Molecular diversity of barley yellow dwarf virus-PAV from China and the Czech Republic

Wheat yellow dwarf disease (BYD), caused by different species of barley/cereal yellow dwarf viruses (B/CYDVs), is one of the most serious cereal diseases in China and the Czech Republic. Because genetic diversity of the virus directly influences disease epidemiology, the molecular diversity and population structure of 24 Chinese isolates and 16 the Czech Republic isolates of BYDV-PAV from different regions in two countries were analyzed by sequencing their coat protein (CP) and readthrough protein (RTP) domain (RTD) genes and comparing the sequences with six CP and 16 RTP sequences of BYDV-PAV isolates from the NCBI database based on nucleotide identity position, phylogenetic analysis and nucleotide diversity. Nucleotide identities between the Chinese and the Czech Republic isolates for the CP were 76.6–99.4%, 73.9–89.1% for RTD (ORF5), respectively. The Chinese and the other country isolates showed 74.7–99.2% nucleotide identity for RTP (ORF3+ORF5). Phylogenetic analysis of CP sequences showed that 20 Chinese isolates clustered in the same clade, but the other four Chinese isolates clustered in another clade with the isolates from the Czech Republic and other counties. The population of BYDV-PAV in China had greater nucleotide variability and was more divergent than that in the Czech Republic. Geographical and ecological factors but not hosts might contribute to the population differences in the two countries.     

Evaluation of plant virus infection of cereal crops and prediction of spread of disease in Primorskii krai

The spread of ten viruses has been revealed on cereal crops in Primorskii krai: brome mosaic, barley stripe mosaic, wheat streak mosaic, northern cereal mosaic, barley yellow dwarf, maize dwarf mosaic, oat Russian mosaic, rice streak, maize dwarf mosaic, and Poa semi-latent. The level of infection of row crops didn’t exceed 1% and 2.2% in collection and competitive variety testing nurseries. Barley stripe mosaic virus (barley), brome mosaic virus (wheat), and northern cereal mosaic virus (oat) spread the most.     

承德春小麦黄矮病毒（WYDV）株系鉴定

承德春麦在历史上曾为河北省小麦黄矮病的主要流行区，近年再度严重流行。严重威胁着小麦生产。经多点取样，采用３种无毒蚜虫即麦长管蚜［Ｍａｃｒｏｓｉｐｈｕｍ（ｓｉｔｏｂｉｏｎ）ａｖｅｎａｅ（Ｆａｂｒｉｃｉｕｓ）］（Ｍａ）。麦二叉蚜［Ｓｃｈｉｚａｐｈｉｓ（Ｔｏｘｏｐｔｅｒａ）ｇｒａｍｉｎｕｍ（Ｒｏｎｄ）］（ｓｇ）和禾缢管蚜［Ｒｈｏｐａｌｏｓｉｐｈｕｍｐａｄｉ（Ｌｉｎｎａｅｕｓ）］（Ｒｐ）传毒进行生物测定和血清学酶标（ＤＡＳ—ＥＬＩＳＡ）试验，明确了河北省承德春麦黄矮病流行有２种株系类型；麦二又蚜、麦长管蚜株系（ＧＡＶ）和禾缢管蚜、麦长管蚜、麦二叉蚜株系）ＰＡＧＶ）混合发生，且ＧＡＶ株系为主流株系。蚜虫调查结果明确了造成该病害在生产上流行、传毒的主要蚜虫介体是麦长管蚜。试验结果为生产上抗病育种和治蚜防病提供了依据。     

Genomic Analysis of the Natural Population of Wheat dwarf virus inWheat fromChina and Hungary

