2010年美国洋葱、芦笋用药情况调查与分析

美国农业部农业统计中心（National Agricultural Statistics Service,NASS）日前公布了2010年度蔬菜中农药使用情况的统计报告。此报告中的数据采自2010年9月—2011年1月,对19个州的样本进行了统计,考察对象包括29种蔬菜作物。本文依据美国农业部发布的报告,对美国2010年茎菜类蔬菜洋葱、芦笋上常用杀虫剂、杀菌剂和除草剂的使用情况作了详细的计算和分析。按照有效成分统计,洋葱上使用杀虫剂有36种、杀菌剂37种、除草剂40种,其中使用最普遍的分别是灭多威、代森锰锌和乙氧氟草醚。芦笋上使用的杀虫剂有15种、杀菌剂5种、除草剂28种,其中使用最普遍的分别是甲萘威、百菌清和敌草隆。调查数据分析表明,美国在洋葱、芦笋等茎菜类蔬菜生产中使用的农药品种以传统品种为主。     

美国果菜类蔬菜2010年农药使用情况分析

美国农业部农业统计中心（National Agricultural Statistics Service,NASS）日前公布了2010年度蔬菜中农药使用情况的统计报告。此报告中的数据采自2010年9月-2011年1月,对19个州的样本进行了统计,考察对象包括29种蔬菜作物。本文依据美国农业部发布的报告,对美国2010年黄瓜、番茄、茄子以及菜用玉米等果菜类蔬菜上常用杀虫剂、杀菌剂和除草剂的使用情况作了详细的计算和分析。按照有效成分统计,黄瓜上使用的杀虫剂有45种、杀菌剂39种、除草剂19种,其中使用最普遍的分别是灭多威、百菌清和乙丁烯氟灵。番茄上使用杀虫剂有34种、杀菌剂23种、除草剂11种,其中使用最普遍的分别是高效氯氰菊酯、百菌清和敌草胺。茄子上使用杀虫剂有24种、杀菌剂17种、除草剂11种,其中使用最普遍的分别是乙基多杀菌素、氢氧化铜和敌草胺。菜用甜玉米上使用杀虫剂有50种、杀菌剂19种、除草剂48种,其中使用最普遍的分别是灭多威、代森锰锌和莠去津。调查数据分析表明,美国在果菜类蔬菜生产中使用的农药品种以传统品种为主。     

Pesticide usage in some vegetable crops in Great Britain: real on-farm applications

The last decade has seen an increasing requirement throughout the United Kingdom (UK) for accurate, timely information on pesticide usage on fresh produce such as vegetables to satisfy government legislation and provide data as part of the registration and review process of pesticides. These data, collected by the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affair's Pesticide Usage Survey Group (PUSG), provide information on current and past usage patterns and allow the impact of use on the environment, operator and consumer to be more accurately assessed from actual usage patterns rather than worst-case scenarios. Surveys of commercially grown carrot, Brussels sprouts and onion crops in Great Britain were undertaken at regular intervals between 1986 and 1999, using fully stratified samples of growers. Only on Brussels sprouts was there a significant decline in pesticide use over this period, but the frequency of treatments increased on all three crops, reflecting the recent introduction of more active molecules and lower dose rates. The implications for growers of EU Directive 91/44 are discussed if active ingredients are lost because they fail to achieve Annex 1 listing.     

Small-scale vegetable producers’ perception of pests and pesticide uses in East Shewa zone,Ethiopia

Vegetable growers’ knowledge of pest and their control method was assessed in 2014 in East Shewa zone, Ethiopia. Vegetable growers were well aware of key pests of vegetables, although some of them did not consider pests as constraint to vegetable production. All respondents scouted their vegetables for pests and used presence or absence of pest as criterion for spraying. About 76% of the respondents read pesticide label before buying pesticides, while the rest 24% of the respondents did not read pesticide labels. All vegetable growers sprayed insecticide, whereas fungicides and herbicides were applied by 90% and 7% of the respondents, respectively. About 72% of the respondents washed their sprayer after each application day and discharged the washings onto the soil. Moreover, the majority (62%) of the respondents threw empty pesticide containers around the field. Also, it was found that 71% of the respondents did not use personal protective equipment (PPE) while spraying pesticides, but a few used one or two types of PPE. More than half of the respondents sprayed pesticides on mature crops and sold the produce within three to five days.     

