紫色土施肥对冬小麦根系生长及产量品质的影响

在国家紫色土肥力与肥料效益监测基地长期定位试验小区上，研究了不同施肥对冬小麦根系生长、产量品质的影响。结果表明，施肥有利于小麦根系长度、根表面积的增加，根系活力的提高。有机肥配施化学肥料（MNPK）或NPK配施，有利于小麦获得较高产量。施有机肥或氮肥或磷肥或钾肥对小麦籽粒粗蛋白质、氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸含量均产生一定的积极影响。有机肥配施化学肥料处理（MNPK），小麦籽粒品质得到进一步改善。     

南疆枣麦复合系统中冬小麦根长密度、根表面积密度分布特征研究

在冬小麦成熟期采用根钻法采集单作冬小麦及与3、5年生枣树间作的冬小麦根样,利用Win-SURFER V.8.0软件进行根系根长密度、根表面积密度的分析,同时进行冬小麦经济产量和地上部生物量的测定。结果表明,相比单作冬小麦,间作冬小麦的产量（P=0.0003）和地上部生物量（P=0.001）均显著下降。间作和单作冬小麦根长密度、根表面积密度随土层深度的增加而逐渐减少。与3、5年生红枣间作的冬小麦20~60 cm土层的根长密度值比单作冬小麦20~60 cm土层的根长密度值分别减少了30.1%~46.2%;与3、5年生红枣间作的冬小麦20~40 cm土层的根表面积密度值比单作冬小麦20~40 cm土层的根表面积密度值分别减少了18.7%~31.3%。间作冬小麦根系与枣树的根系在20~60cm土层中生态位重叠,导致物种间根系竞争。5年生枣树较3年生枣树对间作冬小麦根长密度值、根表面积密度值的变化和分布影响较大。     

长期定位耕作方式下冬小麦田根系呼吸对土壤呼吸的贡献

为探讨长期定位耕作方式对冬小麦田土壤呼吸以及根系呼吸的影响,研究根系呼吸对土壤呼吸的贡献,基于设在山东农业大学农学实验站的长期保护性耕作定位试验（始于2002年）,包括常规秸秆还田（PC）、免耕秸秆还田（PZ）、深松秸秆还田（PS）和旋耕秸秆还田（PR）4种处理,采用静态箱法测定和分析麦田土壤呼吸及水热因子,并利用根去除法研究根系呼吸对土壤呼吸的贡献。结果表明,不同耕作方式下根系呼吸与土壤呼吸的变化趋势相同,即在冬小麦整个生育期内,土壤呼吸与根系呼吸速率均呈“低-高-低”的趋势。各处理之间的土壤呼吸速率差异显著,与PC相比,PZ、PS、PR的土壤呼吸速率分别降低37.2%、17.0%、15.4%,PC、PZ、PR的根系呼吸速率较PS相比分别下降了9.4%、24.3%、22.4%。在冬小麦生育期内,根系呼吸占土壤呼吸的比例呈双峰型,比例波动为21.7%~82.0%,均值为49.1%,总体表现为PZ > PS > PR > PC。土壤呼吸与10 cm土层地温呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）,而与土壤湿度未达到显著相关。研究表明,与PC相比,长期定位耕作方式中PZ和PS可以降低麦田的土壤呼吸速率,减少麦田土壤的碳排放,并且可以提高根系呼吸对土壤呼吸的贡献,其中PS的根系呼吸速率最高,更有利于作物的生长。     

冬小麦谷粒产量,谷粒蛋白产量,谷粒蛋白含量和稳定性分析

基因型与环境的互作对基因型筛选具有重要作用,并且使品种筛选变得复杂.本文对法国27个冬小麦品种在27个生长环境中获得的试验数据进行了分析比较,同时对高谷粒产量(GY),谷粒蛋白产量(GPY),谷粒蛋白含量(GPC)和稳定性的几种方法进行了筛选:Kang秩和方法(指标1:相同权重的3种谷粒性状和Shukla稳定性方差δ2)以及5种衍生的秩和指标(指标2～6:3种谷粒性状高于δ2 2～6倍的权重),稳定性方差(s2)和回归系数(b),研究它们之间的秩相关性以及它们与3种谷粒性状的相关性.结果表明:3种稳定性统计δ2,s2和b对同时筛选3种谷粒性状指标和稳定性都是非常有用的方法.对于GPY的筛选,指标1秩和方法比稳定性方差s2略保守.指标2比指标1和稳定方差s2更好地筛选到高GY和高GPY.指标3,指标4,指标5和指标6更适合于初始筛选3种谷粒性状.所有的稳定性统计方法都能很好与3种谷粒性状秩相关.稳定性方差s2和回归系数b之间在除了GY之外的3种谷粒性状中秩相关性不高,稳定性方差δ2和稳定性方差s2之间在3种谷粒性状中都具有很强的秩相关性.3种稳定性统计在高产和低产的环境中重复性不高,同样,在2个年份之间的重复性也可以忽略.但是,在随机抽取的4个环境之间的重复性却非常高.     