During the last decade, the leafhopper transmitted Wheat dwarf virus (WDV) has become a serious problem both in northwestern China and Hungary. In order to study the molecular diversity and population structure of WDV in these two countries, 39 Chinese isolates and 16 Hungarian isolates were collected from different regions of China and Hungary, and their genomes were sequenced. All isolates belonged to the wheat strain of WDV and showed limited genetic diversity. The highest and lowest nucleotide sequence identities among isolates from China and Hungary were 99.9 and 90%, respectively. In all isolates, the lowest nucleotide sequence identity was 89.5% between MO10-1 and KP10-5, which were collected from Martonvásár and Kompolt, Hungary. Phylogenetic analyses showed the genome sequences of 55 WDV isolates belong to two big clades, but no clear correlation to geographical location. Population difference analyses indicated that the Chinese and Hungarian WDV populations have no significant difference. The regions in WDV genome with relatively low nucleotide diversities represented protein coding regions suggested that these regions evolved under negative selection, and might be one of the causes restricting the number of genetic variants.     

河南省大蒜病毒病的分子检测

为了明确引起河南省大蒜病毒病的病原,采用RT-PCR方法对采集的表现矮缩症状的大蒜样品分别用5对引物进行检测,结果表明,在大蒜样品中同时检测到洋葱黄矮病毒(onion yellow dwarf virus,OYDV)、韭葱黄条病毒(leek yellow stripe virus,LYSV)和青葱潜隐病毒(shallot latent virus,SLV)3种病毒,没有检测到大蒜普通潜隐病毒(garlic common latent virus,Gar CLV)和青葱X病毒(allexiviruses)。根据测序结果进行序列和遗传进化分析发现,河南省OYDV分离物与SLV分离物在进化树上都单独形成一分支,其中OYDV与其他分离物的核苷酸同源性为94.8%~96.9%,SLV与其他分离物的核苷酸同源性在86.5%~88.5%,河南省LYSV分离物与墨西哥分离物的同源性达到99.4%,亲缘关系最近。试验中同时检测到3种病毒,说明河南省大蒜病毒病为多种病毒复合侵染。     

陕西小麦黄矮病演变与厄尔尼诺现象

据资料分析,陕西小麦黄矮病历年发生和流行周期为２￣７ａ,这与厄尔尼诺现象的复出周期有吻合趋势,即厄尔尼诺年的翌年是小麦黄矮病发生流行年。以蒲城县为例,在厄尔尼诺现象发生年中,与历年平均值相比,月降水量减少而月均气温增高;厄尔尼诺现象出现后前述气候现象持续时间一般较长,不仅影响当年,还可延续至次年,往往造成秋、冬、春连早,为小麦黄矮病发生提供了有利的气候条件。     

Identification of disease resistances in wheat-<Emphasis Type="Italic">Leymus multicaulis</Emphasis> derivatives and characterization of <Emphasis Type="Italic">L. multicaulis</Emphasis> chromatin using microsatellite DNA markers

To identify resistance to Fusarium head blight (FHB), cereal yellow dwarf virus (CYDV), stem rust (Sr), and powdery mildew (Pm) in 24 common wheat (Triticum aestivum)-Leymus multicaulis addition/translocation lines that were developed cytogenetically and to verify the authenticity of these lines using microsatellite (SSR) DNA markers. Resistance to FHB was identified in the wheat-L. multicaulis addition lines, Line 9 and Line 26, which both contained L. multicaulis-specific fragments as shown by SSR markers. The translocation line, Trans 1, and the addition lines, Line 5 and Line 29, have resistance to stem rust (IT 0). Resistance to CYDV was evaluated based on virus titers measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The addition line, Line 23, showed low virus titer (0.15), indicating resistance to CYDV. The segregation distribution of CYDV resistance in 98 F₂ plants of Line 23/CS showed a significant deviation from 3:1. Inoculation with a set of 14 differential Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt) isolates did not detect powdery mildew resistance in translocation line Trans 1, addition line Line 9 and the amphiploid of wheat-L. multicaulis. However, Line 26 exhibited the resistance response pattern of Kavkaz, which carries Pm8, indicating that Line 26 most likely has the powdery mildew resistance gene Pm8 inherited from its parent lines Feng Kang 7 or Feng Kang 10. Twelve SSR markers, distributed on different homeologous chromosome groups of wheat, which distinguished L. multicaulis addition/translocation chromosomes, were used to verify the presence of L. multicaulis chromatin in the putative wheat-L. multicaulis addition/translocation lines. Of the 24 addition/translocation lines investigated using the 12 polymorphic SSR markers, 18 wheat-L. multicaulis derivatives showed the expected L. multicaulis-specific fragments, indicating that all of these 18 addition/translocation lines would most likely have the introgressed L. multicaulis chromosome(s). Chromosomal rearrangements also were detected in some of the wheat-L. multicaulis introgression lines.     

