利用小RNA深度测序快速鉴定草莓病毒

病毒侵染直接影响草莓的生长发育及果实品质,快速检测及鉴定病毒是病毒防治的前提.本研究以'丰香'草莓和'哈尼'草莓为试材,利用小RNA(sRNA)测序结合RT-PCR技术对2种栽培草莓品种中存在的病毒进行了研究.对sRNA测序结果进行组装和注释,结果表明:在混合样品中共有242个contigs比对到5种草莓病毒,分别为草...     

Small RNA deep sequencing reveals the presence of multiple viral infections in cucurbit crops in Guangdong,China

Viral diseases are among the most critical damaging factors that impose a global threat to the cucurbit industry.China is the world’s leading country for the production and consumption of cucurbits.Guangdong,a province in southern China dominated by the tropical and subtropical climate,favors the survival of different plant viruses and their vectors.Five main cucurbit crops showing various disease symptoms were surveyed and collected to identify viruses infecting cucurbits in Guangdong during 20...     

小麦小分子RNA TaMIR1129介导植株抵御低氮逆境功能研究

本研究针对迄今有关小麦小分子RNA(miRNA)家族成员介导植株氮素吸收和利用机理尚少见报道的现状,对TaMIR1129的表达特征和介导植株抵御低氮逆境功能进行了研究。结果表明,TaMIR1129呈低氮胁迫诱导表达,表现为随氮浓度降低(0.02~6mmol/L)和处理时间延长(0~48h)表达水平不断增高特征。此外,低氮诱导的高表达水平在恢复供氮后表达下调。表明该miRNA对介质中氮素应答呈典型的时间及浓度依赖特征。TaMIR1129作用2个靶基因,包括Molybdenum cofactor sulfurase(TaMCS)和Major facilitator family transporter(TaMFFT),上述基因应答低氮特征与TaMIR1129相反。遗传转化结果表明,超表达TaMIR1129具有显著增强植株抵御低氮逆境的能力。表现为与野生型对照相比,转基因系Sen 1和Sen 2低氮处理后植株形态增大,干质量增加,氮累积量增多。表明TaMIR1129与作用靶基因构建miRNA/target模块在介导植株抵御低氮逆境中发挥重要作用。     

种子贮藏蛋白凝胶电泳在小麦外源染色体鉴定中的应用

利用小麦种子贮藏蛋白凝胶电泳技术,对簇毛麦(Haynaldiavillosa)、滨麦(Leymusmollis)、华山新麦草(Psathyrostachyshuashanica)、大麦(Hordeumdistichom)以及黑麦(Secalecereale)的高分子量谷蛋白亚基和醇溶蛋白进行了分析。结果表明,簇毛麦、滨麦、华山新麦草、大麦的高分子量谷蛋白亚基和醇溶蛋白与普通小麦相比均有各自的特征带;利用簇毛麦和大麦的高分子量谷蛋白亚基特征带鉴定出了普通小麦中与小麦第一同源群染色体有部分同源的V1和H5附加系;利用黑麦1RS醇溶蛋白标记位点Gld1B3鉴定了1BL/1RS易位系,同时利用染色体C-分带对1BL/1RS易位系77(2)进行了验证。并对小麦种子贮藏蛋白凝胶电泳技术在小麦品质育种和细胞质雄性不育选育中的应用进行了讨论。     

小麦水通道蛋白基因家族的全基因组鉴定及其在盐和干旱胁迫响应中的作用

水通道蛋白(AQPs)的功能是选择性地控制水和其他小分子通过细胞膜的流动,它们在植物的许多生理过程中都是至关重要的,包括非生物胁迫反应.小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)是全球重要的粮食作物,但干旱和盐胁迫是小麦生长和产量形成的重要影响因素.共鉴定得到了 127个非冗余的小麦水通道蛋白基因和4个可变剪接体.对TaAQP基因进行了 RNA-seq分析,揭示了小麦AQP基因的特异性表达模式.其中,TaTIPs和TaPIPs的表达高于TaNIPs和TaSIPs.qRT-PCR分析表明,小麦在干旱和盐胁迫条件下,TaNIP4;03_3D,TaTIP2;02b_7B,TaSIP2;02_4A,TaNIP3;03_6D 和 TaNIP2;04a_7D 等 AQPs 受到显著诱导并且有高表达量,表明它们参与了胁迫响应.这些结果为进一步探索TaAQPs基因在植物应对干旱胁迫和盐胁迫中的作用提供了新的思路.     

