Comparison of grain yield and quality of different types of japonica rice cultivars in the northern Jiangsu plain,China

In recent years, an increasing number of different types of japonica rice cultivars have been released in the southern rice region of China. The grain yield and quality of these new cultivars showed significant differences in large scale planting. However, the causes of the differences remain little known. Therefore, three typical types of japonica rice cultivars were used in this study to investigate their grain yield and quality. A scanning calorimeter(DSC), X-ray powder diffractometer(XRD), rapid viscosity analyzer(RVA) and taste analyzer were used to evaluate the cooking and eating properties. The results showed that the yield of non-soft hybrid japonica rice cultivars was significantly higher than that of non-soft inbred japonica rice cultivars and soft inbred japonica rice cultivars. Soft inbred japonica rice cultivars had a low amylose content and moderate protein content, which are the main reasons for the superior cooking and eating quality. In addition, the relative crystallinity of soft inbred japonica rice cultivars was significantly higher than that of non-soft inbred and non-soft hybrid japonica rice cultivars, which is considered the major factor resulting in higher transition temperature and gelatinization enthalpy(ΔHgel). Non-soft hybrid japonica rice cultivars had a higher number of large starch granules than soft inbred and non-soft inbred japonica rice cultivars. The setback value(SB) and breakdown value(BD), indirectly reflecting the cooking and eating quality of the three types of japonica rice cultivars, also confirmed that soft inbred japonica rice cultivars with a low SB value and a high BD value had better palatability than the other two types. This study provides guidance for future plantation of different types of japonica rice cultivars in large rice-producing areas.     

粳稻米蒸煮食味品质与其他品质性状的典型相关分析

为探明粳稻米蒸煮食味品质性状与其他品质性状间的相互关系,选用2种穗型水稻,以其穗部位置不同的稻谷粒为试验材料,测定粳稻米蒸煮食味品质与其他品质性状进行典型相关分析。结果表明,粳稻米的蒸煮食味品质与粒形特征、垩白性状、碾磨品质、营养品质和淀粉RVA谱特征值显著相关。典型相关分析表明,蒸煮食味品质与淀粉RVA谱特征值和碾米品质相关性最高,与垩白性状相关度较高,与营养品质和粒形性状相关性相对较低。淀粉RVA谱特征因子主要通过峰黏度、冷胶黏度和热浆黏度对食味值、直链淀粉含量和胶稠度的作用来影响蒸煮食味品质优劣。碾磨因子则主要通过整精米率对直链淀粉含量的作用来影响蒸煮食味品质。垩白因子中主要通过透明度和垩白度的作用影响蒸煮食味品质。营养因子主要通过脂肪酸含量、清蛋白含量和谷蛋白含量对食味值、直链淀粉含量和糊化温度的作用而影响蒸煮食味品质好坏。粒形因子主要通过粒宽、粒长和长宽比对食味值和胶稠度的作用来影响蒸煮食味品质。淀粉RVA谱特征值可以作为评价粳米蒸煮食味品质优劣的首选指标。     

Combined effect of shading time and nitrogen level on grain filling and grain quality in japonica super rice

There is limited information about the combined effect of shading time and nitrogen(N) on grain filling and quality of rice. Therefore, two japonica super rice cultivars, Nanjing 44 and Ningjing 3, were used to study the effect of shading time and N level on the characteristics of rice panicle and grain filling as well as the corresponding yield and quality. At a low N level(150 kg N ha~(–1), 150 N), grain yield decreased(by 21.07–26.07%) under the treatment of 20 days of shading before heading(BH) compared with the no shading(NS) treatment. These decreases occurred because of shortened panicle length, decreased number of primary and secondary branches, as well as the grain number and weight per panicle. At 150 N, in the treatment of 20 days of shading after heading(AH), grain yield also decreased(by 9.46–10.60%) due to the lower grain weight per panicle. The interaction of shading and N level had a significant effect on the number of primary and secondary branches. A high level of N(300 kg N ha~(–1), 300 N) could offset the negative effect of shading on the number of secondary branches and grain weight per panicle, and consequently increased the grain yield in both shading treatments. In superior grains, compared with 150 N NS, the time to reach 99% of the grain weight(T_(99)) was shortened by 1.6 to 1.7 days, and the grain weight was decreased by 4.18–5.91% in 150 N BH. In 150 N AH, the grain weight was 13.39–13.92% lower than that in 150 N NS due to the slow mean and the maximum grain-filling rate(GR_(mean )and GR_(max)). In inferior grains, grain weight and GR_(mean) had a tendency of 150 N NS150 N BH150 N AH. Under shaded conditions, 300 N decreased the grain weight due to lower GR_(mean) both in superior and inferior grains. Compared with 150 N NS, the milling and appearance qualities as well as eating and cooking quality were all decreased in 150 N BH and 150 N AH. Shading with the high level of 300 N improved the milling quality and decreased the number of chalky rice kernels, but the eating and cooking quality was reduced with increased chalky area and overall chalkiness. Therefore, in the case of short term shading, appropriate N fertilizer could be used to improve the yield and milling quality of rice, but limited application of N fertilizer is recommended to achieve good eating and cooking quality of rice.     