病毒抑制剂对小麦黄矮病防治效果的研究

为明确不同致病机理的病毒抑制剂对小麦黄矮病的预防和防治效果,在小麦苗期将大麦黄矮病毒GAV株系接种于小麦阿勃上,喷施杀虫剂（毒死蜱）与病毒抑制剂（病毒特、好普、嘧肽核苷病毒唑、1.5％植病灵乳剂）的不同组合.结果表明,病毒特与毒死蜱组合的平均预防和防治效果最好.     

小麦矮缩病毒引起的植株矮化与赤霉素代谢的相关性分析

【目的】由异沙叶蝉(Psammotettix alienus)传播的小麦矮缩病毒病是近年来中国西北部麦区严重发生的小麦病毒病害之一。受侵染的小麦植株严重矮化,有效分蘖减少,产量损失严重。论文旨在明确小麦矮缩病毒(Wheat dwarf virus,WDV)侵染小麦植株后矮化症状形成与赤霉素代谢调控的关系,为该病害的防治打下基础。【方法】以小麦品种扬麦12为试验材料,以异沙叶蝉为传毒介体饲毒后转移到1叶期的健康幼苗(3头/株)上进行传毒,同时以无毒异沙叶蝉取食健康幼苗为对照。根据试验需要,不同时间取样备用。为保证试验的准确性,经PCR检测为阳性的作为处理组试验材料;采用间接酶联免疫吸附(ELISA)法,利用植物赤霉素(GA3)试剂盒测定分析侵染第21天取样的小麦叶片赤霉素含量;将带毒条沙叶蝉接种的小麦苗分为两个平行处理组,接种后第7天分别用GA3(浓度为50 mg·L-1)和H2O进行叶面喷施处理,每隔一周处理一次。以无毒叶蝉接种后长势一致的小麦苗作为对照组,根据株高统计结果分析外施赤霉素对受侵染小麦植株的表型变化;以山羊草(Aegilops tauschii)的内根-贝壳杉烯合成酶(ent-kaurene synthase-like 3,KSL3)的基因编码区序列为参考基因设计引物(KSL3-F:5′-ATGATGGTGAATCCGCCGC-3′;KSL3-R:5′-TTAATGGTTGATCTTTGTTT-3′),对扬麦12的KSL3进行克隆和序列分析;分别取接种后7、14和21 d的小麦植株叶片,提取RNA后反转录,以克隆得到的Ta KSL3基因序列设计引物(Ta KSL3-F:5′-GAGACATGTGCCATGGCGTTC-3′;Ta KSL3-R:5′-CGTGTCACTCAGATCGGTGGAG-3′),选择小麦翻译延伸因子1A(EF-1α)作为内参基因,利用荧光定量PCR方法分析赤霉素代谢相关基因的转录水平。【结果】经ELISA检测发现,接种21 d的发病植株赤霉素含量与健康植株相比降低了28.9%;通过施用浓度为50 mg·L-1的赤霉素后,发病植株的平均株高相比对照组显著增加35.9%;采用同源克隆得到了完整的小麦赤霉素合成途径关键酶KSL3的编码区序列,长度为1 827 bp,编码608个氨基酸,BLAST比对分析发现该DNA序列与山羊草KSL3编码区序列相似度为85.2%。经荧光定量检测发现受小麦矮缩病毒侵染后小麦KSL3表达量显著下降,接种14 d降低为对照组的35.7%,21 d降低为对照组的9.6%。【结论】小麦矮缩病毒的侵染导致赤霉素合成途径关键酶的表达量降低,可能使赤霉素合成受阻,赤霉素含量降低引发受赤霉素调节的细胞生物学过程异常,从而诱导矮化症状形成。研究结果为揭示小麦矮缩病毒侵染的致病机理和病害防控打下了基础。     