Survey of pesticide usage in crops grown for processing

The usage of pesticides on crops grown mostly for processing is reviewed. Topics presented include: the relative costs of production, the extent of usage of pesticides and the reasons for their use, regional differences and changes in usage, the methods of application, the frequency of application and the growers' assessment of the success of the treatments. Examples of problems in attaining the desirable degree of control are given.     

Development of the Multi-nucleocapsid Nucleopolyhedroviruses (MNPVs) Infectious to Loopers (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Plusiinae) as Microbial Control Agents

A number of the members of the Noctuidae (subfamily Plusiinae) are polyphagous insects that infest a variety of economically important crops world-wide. These hosts include but are not limited to cotton, vegetable and field crops and also such specialty crops as mint. Many of these crops require multiple applications of chemical pesticides to protect them from various loopers and other economic pests. One proposed alternative to the use of chemical pesticides to protect these crops is the development of insect-specific viruses of the family Baculoviridae. Hundreds of these viruses of the genus Nucleopolyhedrovirus have been isolated, many from economically important Lepidoptera. The advent of the discovery that some of these viruses may have a broad host range increased the interest in the development of them as microbial agents throughout the world. The broad host range (over 30 species in some cases) provided the possibility to control not only one species, but a complex of lepidopterous pests infesting specific or multiple crops. From the 1960s to the present, extensive basic and applied research has been conducted on the multi-nucleocapsid (MNPV) forms within which a broad host range appears to be characteristic. Of these, the virus isolated from the alfalfa looper, Autographa californica (Speyer) (AcMNPV) has been the most studied, particularly as related to microbial control. Two of the viruses isolated from loopers have been registered in the USA. Although efficacy has been demonstrated for loopers, there is a paucity of data on the other important species that may simultaneously infest looper hosts. Because of their relatively slow action, the viruses will probably be used in integrated programs with chemical pesticides applied during critical periods of high population pressure. Further research needs to be conducted to establish efficacy for other hosts, improved production methods either in vivo or in vitro, increased field persistence as related to timing and frequency of applications, and finally the utility of genetically engineered MNPVs as microbial pesticides. The potential of these organisms has been demonstrated and new developments are being made to increase the overall efficiency and economics of their use. These improvements can only increase interest in use of the baculoviruses in pest management systems for loopers and other pests.     

An evaluation of smallholder farmers' knowledge,perceptions, choices and gender perspectives in vegetable pests and diseases control practices in the humid tropics of Cameroon

The use of pesticides on vegetables in Sub-Saharan Africa by small-scale farmers dates back to several decades. However, little research has been conducted to capture farmers’ perception on pesticide use on vegetables. This study aims to identify and evaluate farmers’ local knowledge and perception of vegetable pests and diseases and their protection and management practices in humid tropics of Cameroon. Key informant and focus group interviews complemented with quantitative one-on-one structured interviews of 130 farm households and observational assessments were employed. Standard vegetables such as chili pepper are the preferred vegetables in Bafoussam area, whereas traditional vegetables dominate in the Buea and Ebolowa area. Among over 15 vegetables, more than 60% are in the traditional African vegetables category, with insect infestation and fungal infection known to be the most critical biotic production constraints. Successful intensification and diversification of cocoa-based systems with vegetables will require increasing awareness on safer production methods, long-term harmful effects of pesticide misuse, and strengthening the capacity of regulatory agencies responsible for preventing importation of banned pesticides.     