土壤酸碱度对水稻生长及稻米镉含量的影响

以5个早稻品种、4个晚稻品种为研究材料,通过盆栽试验研究了不同酸碱度土壤水稻生长发育及稻米镉积累规律。结果表明:品种、土壤pH值及二者交互作用对水稻农艺性状及产量的影响均达到显著水平(P0.05),土壤pH值影响最大;单株产量下降的主要原因为每穗实粒数和结实率下降。早稻品种、土壤pH值及二者交互作用对精米镉含量的影响均达到极显著水平(P0.01),土壤pH值的影响最大;精米镉含量在晚稻品种间存在极显著差异(P0.01),并受土壤pH值的影响,但土壤pH值和品种交互作用的影响未达到显著水平(P0.05)。精米镉富集系数在水稻品种类型之间存在显著差异(P0.05),由高到低为超级杂交稻、常规稻、杂交稻,生育类型不存在主效应(P0.05)。精米镉含量与株高、单株产量极显著相关(P0.01),相关系数分别为0.412、0.371,与穗长、每穗实粒数、千粒重和结实率相关性不显著(P0.05)。在土壤pH值4.0~8.0范围内,精米镉含量与移栽前土壤有效镉含量极显著相关(P0.01),相关系数为0.710。     

播期对麦茬直播粳稻产量及品质的影响

  【目的】探讨麦后直播条件下播期对不同熟期类型水稻品种产量及品质的影响。【方法】以3种熟期类型的6个水稻品种为材料,通过分期播种试验,对不同播期条件下直播稻产量形成及品质性状进行分析。【结果】随着播期的推迟,3种熟期类型水稻品种产量均显著下降,且变化程度不一;产量的下降主要在于每穗颖花数和结实率的降低,穗数和千粒重变化不大。不同播期条件下直播稻的主要品质性状的变化规律在品种类型间有所异同：随着播期的推迟,产生相同效应的是外观品质和蒸煮与食味品质,但变化趋势不一,外观品质均呈变优的趋势,蒸煮与食味品质则呈变劣的趋势;产生不同效应的是加工品质和营养品质,推迟播期使中熟中粳和迟熟中粳类型品种的加工品质变优而营养品质变劣,早熟晚粳类型品种的加工品质变劣而营养品质变优。【结论】直播稻在前茬腾茬时间允许的条件下尽可能早播易取得高产,且可以改善稻米的蒸煮与食味品质,但降低了外观品质,播期对加工品质和营养品质的影响因品种熟期类型而异。     

重穗型籼粳杂交稻甬优6号超高产生理特性

【目的】探明籼粳杂交稻甬优6号的重穗、超高产与生理特性的关系。【方法】以重穗型籼粳杂交稻甬优6号、轻穗型常规晚粳稻秀水63和中穗型籼型杂交晚稻汕优63为试验材料,进行组合(品种)间物质生产过程中的"源、流、库"等生理特性的对比考查与测定,研究和探讨甬优6号超高产的生理特性。【结果】重穗型籼粳杂交稻甬优6号突出的生理特性是:①"源足",表现为叶面积指数大、叶片功能期较长、叶绿素含量多、叶片光合速率高、比叶重和粒叶比较大;②"流畅",为齐穗期单株茎鞘物质向成熟期的穗部输出量大、输出率和转换率高;③"库大",为单位面积总颖花量和有效颖花量多、库容量大、穗重5g以上;④"根强",为次生根发达、根量大、根活力强、根冠比值高,为地上部生长健壮抗倒、活熟到老并实现超高产提供根本保障。【结论】从重穗型的甬优6号优良生理特性得到启示:为实现籼粳杂交稻的超高产目标,育种者在选择亲本,尤其是筛选F1代时,应着重鉴别亲本、新组合物质生产过程中"源、流、库"的协调性,以及根冠比值的适宜大小。     