Quantitative analysis of the interaction of heterologous viruses with Plum pox virus in C5 HoneySweet transgenic plums

Stone fruits are an important crop in most parts of the world and are heavily challenged by several viruses including Plum pox virus(PPV), Prune dwarf virus(PDV), Prunus necrotic ringspot virus(PNRSV), and Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus(ACLSV). We validated the PPV resistance in C5 plum plants(commercially known as Honey Sweet) grown in the Czech Republic for more than 16 years in a field trial experiment under natural environmental conditions. We quantified single(PPV-Rec) and mixed viruses(PPV-Rec+ACLSV, PPV-Rec+PDV and PPV-Rec+ACLSV+PDV) in C5 transgenic plums inoculated for the period 2016 to 2018. The accumulation of PPV-Rec was high(～5.43 E+05 copies) compared with that of ACLSV(～8.70 E+04 copies) in the inoculated graft of C5 transgenic plants. Leaves close to the inoculum sources showed a differential level of virus titre in single and mixed infections(～10 to ～5×10~2 copies). C5 plants with permanent virus pressure showed 10~3-to 10~5-fold fewer copies of viruses than those of the inoculated graft. We observed high accumulation of conserved mi RNAs such as mi R167, mi R69 and mi R396 in C5 plants co-infected with PPV, ACLSV and PDV that are associated with its resistance against viruses. Overall, i) C5 transgenic plums showed high resistance to PPV infection, and a low level(～32 copies) of PPV only accumulated in some grafted plants, ii) high accumulation of PPV was found in inoculated grafts in single PPV infection and mixed infections, iii) heterologous virus infection sustained by ACLSV or PDV did not suppress PPV resistance, and iv) high and low conserved micro RNAs accumulated in C5 plants.     

转基因小麦抗大麦黄矮病毒研究进展

转基因技术为培育抗黄矮病小麦提供了一条有力的途径,综述国内外在小麦抗BYDV的转基因研究进展。探讨目前主要基于BYDV自身的外壳蛋白基因、复制酶基因、运动蛋白基因以及蚜虫传毒相关蛋白基因进行的抗BYDV小麦转基因研究现状和成果,并对未来培育抗黄矮病小麦研究进行展望。     

不同小麦品种（系）抗耐黄矮病鉴定与评价

１９８９～１９９４年田间人工鉴定１１７３份小麦品种（系）材料，对小麦黄矮病的反应有不同程度差异。症状表现高抗的是中４，中５，忻４０７９，Ｙ９０１３６—４，Ｙ９０７８１—１４等；表现抗病的是临汾５１４，临汾５１８，忻３１８５等；表现耐病的是临汾６０１０，平阳２６１，临辐５１２３４，临旱７７（４）７等。症状表现高度感病，千粒重降低明显，生产中应谨慎使用的品种是烟１６０４、长治８６—３７９８、临汾８７—７０９３、平阳２８７等。     

郑州地区小麦黄矮病病原鉴定及其外壳蛋白的分子进化分析

为了明确郑州地区小麦黄矮病病原种类及其分子变异情况,根据已公布的小麦黄矮病致病毒株GAV,GPV和PAV的外壳蛋白(CP)全长基因序列,采用RT-PCR方法鉴定了来自郑州地区的4个分离物种类,并进行了基于CP序列的郑州分离物与6个国内和3个国外分离物的进化关系分析.结果表明,郑州地区的4个分离物均鉴定为BYDV-PAV(命名为PAV-ZZ),其编码的CP与国内及国外的分离物,在核苷酸水平上的一致性为81%～99%.PAV-ZZ CP与济南分离物一致性最高,核苷酸水平上达99%;与昆明和德国、瑞典、美国分离物一致性较低,核苷酸水平上仅为81%.这表明BYDV-PAV郑州分离物与北方地区的病毒分离物可能有着相似的系统进化特征,而与南方地区及国外分离物在系统进化上有较大的差异.     