浅议提高蔬菜上生物农药使用效率的制约因素及对策

介绍了蔬菜用生物农药的分类,通过对生物农药在蔬菜上的作用机理分析,指出制约生物农药使用效率的因素:农药的选择、施用条件的控制、施用技术的选用等,并提出了相应的解决对策。     

云南小规模农户蔬菜种植习惯和病虫防治行为研究

采用农民参与式调查方法,2003-2004年抽样调查了云南省昆明、大理、玉溪、楚雄、曲靖和丽江6市360户小规模蔬菜种植农户,系统调查了农户的蔬菜种植习惯、病虫知识、病虫防治态度和行为。调查结果表明:农民种植蔬菜具有多样性特征,360户在2004年种植了多达23种蔬菜。农民普遍缺乏蔬菜病虫生态知识,虽然具有一定的识别害虫能力,但是大多数农民不能区别害螨和病害的危害,不能识别大多数重要天敌,主要根据农药零售商的建议进行病虫防治,导致普遍过度依赖化学农药进行病虫防治。     

我国蔬菜害虫生物防治研究进展

我国是蔬菜生产、消费和出口大国,蔬菜害虫是影响蔬菜产量和品质,制约蔬菜产业发展的重要因素。传统化学农药的长期大量使用,不仅造成生态环境污染、影响食品安全,还导致害虫抗药性逐渐增强,因此,生物防治成为害虫综合治理的重要措施。我国生物防治技术经过几十年的发展,在天敌昆虫资源的发掘、应用、技术研发和配套措施等方面取得了显著的进步。本文综述了我国蔬菜害虫生物防治的研究和应用进展,并分析了当前存在的问题和发展趋势,以期为今后的害虫研究和防治提供思路。     

苏南五地(市)主要蔬菜作物的病毒种类、区域分布和发生趋势

苏南地处我国东南沿海长江三角州中心.为明确该地蔬菜作物病毒病种类和发生趋势,采用分子生物学核酸检测的方法,对2018年5月至2019年12月,采自江苏南京、无锡、镇江、苏州和常州主要蔬菜作物的232份疑似病毒病样品进行检测鉴定,共检出12种病毒.其中,南京检出7种病毒,无锡检出4种,镇江检出2种,苏州检出6种,常州检出...     

Variation in pesticide hazard from vegetable production in Great Britain from 1991 to 2003

Pesticides pose a difficult problem for policy makers as society generally seeks to reduce any adverse impacts of their use, while industry claims they are important contributors to economic success. Attempts to direct policy according to scientific findings are hampered by the multidimensionality of the potential impacts of pesticides which may affect consumers, operators, wildlife and the environment. Pesticide risk indices seek to reduce these multidimensional impacts into a single dimension and have been increasingly used to understand variation in the hazard posed by pesticides at both field and regional level. This study uses one such risk index, the environmental impact quotient (EIQ), to estimate the hazard posed by pesticide usage from 1991 to 2003 on several vegetable crops grown in the UK. Results are reported for the EIQ and for the environmental impact (EI) for brassicas, peas, beans, onions, leeks, lettuce and endives. The EIQ is a dimensionless estimate of the toxicity of a product, while the EI, which combines the EIQ with data on actual usage, estimates the overall hazard of the use of a product. The exact trends in EIQ and EI varied with crop over the period 1991-2003, but overall the EIQ decreased by 19% and the EI decreased by 34%. However, the mean EI per hectare decreased by only 3%. This suggests that some of the observed reduction in EI at the national level may be related more to decrease in crop area than changes in pesticide use and management. If these observed losses in crop area are being replaced by vegetable imports from overseas, then this raises the possibility that the UK is effectively exporting any problems related to pesticide use. The ethics of this remain unclear.     