根外喷施硫酸镁对水稻淀粉品质的影响

选用寒地穗重型超级稻品种松粳9号、穗数型高产品种龙稻11号与优质品种龙稻18号为试验材料,盆栽条件下通过灌浆成熟期喷施硫酸镁和齐穗期增施氮肥处理及对照处理,系统比较根外喷施硫酸镁对水稻淀粉品质性状、叶片碳氮代谢相关酶活性和基因转录表达量及根系活力变化等的影响。结果表明,灌浆成熟期喷施硫酸镁显著降低稻米蛋白质含量,提高稻米蒸煮食味品质,而齐穗期增施氮肥处理使稻米蛋白质含量提高而降低蒸煮食味品质,硫酸镁处理通过降低稻米蛋白质含量提高稻米黏性和食味品质;灌浆成熟期喷施硫酸镁或齐穗期增施氮肥均显著提高灌浆成熟期叶片全氮含量和叶绿素含量以及灌浆各时期叶片Rubisco亚基基因转录表达量,增强水稻根系活力,促进根系氮素吸收,调控灌浆不同时期叶片和籽粒GS活性,但喷施硫酸镁效果显著优于增施氮肥;叶片全氮含量与GS活性间呈极显著负相关,与叶绿素含量、伤流液含氮化合物总量及Rubisco各亚基基因mRNA表达量呈极显著正相关。减氮同时在灌浆成熟期根外喷施硫酸镁是提高水稻产量和蒸煮食味品质的有效途径,研究为阐明根外喷施硫酸镁对水稻淀粉品质形成的影响和提高优质绿色水稻栽培技术水平提供理论依据。     

Decreased panicle N application alleviates the negative effects of shading on rice grain yield and grain quality

Light deficiency is a growing abiotic stress in rice production. However, few studies focus on shading effects on grain yield and quality of rice in East China. It is also essential to investigate proper nitrogen (N) application strategies that can effectively alleviate the negative impacts of light deficiency on grain yield and quality in rice. A two-year field experiment was conducted to explore the effects of shading (non-shading and shading from heading to maturity) and panicle N application (N_DP, decreased panicle N rate; N_MP, medium panicle N rate; N_IP, increased panicle N rate) treatments on rice yield- and quality-related characteristics. Compared with non-shading, shading resulted in a 9.5–14.8% yield loss (P<0.05), mainly due to lower filled-grain percentage and grain weight. N_MP and N_IP had higher (P<0.05) grain yield than N_DP under non-shading, and no significant difference was observed in rice grain yield among N_DP, N_MP, and N_IP under shading. Compared with N_MP and N_IP, N_DP achieved less yield loss under shading because of the increased filled-grain percentage and grain weight. Shading reduced leaf photosynthetic rate after heading, as well as shoot biomass weight at maturity, shoot biomass accumulation from heading to maturity, and nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) content in the stem at maturity (P<0.05). The harvest index and NSC remobilization reserve of N_DP were increased under shading. Shading decreased (P<0.05) percentages of brown rice, milled rice, head rice, and amylose content while increasing (P<0.05) chalky rice percentage, chalky area, chalky degree, and grain protein. N_MP demonstrated a better milling quality under non-shading, while N_DP demonstrated under shading. N_DP exhibited both lower chalky rice percentage, chalky area, and chalky degree under non-shading and shading, compared with N_MP and N_IP. N_DP under shading decreased amylose content and breakdown but increased grain protein content and setback, contributing to similar overall palatability to non-shading. Our results suggested severe grain yield and quality penalty of rice when subjected to shading after heading. N_DP improved NSC remobilization, harvest index, and sink-filling efficiency and alleviated yield loss under shading. Besides, N_DP would maintain rice’s milling, appearance, and cooking and eating qualities under shading. Proper N management with a decreased panicle N rate could be adopted to mitigate the negative effects of shading on rice grain yield and quality.     

