的发育。     

牛磺酸对断奶小鼠小肠发育的影响

为研究牛磺酸对断奶小鼠小肠结构和功能的影响,采用单因子设计,48只体重为(12±2)g的昆明小鼠随机分为6组,每组8只,雌雄各半,分为对照组和试验组,对照组饮用普通自来水,试验组在饮水中添加2.5、5.0、10.0、20.0和40.0g/L牛磺酸,试验期31d。观察牛磺酸对小肠和肝脏重量,空肠绒毛形态、细胞凋亡、小肠核酸和蛋白质含量,以及血清指标的影响。结果表明:1)饮水中添加牛磺酸可显著提高小鼠小肠绝对重量和相对重量(P0.05),且呈现二次曲线关系(PQ0.05);可线性提高小肠绝对长度、肝脏绝对重量和相对重量(PL0.05)。2)2.5、5.0和10.0g/L组与对照组相比,显著降低空肠肠腺(肠隐窝)深度(P0.05);回肠Prot/DNA随牛磺酸添加量提高而线性提高(PL0.05)。3)与对照组比较,5.0g/L添加组的细胞凋亡指数显著降低(P0.05),但40g/L添加组有升高的趋势。4)随着牛磺酸添加量的提高,回肠MDA含量有降低的趋势(P=0.07),空肠GSHPx呈现先升高再降低的二次曲线关系(PQ0.05),但不影响血清IGF-I水平。研究结果表明,饮水添加中低浓度的牛磺酸可提高小鼠小肠长度和重量,降低肠隐窝深度,减少细胞凋亡。     

Field effect of Cnaphalocrocis medinalis granulovirus (CnmeGV) on the pest of rice leaffolder

Rice leaffolder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis(Guenée), has become a major pest throughout the rice cultivating areas of China and caused severe damage to rice production. Cnaphalocrocis medinalis granulovirus(CnmeGV), a naturally occurring baculovirus, is revealed as a potential microbial agent for the pest control. Field applications of CnmeGV were conducted against rice leaffolder larvae in rice paddies. CnmeGV infected the larvae not only in the current generation but also in the successive generation, resulting in a sustained infection in the larva population for at least 48 days. Under diferent concentrations of CnmeGV(7.5×10~(11) and 1.125×10~(12) occlusion body(OB) ha~(-1)) at 30 days after spraying, larval population reduced up to 76.32% and rice leaf rolled rate kept in 15.42%. Simultaneously, CnmeGV had no impact on arthropod predators of C. medinalis, with abundances ranging from 2.39 to 3.79 per ten hills. These results revealed that CnmeGV is suitable as a bio-pesticide for rice leaffolder management in rice paddies.     

Effects of dietary forage to concentrate ratio and wildrye length on nutrient intake,digestibility, plasma metabolites,ruminal fermentation and fecal microflora of male Chinese Holstein calves

Twenty-eight male, weaned Chinese Holstein calves((156.8±33.4) kg) were used to investigate the effects of dietary forage to concentrate ratio(F:C) and forage length on nutrient digestibility, plasma metabolites, ruminal fermentation, and fecal microflora. Animals were randomly allocated to four treatments in a 2×2 factorial arrangement: whole-length forage(WL) with low F:C(50:50); WL with high F:C(65:35); short-length forage(SL) with high F:C(65:35); and SL with low F:C(50:50). Chinese wildrye was used as the only forage source in this trial. The grass in the SL treatments was chopped using a chaff cutter to achieve small particle size(~50% particles 19 mm). Dry matter intake(DMI) and organic matter(OM) intake was increased by increasing both F:C(P0.01) and forage length(FL)(P0.05), while acid detergent fiber(ADF) and neutral detergent fiber(NDF) intakes were only increased by increasing the F:C(P0.01). The digestibility of NDF was increased as the FL increased(P0.01), and it was also affected by interaction between F:C and FL(P0.05). Cholesterol(CHO)(P0.01), leptin(LP)(P0.05), and growth hormone(GH)(P0.01) concentrations in plasma were increased as dietary F:C increased. A significant increase in plasma triglyceride(TG)(P0.01), insulin(INS)(P0.05), and GH(P0.01) levels was observed with decreasing dietary FL. Ruminal p H values of calves fed with low F:C diets were significantly lower than those in high F:C treatment(P0.05). Increasing the F:C enhanced ruminal acetic acid(P0.05) and acetic acid/propionic acid(P0.01). Fecal Lactobacillus content was significantly higher, while Escherichia coli and Salmonella contents were significantly lower in WL and high F:C groups(P0.05). Lower fecal scores(higher diarrhea rate) were observed in calves fed with SL hay compared to WL hay(P0.05). Denatured gradient gel electrophoresis(DGGE) bands and richness index(S) were significantly affected by the interaction between F:C and FL(P0.05), under high F:C, band numbers and richness index from WL group were higher than that from SL group(P0.05), whereas there were no differences between WL andSL groups under low F:C(P0.05). Microflora similarity was 50–73% among the different treatments. It is concluded that the WL with high F:C(65:35) diet is suitable for weaned calves.     