两种蔬菜中甲胺磷、氧乐果和克百威的残留量分析

分别选取一种瓜菜 (黄瓜 )和一种叶菜 (生菜 ) ,选择了两种有机磷 (甲胺磷、氧乐果 )和一种氨基甲酸酯类 (克百威 )农药 ,对这 3种农药在两种蔬菜中的残留测定方法进行了研究。采用弗罗里硅土柱提取的方法进行前处理 ,淋洗液浓缩后用 GC- NPD测定 ,建立了一种简便快速的检测方法 ,并采用该方法对实际处理样本进行了测定。从方法添加回收率和实测数据可以看出 ,该方法净化提取效果好 ,结果平行性好 ,灵敏度较高 ,是一次快速准确测定蔬菜中农药残留的成功尝试。     

Blood organochlorine pesticide levels in Virginia residents.

This study attempts to establish 1972 baseline levels for 31 organochlorine pesticides and industrial chemicals in postmortem human whole blood in Virginia. These pesticides and industrial chemicals have been detected previously in other parts of the food chain and environment. In the present study DDT and its metabolites, DDE and TDE, were detected most frequently and at highest levels. DDT and DDE tended to appear more frequently as people grew older although TDE levels remained constant. Dieldrin and lindane showed peak levels in the middle age group. Analyzing distribution of pesticides in blood by sex showed that females had higher levels of lindane and dieldrin and males had higher levels of DDT, DDE, and TDE. Analyzing racial distribution showed blacks with higher levels of DDT, TDE, and DDE and indicated little difference from whites for lindane and dieldrin. Higher levels were found in Richmond and Norfolk than in the Fairfax and Roanoke regions.     

Growing vegetables in developing countries for local urban populations and export markets: problems confronting small-scale producers

Vegetables attract high applications of pesticides, and farmers in developing countries use many acutely toxic insecticides to control pests on these crops. With the liberalisation of agricultural markets in developing countries, the number of small-scale farmers growing vegetables for both domestic and export markets is increasing. Demand for supplies of year-round and exotic fruit and vegetables has grown in industrialised countries, but with rising quality standards and traceability requirements it is difficult for small-scale farmers to benefit from this lucrative non-traditional agricultural export trade. The demand is high for vegetables in the expanding cities in developing countries, and farmers in peri-urban areas, or rural areas with good access to the cities, are in a position to find a growing market for their produce. Poor storage facilities will often mean that farmers are forced to sell at peak times when prices are low. Farmers rarely have access to training in pesticide use, and have only limited or no access to advice on the complicated management of pesticides. The Food and Agriculture Organisation of the UN is concerned about high levels of poor quality and adulterated pesticides on sale in developing countries. Surveys repeatedly show that without training, farmers are unable to make good crop decisions: recognition of pests and their predators is generally low, leading to decisions to spray to kill any insect; knowledge of product selection, application rates and timing is poor; different products are often combined in the belief that the effect will be greater; re-entry periods after spraying and essential harvest intervals are not known; and without knowledge of alternatives, farmers will often assume that the only solution to pest problems is to spray more frequently. From a consumer's point of view, few developing countries are able to monitor pesticide residues, particularly for produce grown for home consumption: most countries do not have laboratories for even simple residue testing. Changes in European Maximum Residue Limits means that export crops will be rejected if they contain residues at the Limit of Detection of pesticides not registered in Europe. Season-long field level training in Integrated Pest Management can help farmers to become better decision-makers, and to greatly reduce pesticide use while reducing risks to their own health and environment, producing safer products for consumers, maintaining yields, and increasing incomes.     

宁波出口蔬菜基地农药残留量的监控

为了有效地应对入世后出口蔬菜面临的种种技术壁垒挑战．2002年11月份起从出口蔬菜基地灌溉水和土壤农药残留普查、蔬菜农药残留量检测、基地所用农药有效成分分析、日本官方未登记农药监控4个方面,实施对宁波出口蔬菜基地农药残留量的监控工作。结果表明,基地灌溉水和土壤农药残留污染轻微,土壤农药残留量达到我国土壤环境质量一级与二级标准;蔬菜农药残留量控制良好,农药残留量均未超过输入国规定的限量要求：农药有效成分经分析与标识一致：重点监控了日本官方未登记或登记已失效而在宁波地区个别农民可能使用的农药,确保蔬菜的卫生质量。     