麦长管蚜的研究

麦长管蚜又称小麦长管蚜,是同翅目蚜科长管蚜属的昆虫,主要为害小麦、大麦、燕麦、莜麦等作物。麦长管蚜分布于亚洲、东非、欧洲、北美等地区,1年可发生10～20代以上,以无翅孤雌胎生雌蚜繁殖为主,有翅孤雌胎生雌蚜迁飞扩散。一般以成、若蚜为害植株,在茎、叶和穗部取食。叶片被害处呈浅黄色斑点,严重时造成黄叶、卷叶,甚至整株枯死;穗部受害,造成麦粒干瘪,小麦千粒重下降及严重减产。另外,麦长管蚜还可传播小麦病毒病。对麦长管蚜的防治应以农业防治为基础,关键时期采用药剂防治,注意选择农药品种,严格掌握施药技术,减少对天敌的杀伤。非小麦黄矮病流行区,重点抓小麦穗期防治;小麦黄矮病流行区,除进行穗期防治外,还应抓好苗期防治。     

关中地区小麦黄矮病的发生与防治

小麦黄矮病是一种危害极为严重的病毒病,一旦发病,药物治疗效果是很有限的,有"小麦癌症"之称。通过对小麦发病区情况的调查与分析,查找小麦黄矮病发病原因并提出了防治对策。     

利用酵母双杂交系统筛选介体异沙叶蝉中与小麦矮缩病毒外壳蛋白互作的蛋白质

【目的】利用分离泛素酵母双杂交膜系统（split-ubiquitin yeast membrane system）,以小麦矮缩病毒（Wheat dwarf virus,WDV）的外壳蛋白（CP）基因为诱饵对异沙叶蝉（Psammotettix alienus L.）cDNA文库进行筛选,研究异沙叶蝉传播WDV的分子机制。【方法】以笔者实验室饲养的异沙叶蝉为材料,提取其总RNA后取100 ng进行纯化,利用SMART法反转录合成ds cDNA,经过Sfi I酶切纯化,连接到pPR3-N文库载体上,构建得到以pPR3-N为载体的异沙叶蝉分离泛素酵母双杂交膜系统cDNA文库。同时,构建带有Sfi I酶切位点的诱饵载体pDHB1-WDV CP,经功能检测后用诱饵载体初步筛选pPR3-N空文库,寻找适合筛库的条件和确定His基因产物抑制剂3-氨基-1,2,4-三唑（3-AT）的使用浓度。然后用诱饵载体筛选异沙叶蝉cDNA文库,对筛选结果进行分析,再通过共转验证和β-半乳糖苷酶检测进一步验证是否发生互作。利用Uniprot和KEGG在线网站,对筛到的蛋白进行gene ontology（GO）注释和Pathway分析。【结果】初级文库库容量超过2.0×10⁶ cfu,文库实际扩增数量大于1.3×10⁶ cfu,文库重组率大于97%,扩增文库插入片段平均长度大于1 000 bp,表明异沙叶蝉cDNA文库的质量较高。酶切验证显示诱饵载体pDHB1-WDV-CP中CP的插入完整而准确。功能检测表明融合蛋白能够正确表达。在3-AT浓度为5 mmol?L^-1的筛选条件下,诱饵载体筛选异沙叶蝉cDNA文库得到280个克隆,经测序和Blast比对分析最终得到12个可能与WDV的CP发生互作的异沙叶蝉蛋白质。将这12个蛋白质再次进行共转验证和β-半乳糖苷酶检测,最终得到9个蛋白质与WDV CP互作。GO注释显示,9个蛋白参与的生物过程包括蛋白去磷酸化、碳水化合物代谢过程、先天性免疫应答、模式识别受体的信号通路、运输、同向运输和乙醇氧化等;分子功能包括金属离子结合活性、蛋白磷酸酶活性、信号模式识别受体的活性、水解酶活性、磷酸离子载体活性和叶酸运输活性等。参考KEGG数据库,这些蛋白参与的代谢途径有泛素介导的蛋白水解途径、内吞作用、花生四烯酸代谢途径、cAMP信号通路和模式识别受体的信号通路等。【结论】异沙叶蝉分离泛素酵母双杂交膜系统cDNA文库的成功构建与筛选,为研究异沙叶蝉与小麦矮缩病毒的互作机制研究奠定了基础。     