飞蝗3个细胞色素P450基因的分子特性及功能

【目的】研究飞蝗（Locusta migratoria）细胞色素P450（CYP450）第四家族（CYP4）中3个基因的功能。【方法】以飞蝗为材料,依据飞蝗EST数据库P450基因预测序列设计引物,利用 RT-PCR技术克隆飞蝗细胞色素P450基因的cDNA全长序列,命名为CYP4C69、CYP4C73和CYP4DH1（GenBank登录号： KF857162、KF857163和KF857164）。采用实时定量 PCR 技术分析CYP4C69、CYP4C73和CYP4DH1在飞蝗各发育阶段以及不同组织中mRNA的表达水平。应用RNA干扰技术沉默CYP4C69、CYP4C73和CYP4DH1,实时定量 PCR 技术检测基因的沉默效率。应用农药点滴技术测定2龄若虫期飞蝗对马拉硫磷、毒死蜱和溴氰菊酯杀虫剂的毒力,通过SPSS软件分析得出3种杀虫剂的LC30,同时应用该技术研究dsRNA干扰过的飞蝗对马拉硫磷、毒死蜱和溴氰菊酯杀虫剂的敏感性。【结果】克隆获得了飞蝗CYP450基因CYP4C69、CYP4C73和CYP4DH1的cDNA全长序列,其中CYP4C69开放阅读框1 518 bp,编码506个氨基酸;CYP4C73开放阅读框1 521 bp,编码 507个氨基酸;CYP4DH1开放阅读框1 512 bp,编码 504个氨基酸。对飞蝗不同龄期定量PCR结果分析,发现CYP4C69在若虫末期表达量高于成虫期,CYP4C73和CYP4DH1在飞蝗整个发育阶段均有表达,在若虫初期和末期以及成虫期表达量较高;不同组织的定量PCR结果表明CYP4C69、CYP4C73和CYP4DH1均在胃盲囊高表达,CYP4C69和CYP4DH1在脂肪体中高表达。通过RNA干扰,发现CYP4C69、CYP4C73和CYP4DH1均可以被显著沉默。马拉硫磷、毒死蜱和溴氰菊酯对2龄若虫期飞蝗的毒力测定表明2龄若虫期飞蝗对3种杀虫剂的LC30剂量,分别为59.438、8.215、0.759 μg•mL-1。飞蝗对马拉硫磷、毒死蜱和溴氰菊酯杀虫剂敏感性试验结果表明,双链RNA沉默CYP4C69、CYP4C73和CYP4DH1后,飞蝗点滴马拉硫磷、毒死蜱和溴氰菊酯杀虫剂后的死亡率与注射dsGFP的对照组相比,没有显著提高。【结论】获得飞蝗CYP450基因CYP4C69、CYP4C73和CYP4DH1的cDNA全长序列,这些基因均可被双链RNA干扰而沉默,但CYP4C69、CYP4C73和CYP4DH1沉默后,飞蝗对马拉硫磷、毒死蜱和溴氰菊酯杀虫剂的敏感性与对照组相比没有显著提高。     

崇信与毁灭:明清时期山西蝗灾的时空分布及社会应对

明清时期山西地区的蝗灾尤为突出,虽不及黄河下游的河南、山东地区严重,却也是重灾害区,且在时间和空间分布上有较强的规律性。面对蝗灾,山西地区的蝗灾防治及社会应对自成体系,存在自上而下的两条治蝗线索——直接的备灾救灾实践与间接的祈禳弭灾信仰。利益驱使下的小农会因为蝗灾的代价高昂而忽略蝗虫作为现实世界保护神的身份,对其赶尽杀绝;飞蝗蔽天难以遏制以至束手无策时,又将其高高供起。此二者虽看似逻辑矛盾(崇信还是毁灭),却在实际执行过程中并行不悖,形成明清时期山西地区乃至中国传统社会灾害防治与禳灾信仰关系处理的鲜明特色。同时,基于历史经验的治理措施,对我们今天的蝗灾防治不无启迪。     

黄瓜种传镰刀菌种类的鉴定及其致病性研究

为明确我国主栽黄瓜品种的种子中携带镰刀菌的种类及其危害,对来自我国黄瓜主产区21个黄瓜品种的种子进行种传镰刀菌检测,从种胚和种子外部分离得到镰刀菌分离物9个,采用形态学及分子生物学的方法进行鉴定,并研究其对黄瓜种子发芽和幼苗致病性的影响.结果表明:9个分离物中,4个分离物为尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum),4个分离物为串珠镰刀菌(F.moniliforme),1个分离物为再育镰刀菌(F.proli feratum).4个尖孢镰刀菌分离物对黄瓜种子发芽均有显著影响,发芽指数、活力指数、根长和鲜重等指标均显著降低,且能导致黄瓜幼苗出现典型的枯萎症状,经柯赫氏法则检验证明其具有致病性.其他分离物对黄瓜种子发芽也有一定的抑制作用,但没有致病性.     