Effects of deep vertical rotary tillage on the grain yield and resource use efficiency of winter wheat in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain of China

Tillage represents an important practice that is used to dynamically regulate soil properties,and affects the grain production process and resource use efficiency of crops.The objectives of this 3-year field study carried out in the Huang-Huai-Hai(HHH) Plain of China were to compare the effects of a new deep vertical rotary tillage (DVRT) with the conventional shallow rotary tillage (CT) on soil properties,winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain yield and water and nitrogen use efficiency at different productivity levels,and to identify a comprehensive management that optimizes both grain yield and resource use efficiency in the HHH Plain.A split-plot design was adopted in field experiments in the winter wheat growing seasons of 2016–2017 (S1),2017–2018 (S2) and 2018–2019 (S3),with DVRT (conducted once in June 2016) and CT performed in the main plots.Subplots were treated with one of four targeted productivity level treatments (SH,the super high productivity level;HH,the high productivity and high efficiency productivity level;FP,the farmer productivity level;ISP,the inherent soil productivity level).The results showed that the soil bulk density was reduced and the soil water content at the anthesis stage was increased in all three years,which were due to the significant effects of DVRT.Compared with CT,grain yields,partial factor productivity of nitrogen (PFP_N),and water use efficiency (WUE) under DVRT were increased by 22.0,14.5 and 19.0%.Path analysis and direct correlation decomposition uncovered that grain yield variation of winter wheat was mostly contributed by the spike numbers per area under different tillage modes.General line model analysis revealed that tillage mode played a significant role on grain yield,PFP_N and WUE not only as a single factor,but also along with other factors(year and productivity level) in interaction manners.In addition,PFP_N and WUE were the highest in HH under DVRT in all three growth seasons.These results provided a theoretical basis and technical support for coordinating the high yield with high resource use efficiency of winter wheat in the resource-restricted region in the HHH Plain of China.     

基于MiSeq分析川中黑山羊瘤胃细菌的多样性及群落结构

采用MiSeq高通量测序技术分析川中黑山羊瘤胃细菌的多样性及菌群结构。选用3只140日龄健康公羊,其平均体质量为(15.53±0.21)kg,饲喂10 d后,于150日龄时采集瘤胃液(样品A),40 d后再次采集瘤胃液(样品F),提取瘤胃液细菌基因组DNA,对细菌16S rDNA序列V4区进行MiSeq测序。结果显示:1)从样品A与样品F中共获得高质量序列338 830条,聚类后得3 400个运算分类单位(OTU);2)样品A的α多样性指数高于样品F的,但其差异无统计学意义;3)门水平上,样品A最高相对丰度为拟杆菌门的(占总序列数的40.87%),其次为厚壁菌门的(27.19%),样品F最高相对丰度为拟杆菌门的(47.12%),其次为变形菌门的(19.99%),再次为厚壁菌门的(18.05%),样品A厚壁菌门的相对丰度极显著高于样品F的(P0.01);4)在属水平上,样品A与样品F的最高相对丰度均为普雷沃氏菌属的(样品A的为25.54%,样品F的为27.67%),样品A中月形单胞菌属、丁酸弧菌属、瘤胃球菌属、琥珀酸弧菌属、琥珀酸菌属等的相对丰度显著高于样品F的(P0.05)。试验结果表明,川中黑山羊瘤胃中相对丰度最高的菌门为拟杆菌门,相对丰度最高的菌属为普雷沃氏菌属,且两瘤胃样品中部分细菌相对丰度间的差异显著。     