Small RNA deep sequencing reveals the presence of multiple viral infections in cucurbit crops in Guangdong,China

Viral diseases are among the most critical damaging factors that impose a global threat to the cucurbit industry. China is the world's leading country for the production and consumption of cucurbits. Guangdong, a province in southern China dominated by the tropical and subtropical climate, favors the survival of different plant viruses and their vectors. Five main cucurbit crops showing various disease symptoms were surveyed and collected to identify viruses infecting cucurbits in Guangdong during 2018–2020. In the field, the incidence ranged from 5–30%, or even 60–100% in the case of severely infected cucurbits. A total of 357 symptomatic samples were collected and subsequently screened for cucurbit viruses by small RNA deep sequencing and assembly (sRSA). Seventeen virus species belonging to 10 genera were identified in the five main cucurbit crops. The most common viruses were papaya ringspot virus (PRSV; Potyvirus), zucchini tigre mosaic virus (ZTMV; Potyvirus), zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV; Potyvirus), and watermelon silver mottle virus (WSMoV; Orthotospovirus), with infection rates of 24.4, 19.0, 17.1, and 14.3%, respectively. Notably, the most prevalent viruses were melon yellow spot orthotospovirus (MYSV) in cucumber, PRSV in squash, cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV; Tobamovirus) in bottle gourd, WSMoV in white gourd, and ZYMV in luffa. Mixed infections were prevalent, and the types of mixed infections varied substantially in different cucurbit crops. Moreover, the full-length nucleotide sequences of watermelon green mottle mosaic virus (WGMMV), CGMMV, and watermelon virus A (WVA; Wamavirus) identified in bottle gourd were cloned and analyzed. This study is the first reporting WGMMV infecting bottle gourd in China mainland. In summary, the results demonstrate that in Guangdong, the most prevalent viruses belong to potyviruses, orthotospoviruses, and tobamoviruses groups. The findings will facilitate agricultural researchers and farmers to plan and implement effective disease control strategies aiming at timely detection and management of cucurbit-infecting viral pathogens.     

2种水稻矮缩病毒一步检测方法的建立

水稻黑条矮缩病毒(RBSDV)和南方水稻黑条矮缩病毒(SRBSDV)是引起水稻矮缩病的2种主要病毒,这2种病毒病在田间危害症状较相似,难以准确鉴定。为建立这2种病毒的一步快速检测方法,从混合引物配比、退火温度2个方面优化了反应体系与反应程序,并用这2类病毒的总RNA进行了RT-PCR验证,最终建立了准确、灵敏、快速的一步检测方法。利用建立的方法对从江西省大余县和南昌县采集的水稻矮缩病毒叶片样品进行检测。结果表明:大余县10份样品均为南方水稻黑条矮缩病毒(SRBSDV),检出率为100%;南昌县10份样品中有7份样品检出南方水稻黑条矮缩病毒(SRBSDV),检出率为70%,另外3份样品检出水稻黑条矮缩病毒(RBSDV),检出率为30%。