日光化蜡器化蜡效果观察

蜂蜡是养蜂业主要副产品之一,本次实验通过利用新型日光化蜡器融化蜂蜡,旨在原有化蜡方法基础之上,融入新能源理念,探索更便捷、卫生的化蜡方法.实验结果显示,日光化蜡器需在晴朗天气,当外界太阳辐射量达到889w/m2以上,化蜡器内温度超过62.0℃时,蜂蜡开始融化,且0.5h能收集到融化的蜂蜡;日光化蜡器化蜡时与外界太阳辐射...     

为中蜂造脾准备巢框一法

为中蜂造脾准备巢框一法把蜂蜡融化后，用勺子舀些蜡液倒在两块用水浸湿的木板中间，迅速用力向下压，即可得到薄蜡片，这时便可按照自己的需要使用。１．按照巢框上梁的长、宽度裁出蜡片粘在框梁上，蜜蜂就能造脾，但此法造脾的速度慢。２．用上述同样的方法把蜡液压得似...     

泌蜡、造脾与繁蜂

<正>蜜蜂是一种营群体生活的社会性昆虫,它们通过泌蜡来筑建用以繁衍生息、贮存饲料的巢穴。这些巢穴通常由一片或多片与地面垂直、间隔排列的巢脾构成,而这些巢脾又由六角形的巢房组成。蜂巢通常分为自然蜂巢和人工蜂巢。前者指由野生蜂营造的蜂巢,根据蜂种不同有单巢和复脾蜂巢;后者指家养蜜蜂的蜂巢,一般由人们提供活动巢框,巢框内镶有巢础,由蜜蜂在巢础上修建巢脾而构成蜂巢。蜂巢是养蜂的基础,如何养好蜂应从如何建造好巢房开始。     

一种简便、高效的旧脾灭虫提蜡法——蒸汽提蜡法

正中蜂旧脾中常有巢虫,如不及时处理,巢虫不但会吃光巢脾,还会化蛹出蛾,继续跑出来危害蜂群。现介绍一种快速杀虫提蜡的方法——蒸汽提蜡法。到商店或网上购买32cm的大蒸锅,并购入相同尺寸、洗菜滤水时使用的不锈钢淘箩。熔蜡前,先从巢框上刮下废旧巢脾及赘蜡。熔蜡时,在蒸锅内放上半锅水,将废旧巢脾块、     

中蜂取蜜一法

中蜂改为新法饲养时 ,可用棉线或麻线穿上四五颗大针 ,以备急用。将巢脾取出 ,平放在桌面上 ,割齐巢脾 ,将割齐的一边 ,紧靠上框梁内边。再用小刀沿着铁丝轻轻划口 ,把铁丝压入巢脾 ,巢　　图 1　巢脾固定在巢框上示意图框和巢脾翻过来平放。用针刺入巢脾穿过近上梁的一根铁丝 ,拉紧巢脾和铁丝 ,拴在上梁上 ,如此拴上三四道 ;然后 ,再把巢脾的下端靠中间穿上一针或两针 ,将巢脾和铁丝拉紧 ,拴在下梁上。这样整块巢脾就固定在巢框上了 (图 1)。把固定好的巢脾依次放入巢箱 ,子脾放中间 ,蜜、粉脾放两边。蜜蜂会自己咬断拴线 ,并能把它拖出箱…     

利用蜡渣增产蜂蜡的方法

蜂蜡是我们养蜂生产的主要产品,我们经常生产蜂蜡的方法,一般是平常随时收集赘蜡,和自然巢脾,或在流蜜期利用蜜蜂分泌蜡质的积极性,加入空框让它们造自然脾和毁除老巢脾等等;但这些收集聚下来的只不过是蜂蜡的原料,必须经过溶解榨取的过程,才能收到纯蜡。在溶解自然巢脾和赘蜡时,其含蜡率多少     

日光晒蜡器的制作与作用

<正>养蜂人每年都要淘汰一部分老旧巢脾,生产中也会产生一些赘脾和蜜盖蜡,并将其溶化成成品蜂蜡,大多数养蜂者都会用水煮法,若能制作一台日光晒蜡器,会比水煮法优越得多。日光晒蜡省工方便,长期受益。利用太阳能热量可为旧巢脾、隔王     

赘脾的利用

赘脾上常贮有蜜或蜂王产的卵或已孵化的幼虫,用来代替巢础造脾,容易接受,造脾整齐,蜂群增殖快.粘赘脾的方法:将巢框上框梁上正中放一蜡块,再用烧热的铁器(埋线器)将蜡熔     

蜡螟的生物学及防治

蜡螟属鳞翅目、螟蛾科,常见危害蜂群和毁害巢脾的有大蜡螟（Ｇａｌａｒｉａｍｅｌｏｎｅｌａ．Ｌ．）和小蜡螟（Ａｃｈｒｏｒｉａｇｒｉｓｅｌａ．Ｆ．）二种。蜡螟的幼虫又称巢虫、绵虫、隧道虫。它危害巢脾,破坏蜂巢、穿蛀隧道,伤害蜜蜂幼虫和蜂蛹,造成“白头蛹”。...     

让蜂群造出优质巢脾的几项措施

<正>笔者养蜂几十年,对如何造出优质脾略有一些方法。蜂群造1张新脾需要多少蜡?蜂群产生0.5 kg蜂蜡消耗多少蜂蜜?造1张新脾需要消耗0.135⁰.145 kg蜂蜡(新造1张完整标准巢脾称重,去掉巢框、巢础、铁线重量得出)。蜂群分泌0.5 kg蜂蜡需要消耗3.50.145 kg蜂蜡(新造1张完整标准巢脾称重,去掉巢框、巢础、铁线重量得出)。蜂群分泌0.5 kg蜂蜡需要消耗3.5⁴.0 kg蜂蜜。因此,蜂群造1张新脾代价很高,即然知道代价高,每年蜂场又不得不造一定数量的新脾用于更换旧脾和扩群。那么,怎样造出优质的巢脾?我是这样根据     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.