黄瓜花叶病毒卫星RNA生防制剂防治辣椒病毒病的研究

在宁夏银川地区4个主要蔬菜基地采集表现病毒病症状的辣椒标样68个,采用鉴别寄主的生物学反应和双抗夹心ELISA法鉴定,结果表明引起银川地区辣椒病毒病的主要病原是黄瓜花叶病毒(CMV).用黄瓜花叶病毒的卫星RNA生防制剂S52免疫辣椒,能防治辣椒由CMV引起的病毒病.用S52免疫接种辣椒进行田间对比试验,免疫接种50 d的防效达71.2%~84.2%,免疫接种80 d的防效达55.9%~70.2%.     

A simulation of winter wheat crop responses to irrigation management using CERES-Wheat model in the North China Plain

To improve efficiency in the use of water resources in water-limited environments such as the North China Plain(NCP), where winter wheat is a major and groundwater-consuming crop, the application of water-saving irrigation strategies must be considered as a method for the sustainable development of water resources. The initial objective of this study was to evaluate and validate the ability of the CERES-Wheat model simulation to predict the winter wheat grain yield, biomass yield and water use efficiency(WUE) responses to different irrigation management methods in the NCP. The results from evaluation and validation analyses were compared to observed data from 8 field experiments, and the results indicated that the model can accurately predict these parameters. The modified CERES-Wheat model was then used to simulate the development and growth of winter wheat under different irrigation treatments ranging from rainfed to four irrigation applications(full irrigation) using historical weather data from crop seasons over 33 years(1981–2014). The data were classified into three types according to seasonal precipitation: 100 mm, 100–140 mm, and 140 mm. Our results showed that the grain and biomass yield, harvest index(HI) and WUE responses to irrigation management were influenced by precipitation among years, whereby yield increased with higher precipitation. Scenario simulation analysis also showed that two irrigation applications of 75 mm each at the jointing stage and anthesis stage(T3) resulted in the highest grain yield and WUE among the irrigation treatments. Meanwhile, productivity in this treatment remained stable through different precipitation levels among years. One irrigation at the jointing stage(T1) improved grain yield compared to the rainfed treatment and resulted in yield values near those of T3, especially when precipitation was higher. These results indicate that T3 is the most suitable irrigation strategy under variable precipitation regimes for stable yield of winter wheat with maximum water savings in the NCP. The application of one irrigation at the jointing stage may also serve as an alternative irrigation strategy for further reducing irrigation for sustainable water resources management in this area.     

The impacts of climate change on wheat yield in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain of China using DSSAT-CERES-Wheat model under different climate scenarios

Climate change has been documented as a major threat to current agricultural strategies. Progress in understanding the impact of climate change on crop yield is essential for agricultural climate adaptation, especially for the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain(3 H Plain) of China which is an area known to be vulnerable to global warming. In this study, the impacts of climate change on winter wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) yield between the baseline period(1981–2010) and two Representative Concentration Pathways(RCP8.5 and RCP4.5) were simulated for the short-term(2010–2039), the medium-term(2040–2069) and the long-term(2070–2099) in the 3 H Plain, by considering the relative contributions of changes in temperature, solar radiation and precipitation using the DSSAT-CERES-Wheat model. Results indicated that the maximum and minimum temperatures(TMAX and TMIN), solar radiation(SRAD), and precipitation(PREP) during the winter wheat season increased under these two RCPs. Yield analysis found that wheat yield increased with the increase in SRAD, PREP and CO2 concentration, but decreased with an increase in temperature. Increasing precipitation contributes the most to the total impact, increasing wheat yield by 9.53, 6.62 and 23.73% for the three terms of future climate under RCP4.5 scenario, and 11.74, 16.38 and 27.78% for the three terms of future climate under RCP8.5 scenario. However, as increases in temperature bring higher evapotranspiration, which further aggravated water deficits, the supposed negative effect of increasing thermal resources decreased wheat yield by 1.92, 4.08 and 5.24% for the three terms of future climate under RCP4.5 scenario, and 3.64, 5.87 and 5.81% for the three terms of future climate under RCP8.5 scenario with clearly larger decreases in RCP8.5. Counterintuitively, the impacts in southern sub-regions were positive, but they were all negative in the remaining sub-regions. Our analysis demonstrated that in the 3 H Plain, which is a part of the mid-high latitude region, the effects of increasing thermal resources were counteracted by the aggravated water deficits caused by the increase in temperature.     