甬优系列籼粳杂交稻株高变化对氮素利用率的影响

研究常规施肥条件下,甬优系列籼粳杂交水稻株高变化对产量及氮肥利用效率的影响,以期为甬优系列杂交稻的品种选育和氮素高效管理提供指导。于2016年在浙东沿海单季稻区(象山县泗洲头镇)开展田间小区试验,以高秆型(甬优12和甬优15)、矮秆型(甬优538和甬优1540)和中高秆型(甬优7850和甬优2640)为材料,设置N₀(0 kg·hm^-2)和N₂₇₀(270 kg·hm^-2)2种施氮水平,比较不同株高水稻产量和氮素利用率差异。结果表明:不同施肥水平下,水稻产量均表现为甬优7850>甬优2640>甬优538>甬优1540、甬优12>甬优15,产量与最大分蘖数、有效穗呈显著正相关;施氮能显著提高各品种的株高、最大分蘖数和有效穗。不同品种氮肥当季利用率、氮肥农学利用率和偏生产力趋势不同,甬优12和甬优15的氮肥当季利用率分别达37.4%和36.4%,显著高于其他品种(<30%),而氮肥偏生产力显著低于甬优7850、甬优2640和甬优538,水稻氮收获指数以甬优12最低,植株中有较多的氮素成为奢侈吸收。施氮处理下,所有水稻品种均出现氮素盈余,甬优1540、甬优538、甬优15和甬优7850氮盈余量均大于60 kg·hm^-2,显著高于甬优2640和甬优12。因此,在浙东沿海地区常规栽培条件下,高秆型甬优系列水稻品种氮素当季利用率高于矮秆型和中高秆型,但由于生物量大、秸秆“奢侈”吸氮较多,产量反而低于中高秆型和矮秆型品种。     

籼粳亚种间杂交水稻‘甬优12’产量性状的相关及通径分析

为了进一步明确籼粳亚种间杂交水稻‘甬优12’作单季晚稻栽培的高产高效技术途径,选择2009-2011年台州、宁波7个点145组数据,分析了‘甬优12’作单季晚稻栽培不同产量水平下的穗、粒、重结构,并进行了相关、回归分析。相关分析表明,每穗总粒、每穗实粒和结实率与产量呈极显著的正相关,有效穗和千粒重与产量呈极显著的负相关。多元回归分析获得了各产量性状对于产量的多元回归模型为 =-8012.58+27.29x1+36.59x2-25.53x3+165.61x4-239.75x5±766.42。通径分析发现在水稻诸主要经济性状中,穗粒数对产量的直接效应最高达到了2.3526。综合分析提出了‘甬优12’作单季晚稻栽培的高产高效技术途径：适当控制有效穗数,主攻大穗,提高结实率,并提出了“适当控制有效穗数,主攻大穗,提高结实率”可作为水稻超高产育种的技术路线,在水稻超高产育种中将是行之有效的。     

Yield characteristics of japonica/indica hybrids rice in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in China

Although a lot of researches have been done on yield characteristics of japonica/indica hybrid rice, there is little information on differences of yield characteristics between different types of hybrid. To determine common characteristics of japonica/indica hybrid rice(JIHR) and identify the differences between different types of JIHR, the present study assessed yield characteristics, such as panicle trait, leaf area index(LAI), above-ground biomass accumulation, and nitrogen absorption and utilization, among three types of cultivar of JIHR. In our field experiments, three types of JIHR, e.g., Yongyou, Chunyou and Jiayouzhongke, were divided, and each of them has two cultivars, which were used as materials, meanwhile, using conventional japonica rice(CJR) Wuyingjing 31 and Sujing 9 were as controls. The results showed that the mean yield of those JIHR was above 12 t ha–1 in 2017 and 2018, and was 31.9 and 32.2%, respectively higher than that of CJR in the two years. Spikelet number per panicle of JIHR resulted in high yield. Higher yield of JIHR was likely contributed to greater panicle number and more spikelets per panicle. Higher yielding JIHR showed stronger tillering capacity, larger LAI and above-ground biomass accumulation from jointing to heading stages, which likely contributed to the higher number of spikelets per panicle. The long duration from heading to maturity stages allowed more nitrogen accumulation of higher yielding JIHR.     