我国蔬菜及特色作物用药现状及对策探讨

本文简要介绍了我国蔬菜及特色作物病虫害发生和用药现状;分析了因缺乏登记可用农药,生产中乱用、滥用农药给蔬菜及特色农产品质量安全带来的隐患、对蔬菜及特色作物产业持续健康发展造成的影响,以及当前解决蔬菜及特色作物安全用药的环境条件;探讨了提高蔬菜及特色作物安全用药水平的对策。     

浆角蚜小蜂防治温室白粉虱的应用研究

温室白粉虱是温室蔬菜的重要害虫,不仅由于取食造成这些植物的直接危害,而且还传播一些植物病毒病的病原.近年来,农民在温室中大量使用化学药剂来防治温室白粉虱,结果造成农药残留严重超标.本文采用生物防治的方法,对浆角蚜小蜂防治白粉虱的效果进行了研究与探讨.     

农药残留检测中不同蔬菜的基质效应

基于QuEChERS前处理方法,在气相色谱-串联质谱 (GC-MS/MS) 和超高效液相色谱-串联质谱 (UPLC-MS/MS) 检测条件下,考察了200种农药在17种蔬菜基质中的基质效应,通过基质效应分析找到了合适的代表性基质用作配制检测过程中的基质匹配标准溶液。结果表明:由于基质干扰成分及农药性质的差异,导致不同蔬菜及农药品种之间的基质效应差异。在GC-MS/MS检测中,供试的150种农药中绝大部分表现为基质增强效应,其中葱、姜和大蒜表现为很强的基质效应,萝卜的基质效应较弱;菠菜、芹菜、豇豆和生菜4种蔬菜对其他蔬菜品种能够起到很好的基质校正效果,可作为代表性基质在日常检测中用于其他蔬菜基质的定量分析。在UPLC-MS/MS检测中,供试的105种农药中大部分表现为基质抑制效应,其中姜、大蒜、葱、芹菜、韭菜和菠菜的基质效应较强,西葫芦的基质效应弱;黄瓜、普通白菜、番茄和生菜4种蔬菜能较好地校正其他蔬菜的基质效应,但与GC-MS/MS相比校正能力稍弱。本研究结果认为代表性蔬菜基质可用于降低基质效应对检测结果的干扰。     

吡虫啉和啶虫脒在两种叶菜上残留的原始沉积行为及其影响因素

叶菜上农药原始沉积行为受作物形态、农药种类及其剂型、施用方式等多种因素的影响,是评估农药残留的重要指标。以吡虫啉和啶虫脒为目标农药,以菠菜和生菜作为靶标作物,通过农药施用后的原始沉积行为,以及兑水量、叶面积指数和农药剂型对农药沉积的影响,初步揭示了农药原始沉积规律。结果表明：施药后0.5～8 h内其沉积量无显著差异,综合考虑,选择施药后2 h时测定其原始沉积量;两种农药在菠菜和生菜中主要沉积在叶片表面,沉积量占比均在87%以上,在根和土壤中的沉积量较少;农药施药剂量相同而兑水量不同,则原始沉积量存在显著差异,随着兑水量的增加,沉积量逐渐减少;菠菜和生菜中农药沉积量与叶面积指数呈负相关;原始沉积量与剂型也有相关性,在施药剂量相同时,吡虫啉在菠菜、生菜中原始沉积量最高均为可湿性粉剂,沉积量分别为0.66和0.77 mg/kg;啶虫脒在菠菜中原始沉积量最高为乳油和可湿性粉剂,沉积量均为0.65 mg/kg,生菜中原始沉积量最高为可湿性粉剂,沉积量为0.37 mg/kg。研究结果认为,农药剂型、兑水量和叶面积指数均会影响叶菜表面农药原始沉积量,该结果可为叶菜中农药合理安全施用和农药残留管控提供...