Discrimination between organically and conventionally grown winter wheat farm pair samples using the copper chloride crystallisation method in combination with computerised image analysis

Organic and conventional winter wheat farm pair grain samples were tested with the copper chloride crystallisation method and submitted to computerised image analyses followed by pattern recognition and classification with multivariate statistical tools.Appropriate discriminant analyses (DA) models were established. Depending on the analysed region of interest up to 100% of “unknown” samples could be correctly predicted using the DA models.     

甘肃小麦品种主要春化和光周期基因的组成和分布

目的了解春化和光周期基因在小麦中的组成和分布,探讨贵州小麦春化和光周期基因对抽穗期和开花期的效应,为贵州小麦生态适应性品种选育和利用提供参考。方法以272份小麦品种(系)为材料,分别利用春化基因VRN-A1、VRN-B1、VRN-B3和VRN-D1以及光周期基因Ppd-A1、Ppd-B1和Ppd-D1的分子标记引物进行PCR扩增,鉴定分析这些基因的等位变异类型及分布频率,并对小麦抽穗期和开花期进行田间观察鉴定。结果春化显性基因Vrn-A1、Vrn-B1和Vrn-D1在贵州省内和部分省外小麦供试材料中的分布频率为0.7%~85.2%,未检测到春化显性基因Vrn-B3分布。所有供试品种均携带Ppd-A1b和Ppd-B1b光周期敏感型等位基因;在光周期基因Ppd-D1位点,仅3份省外材料携带光敏感型基因Ppd-D1b,其余品种均携带光不敏感型基因Ppd-D1a。相关性分析表明：Ppd-D1b与小麦抽穗期和开花期呈极显著正相关,Vrn-B1与小麦抽穗期呈极显著负相关,而Vrn-D1和Vrn-B1+Vrn-D1组合类型均与小麦抽穗期和开花期呈极显著负相关。结论贵州小麦中春化和光周期基因类型和组合相较省外品种少,种质资源有待进一步丰富。春化和光周期基因影响小麦的抽穗期和开花期,合适的基因组成类型能提高小麦品种在不同环境的适应性。     

Effects of water application uniformity using a center pivot on winter wheat yield,water and nitrogen use efficiency in the North China Plain

In recent years, the use of fertigation technology with center pivot irrigation systems has increased rapidly in the North China Plain(NCP). The combined effects of water and nitrogen application uniformity on the grain yield, water use efficiency(WUE) and nitrogen use efficiency(NUE) have become a research hotspot. In this study, a two-year field experiment was conducted during the winter wheat growing season in 2016–2018 to evaluate the water application uniformity of a center pivot with two low pressure sprinklers(the R3000 sprinklers were installed in the first span, the corresponding treatment was RS; the D3000 sprinklers were installed in the second span, the corresponding treatment was DS) and a P85 A impact sprinkler as the end gun(the corresponding treatment was EG), and to analyze its effects on grain yield, WUE and NUE. The results showed that the water application uniformity coefficients of R3000, D3000 and P85 A along the radial direction of the pivot(CU_H) were 87.5, 79.5 and 65%, respectively. While the uniformity coefficients along the traveling direction of the pivot(CU_C) were all higher than 85%. The effects of water application uniformity of the R3000 and D3000 sprinklers on grain yield were not significant(P0.05); however, the average grain yield of EG was significantly lower(P0.05) than those of RS and DS, by 9.4 and 11.1% during two growing seasons, respectively. The coefficients of variation(CV) of the grain yield had a negative correlation with the uniformity coefficient. The CV of WUE was more strongly affected by the water application uniformity, compared with the WUE value, among the three treatments. The NUE of RS was higher than those of DS and EG by about 6.1 and 4.8%, respectively, but there were no significant differences in NUE among the three treatments during the two growing seasons. Although the CU_H of the D3000 sprinklers was lower than that of the R3000, it had only limited effects on the grain yield, WUE and NUE. However, the cost of D3000 sprinklers is lower than that of R3000 sprinklers. Therefore, the D3000 sprinklers are recommended for winter wheat irrigation and fertigation in the NCP.     