Study on the Practice and High-yielding Mechanism of Super-sparse-cultivation Associated with Maximum-tiller Seedling of Hybrid Rice

In this paper, a new cultivation practice-super-sparse-cultivation associated with maximumtiller seedling (SSCMTS) of hybrid rice was proposed and its high-yielding mechanism was studied. The results showed that the practice of SSCMTS in hybrid rice could not only increase grain yield but also save seeds and labor. It was a new high-yielding way for the late transplanting seedlings and heavy panicle type hybrid rice cultivars to further utilize the high-yielding potential of hybrid rice cultivars. The increasing number of spikelets and ideal grain -filling were the direct factors for the high yield of SSCMTS in hybrid rice, and those high-yielding factors relied on high quality seedlings, sturdy individuals, high quality population and vigorous later growth.     

减氮对甬优籼粳杂交稻产量和氮肥利用率的影响

于2017—2019年在浙东单季稻区2种类型土壤(象山淡塘泥田和鄞州青紫泥田)上开展定位试验,以4个甬优籼粳杂交稻品种(甬优1540、甬优7850、甬优12、甬优538)和2个常规粳稻品种(宁84和秀水134)为材料,设置HN(农民习惯施氮量,杂交稻折纯N 240 kg·hm-2、常规稻折纯N 200 kg·hm-2)...     

籼粳杂交稻与常规粳稻产量、干物质氮素累积转运及氮素利用差异研究

在相应栽培密度下,通过田间试验研究了浙江省主栽籼粳杂交水稻(甬优12和嘉优中科6号)和常规粳稻(秀水134)的个体和单位面积群体产量、产量构成,及其对氮肥施用的响应特性,同时对其干物质和氮素的累积、转运特性,以及氮素利用效率开展研究。结果表明:甬优12和嘉优中科6号的个体、单位面积群体及日产量均高于秀水134,其中,个体产量优势更明显。尽管籼粳杂交稻单位面积穗数和结实率相对较低,但其穗大粒多。随施氮量增加,甬优12和嘉优中科6号产量呈增加趋势,而秀水134产量在施氮量超过200 kg·hm^-2后即呈下降趋势。甬优12和嘉优中科6号个体和单位面积群体的干物质和氮素累积均高于秀水134,其中个体差异更明显。整体而言,甬优12和嘉优中科6号单位面积群体齐穗期后干物质和氮素转运量较少,转运效率较低。甬优12和嘉优中科6号的氮素利用效率高于秀水134,然而主要表现为氮素吸收效率高,生理利用效率差异不明显。由此可见,籼粳杂交稻的干物质形成和氮素吸收能力高于常规粳稻,但转运量和转运效率较低。另外,与氮素吸收效率相比,籼粳杂交稻的氮素生理利用效率仍有待进一步提高。     

Dry matter production and panicle characteristics of high yield and good taste indica hybrid rice varieties

Indica hybrid rice (Oryza sativa) production aims to achieve two crucial targets: high yield and good taste. This study selected three types of indica hybrid rice according to grain yield and taste value, including high yield and good taste (HYGT), low yield and good taste (LYGT), and high yield and poor taste (HYPT), to analyze yield components, corresponding growth characteristics, and rice taste quality. When values were averaged across varieties and years, there were almost no differences in taste value between HYGT and LYGT; HYGT showed a significant increase in yield, owing to a higher number of panicles and spikelets per panicle, with a respective increment of 16.2 and 20.6%. The higher grain yield of HYGT compared with LYGT was attributed to three key factors: a higher leaf area index (LAI) during heading, a higher ratio of grain to leaf, and a higher biomass accumulation at maturity. HYGT and HYPT achieved similar high yields; however, HYGT had more panicle numbers and lower grain weight. In addition, HYGT showed a significantly higher taste value than HYPT, attributed to its significantly lower protein and amylose contents, with reductions of 8.8 and 15.7%, respectively. Lower protein and amylose contents might be caused by a proper matter translocation from vegetative organs to panicle. This study suggested that reasonable panicle characteristics and translocation efficiency from vegetative organs to panicle during heading to maturity are the key factors in balancing yield and rice taste quality. These results will provide valuable insights for rice breeders to improve the grain yield and quality of indica hybrid rice.     