草地蝗虫在吸捕机吸捕条件下的特性

草地蝗虫活动的强弱受日照、空气温湿度、地表温度等环境因素的制约.在蝗虫活动较盛时,利用自行研制的草地蝗虫吸捕机吸捕蝗虫能收到一定的吸捕效果.研究了吸捕机的声、像以及气流干扰下对蝗虫跳跃高度、跳跃速度和跳跃方向等特性的影响.     

造纸废水灌溉对毛白杨苗木生长及养分状况的影响

为了探讨工业造纸废水用于杨树人工林灌溉的可行性,以三倍体毛白杨(triploid Populus tomentosa)1年生盆栽苗木为对象,研究了不同浓度造纸废水(分别稀释到12.5％ (IF7Q)、16.7％ (1F5Q)、25％(1F3Q)、33.3％ (1F2Q)、50％ (1F1Q))灌溉对苗木生长及养分状况、土壤化学性质的影响.结果表明:造纸废水灌溉对土壤pH值、速效P含量无显著影响(P＞0.05),但能显著提高土壤有机质、全N及碱解N的含量(P＜0.05).适当稀释的废水灌溉能促进三倍体毛白杨的苗木生长,提高土壤和植株养分水平:灌溉后1F5Q地径、苗高生长量分别为10.5 mm和97.3 cm,较CK分别显著增加102％和47％ (P＜0.05);1F5Q和1F3Q处理苗木总生物量为247 g和230 g,分别较CK显著提高19％和11％(P＜0.05);废水灌溉可显著提高植株根、叶N含量和茎P含量(P＜0.05),但对植株叶、根P含量和茎N含量影响不大(P＞0.05).造纸废水通过一定处理后,可应用于苗木灌溉并促进其生长,提高地力.对于三倍体毛白杨,将废水稀释到16％-25％能起到较好的灌溉效果.     

陕西蝗虫的生物多样性及其生态地理分布

为弄清陕西蝗虫的生物多样性及生态地理分布,采用G-F指数法,对近年陕西蝗虫的生物多样性及其分布进行了研究。结果表明:陕西目前已知蝗虫有3总科9科57属111种,秦巴山区的蝗虫分布占总种数的72.97%,渭河平原占40.54%,陕北高原占47.74%。秦巴山区单科种较多,而陕北蝗虫单科种较少,陕北高原和秦巴山区多样性指数与蝗虫的种类分布相反。     

No evidence for an effect of Wolbachia on mtDNA variation and evolution in natural populations of Sesamia inferens(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Wolbachia are widespread maternally-inherited endosymbiotic bacteria that infect numerous arthropods.This study represents a thorough survey of the Wolbachia infection patterns in the pink stem borer,Sesamia inferens(Walker),an important rice pest in China,based on nucleotide comparisons for the surface protein(wsp)and cell division protein(ftsZ)genes.The effects of Wolbachia on mtDNA variation and evolution of S.inferens were also investigated.Although we identified six genetically diverse strains,we found infections to be infrequent,with only 7.8%of hosts infected,and identified geographical differences in infection rates between southern and northern populations.Nucleotide indexes(haplotype diversity(Hd),nucleotide diversity(π)and number of variable sites(S)of mtDNA in infected populations were not significantly lower or higher than that in the uninfected populations.Furthermore,there was no association between Wolbachia infection status and phylogeny of mtDNA haplotypes.Analysis of molecular variance(AMOVA)showed that significant differentiation mainly existed within groups rather than among the groups.Additionally,using Tajima’s D and Fu’s F values,the mtDNA genes did not deviate significantly from neutral evolution.Taken together these results indicate that currently there were no effects of Wolbachia infection on host mtDNA variation and evolution in S.inferens.     

辣椒疫病病株与健株根区土壤微生态研究

对辣椒健株与病株根区土壤微生物区系特征及可培养微生物多样性进行比较,探索辣椒疫病发生的微生态机制。采用常规方法测定土壤养分,稀释涂平板法测定辣椒病、健株根区土细菌(B)、真菌(F)及放线菌(A)的数量,并对分离得到的细菌和放线菌进行16SrRNA序列分析,对真菌进行ITS序列分析,研究连作辣椒疫病病株与健株根区土微生态差异。结果显示,辣椒病株根区土中速效K、速效P、全N和有机质均高于健株;辣椒病株根区土中的微生物数量较健株发生较大变化,其中真菌数量增加388.9%。对从根区土中分离得到的可培养微生物进行分子鉴定,得到20株细菌,5株真菌和20株放线菌。16SrRNA序列分析表明,病株与健株根区土壤中共同存在的细菌只占总数的17.4%,放线菌占总数的16.7%,病株和健株根区土壤中优势细菌菌属和优势放线菌菌属都为芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)和链霉菌属(Streptomyces)。病株根区土壤分离得到致病真菌尖刀廉孢菌(Fusarium oxysporum)和Plectosphaerella cucumerina。辣椒病株与健株根区土中微生物数量异常,种类变化是辣椒疫病发生的重要原因之一。