近20年华北粮食主产区冬小麦种植面积遥感快速提取研究

【目的 】基于遥感数据,研究快速提取华北粮食主产区近20年（2001—2020年）冬小麦种植面积的方法,生成准确的长时间序列冬小麦面积遥感产品,为政府决策机构和科研单位的工作提供数据支持。【方法 】文章基于经过滤波重构的MODIS植被指数产品,分析了研究区不同纬度下冬小麦在整个生长季中的时序特征,考虑到不同区域冬小麦物候差异,提出了一种关键生长季时序NDVI曲线匹配的方法,在无样本的条件下,快速提取冬小麦面积。通过使用统计年鉴进行面积验证,并结合目视解译的样本和高分辨率数据哨兵2号提取的结果,计算混淆矩阵并进行精度评价。【结果 】与2001—2018年的统计年鉴数据对比,平均相对误差为16.1%;与目视解译和哨兵2号分类结果中的6 459个采样点的精度评价相比,总体精度达到87.4%,kappa系数为0.61。【结论 】根据冬小麦的物候特征,通过提取NDVI的时序特征并采用时序NDVI曲线匹配算法,可以快速准确地提取华北粮食主产区冬小麦的种植面积和分布情况。     

Estimates on nitrogen uptake in the subsequent wheat by above-ground and root residue and rhizodeposition of using peanut labeled with 15N isotope on the North China Plain

Leguminous crops play a vital role in enhancing crop yield and improving soil fertility. Therefore, it can be used as an organic N source for improving soil fertility. The purpose of this study was to (i) quantify the amounts of N derived from rhizodeposition, root and above-ground biomass of peanut residue in comparison with wheat and (ii) estimate the effect of the residual N on the wheat-growing season in the subsequent year. The plants of peanut and wheat were stem fed with ¹⁵N urea using the cotton-wick method at the Wuqiao Station of China Agricultural University in 2014. The experiment consisted of four residue-returning strategies in a randomized complete-block design: (i) no return of crop residue (CR0); (ii) return of above-ground biomass of peanut crop (CR1); (iii) return of peanut root biomass (CR2); and (iv) return of all residue of the whole peanut plant (CR3). The 31.5 and 21% of the labeled ¹⁵N isotope were accumulated in the above-ground tissues (leaves and stems) of peanuts and wheat, respectively. N rhizodeposition of peanuts and wheat accounted for 14.91 and 3.61% of the BG¹⁵N, respectively. The ¹⁵N from the below-ground ¹⁵N-labeled of peanuts were supplied 11.3, 5.9, 13.5, and 6.1% of in the CR0, CR1, CR2, and CR3 treatments, respectively. Peanut straw contributes a significant proportion of N to the soil through the decomposition of plant residues and N rhizodeposition. With the current production level on the NCP, it is estimated that peanut straw can potentially replace 104 500 tons of synthetic N fertilizer per year. The inclusion of peanut in rotation with cereal can significantly reduce the use of N fertilizer and enhance the system sustainability.