大穗型杂交粳稻产量构成因素协同特征及穗部性状

【目的】旨在探讨大穗型杂交粳稻库容构成特征及其穗部性状,探索其群体生产力增长途径。【方法】采用大田试验,以具有代表性的8个大穗型杂交粳稻品种（A18/F7562、A2/F7563、A20/F7501、A5/F9249、A2/F7513、A20/F7503、甬优8号和甬优13号）和2个中等穗型常规粳稻品种（武运粳7号和武粳15）为材料,对大穗型杂交粳稻产量构成特征、群体颖花量、库容量、穗部性状等进行系统的研究。【结果】大穗型杂交粳稻产量、群体颖花量、库容量、穗长、着粒密度、单穗重、每穗一次枝梗数、一次枝梗单枝梗着粒数、每穗一次枝梗总粒数、每穗二次枝梗数、二次枝梗单枝梗着粒数和每穗二次枝梗总粒数显著或极显著高于中等穗型常规粳稻,穗数、结实率、千粒重、一次枝梗结实率和二次枝梗结实率极显著低于中等穗型常规粳稻。随着每穗粒数的增加,大穗型杂交粳稻产量、群体颖花量、库容量和二次枝梗结实率先增后减,穗长、着粒密度、单穗重、每穗一次枝梗数、一次枝梗单枝梗着粒数、每穗一次枝梗总粒数、每穗二次枝梗数、二次枝梗单枝梗着粒数和每穗二次枝梗总粒数不断增加,穗数、结实率、千粒重、一、二次枝梗数比值、一、二次枝梗总粒数比值和一次枝梗结实率不断降低,除产量、库容量和二次枝梗结实率外其它与每穗粒数的相关均达到显著或极显著水平。每穗粒数的提高由中等穗型到偏大穗型,主要依靠一次枝梗的贡献,而由偏大穗型到大穗型以及特大穗型和超大穗型,则主要依靠二次枝梗的贡献。在满足一定穗数和具备稳定的结实率的基础上,提高千粒重,是充分利用大穗型杂交粳稻获取超高产的关键;提高群体颖花量是增加产量的基础,而提高库容量是增加产量的重点,在提高群体颖花量的同时还需兼顾千粒重的稳定。【结论】在本试验条件下,大穗型杂交粳稻每穗粒数250左右时穗粒结构合理,群体颖花量高,库容充实足,产量最理想。随着水稻品种和栽培技术的不断进步,其最适值还将可能更高。     

Why high grain yield can be achieved in single seedling machine-transplanted hybrid rice under dense planting conditions?

This study was conducted to identify the factors associated with high grain yield in single seedling machine-transplanted hybrid rice under dense planting conditions. Field experiments were done in Yong'an Town, Hunan Province, China in 2015 and 2016. Two hybrid rice cultivars were grown under single seedling machine transplanting (SMT) and conventional machine transplanting (CMT) at a high planting density in each year. Grain yield and yield attributes were compared between SMT and CMT. Averaged across cultivars and years, grain yield was 12% higher under SMT than under CMT. Plant height, basal stem width, and shoot and root dry weights were higher in seedlings for SMT than those for CMT. SMT had less maximum tiller number per m² and consequently less panicle number per m² than did CMT. Branch number per panicle, especially the secondary branch number per panicle, and spikelet number per cm of panicle length were more under SMT than under CMT, which resulted in more spikelet number per panicle under SMT than under CMT. SMT had higher or equal spikelet filling percentage than did CMT. The difference in grain weight between SMT and CMT was relatively small and inconsistent cross years. SMT had higher or equal total biomass and harvest index than did CMT. Dry weight per stem under SMT was heavier than that under CMT. Larger leaf area per stem was partly responsible for the heavier dry weight per stem under SMT than under CMT. Our study suggests that improvement in seedling quality, panicle size, and dry weight per stem are critical to the high grain yield in single seedling machine-transplanted hybrid rice under dense planting conditions.     

减氮对机插杂交籼稻产量和稻米品质的影响

【目的】研究减氮对机插杂交籼稻产量和稻米品质的影响,为机插杂交籼稻合理减氮提供理论依据。【方法】以杂交籼稻品种宜香优2115和F优498为试验材料,基于品种高产栽培施氮量（180 kg/ha,CK）,在贵州贵阳和湄潭2个试验点,研究不同减氮量[减氮30 kg/ha（N_-30）、减氮60 kg/ha（N_-60）和不施氮（N₀）]对机插杂交籼稻产量、加工品质、外观品质、营养品质和蒸煮食味品质的影响。【结果】在贵阳和湄潭试验点,减氮后机插杂交籼稻产量和稻米品质变化趋势基本一致,即随着减氮程度的增加,机插杂交籼稻群体颖花量和实际产量均逐渐降低,稻谷加工品质（糙米率、精米率和整精米率）表现为先增加后降低,稻米外观品质（垩白粒率和垩白度）和蛋白质含量逐渐降低,而稻米蒸煮食味品质（胶稠度和直链淀粉含量）均逐渐增加,综合食味值评分提高。与CK相比,减氮后机插杂交籼稻群体颖花量和实际产量分别降低4.43%~35.08%和1.76%~38.77%,垩白粒率、垩白度和蛋白质分别降低2.08%~29.58%、3.57%~45.33%和3.10%~21.37%,胶稠度、直链淀粉含量和食味值分别提高3.89%~49.28%、0.52%~13.24%和0.25%~5.67%;同一减氮处理下两试验点稻谷加工品质变化趋势略有不同,但整体上差异较小。相关分析结果表明,实际产量与群体颖花量呈极显著正相关（P<0.01,下同）,且实际产量和群体颖花量与稻米蒸煮食味品质（胶稠度、碱消值和食味值）大多呈显著（P<0.05,下同）或极显著负相关,与稻米加工品质（糙米率、精米率）、外观品质（垩白粒率、垩白度）和蛋白质含量呈显著或极显著正相关。【结论】适宜的减氮量（N_-30）能改善稻谷加工品质、稻米外观品质和蒸煮食味品质,且产量仍能维持在9.80 t/ha以上,协同实现机插杂交籼稻稳产和优质;而过量减氮（N_-60和N₀处理）虽能提高稻米外观品质和蒸煮食味品质,但稻谷加工品质有变劣趋势,且产量显著降低,难以实现机插杂交籼稻高产稳产。     

野败籼型杂交晚稻稳产性和广适性的演变

用回归系数(b)和广适应性参数估算了3个杂晚组合历年在不同区域范围的稳产性和广适性,探讨它们的演变结果:(1)杂晚组合稳产性和广适性演变过程估值大致为:b1或b值年间波动大,稳产性差。适应性参数和b变化相似。(2)优良杂晚组合从进入区试到示范推广至更换,稳产性和广适性估值可连续达6～8年,但组合间有差异。(3)稳产性好和广适性强的杂晚组合共同特点,生育期、千粒重、穗长、株高的变异幅度和C.V.％平均值小,结实率变异中等。     

不同类型籼稻区对杂交籼稻性状的影响

为明确不同稻作区对杂交籼稻表型的影响, 2014—2015年连续2年对种植于3个不同稻区(双季籼稻区、单季籼稻区和籼粳交错区)的40个籼稻杂交组合的农艺和抗病性状分析。结果表明,双季稻区和交错区对40个籼稻杂交组合农艺性状(生育期、株高、穗长、有效穗、穗总粒数、结实率、千粒重和产量)变化影响很大,而单季稻区的杂交组合性状表现居于双季稻区和交错区之间。双季稻区的穗颈瘟、纹枯病和白叶枯病严重,交错区是穗颈瘟和纹枯病严重。基于农艺性状和发病情况数据,采用特有性简约性分析法分析,40个杂交组合的综合表型在不同稻作区多数呈现连续分布,在交错区87.5%(35/40)的籼稻杂交组合综合表型发生聚集,单季稻区为75.0%(30/40),双季稻区为57.5%(23/40)。在交错区和双季稻区都适宜种植的籼稻杂交组合占比仅为2.5%(1/40),在双季稻和单季稻区都适宜的杂交组合占比为40.0%(16/40)。