施肥对冬小麦生理特性和籽粒产量的影响

采用裂区设计,研究了品种和肥料对冬小麦叶片主要生理参数和产量及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,不同品种之间的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、籽粒产量有显著差异,但气孔导度、水分利用效率差异不明显。增施肥料提高了叶片光合速率,并且它与施肥水平和生育阶段有关。     

腐熟秸秆还田替代部分化肥对冬小麦生长、产量和氮素利用的影响

为冬小麦减量施用化肥,秸秆资源利用提供理论依据,开展了等氮条件下腐熟秸秆替代化肥对冬小麦生长、产量及氮素利用影响的研究。试验设置了等氮条件下不同比例腐熟秸秆替代化肥:腐熟秸秆替代20%(CR20)、50%(CR50)、80%(CR80)和100%(CR100)化肥,以常规施用化肥(CK)作对照,共5个处理。结果表明,与CK相比,CR20对冬小麦的生长、产量及氮素利用影响不显著。CR50、CR80和CR100的株高、叶面积指数、叶绿素a、总叶绿素、生物量、氮素吸收效率、植株氮素利用率和氮素积累量显著低于CK,产量分别比CK减少15.4%、21.9%和23.8%。结论表明腐熟秸秆替代化肥比例宜控制在50%以下。     

播量对秸秆带状覆盖冬小麦干物质积累、产量及耗水特性的影响

【目的】探究西北黄土高原半干旱雨养条件下秸秆带状覆盖技术种植冬小麦的适宜播量.【方法】于2013~2014年生长季研究了秸秆带状覆盖种植下不同播量(T1:150kg/hm2、T2:187.5kg/hm2、T3:225kg/hm2、T4:262.5kg/hm2、T5:300kg/hm2)对冬小麦干物质积累与分配、产量及耗水特性影响.【结果】秸秆带状覆盖种植下T5处理具有最高的籽粒产量,为4 067kg/hm2,同时具有最高的WUE(12.1kg/(hm2·mm).播量高低与产量构成要素密切相关.增加播量,单位面积穗数增加,但千粒质量和穗粒数降低,且T5与T1达到了极显著水平(P0.01).播量显著影响花前、花后积累干物质对籽粒的贡献,但花后的影响大于花前,且均以T5具有最高的籽粒贡献率,说明无论冬小麦处于营养生长还是生殖生长,增加播量可促进茎鞘、叶及颖壳+穗轴储藏性光合产物向籽粒转运.【结论】500kg/hm2为秸秆带状覆盖种植技术下推荐播量.     

土壤干旱对冬小麦幼苗生理特性的影响

采用盆栽试验对不同土壤干旱条件下冬小麦幼苗生理特性进行了研究。结果表明,幼苗叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素总量、光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、株高、叶面积、叶干重、茎干重、根干重、总生物量,均随土壤水分的减少而呈降低趋势;叶片水分利用效率和根冠比均呈增加趋势。通过回归分析发现,冬小麦幼苗叶片光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和WUE与土壤水分之间,均存在极显著线性关系。以上研究结果说明,土壤干旱对冬小麦幼苗光合特性、蒸腾特性、气孔导度、WUE及生长特征具有重要影响。     

钾素对冬小麦品质和产量的影响

通过对 2个冬小麦品种施用钾肥的试验 ,证明钾素能够提高开花后旗叶光合速率 ,提高旗叶中磷酸蔗糖合成酶活性 ,以及旗叶中可溶性蛋白质在开花前后的积累 ;增加了小麦籽粒蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量 ,延长了面团形成时间和稳定时间 ,改善了籽粒的营养品质和加工品质 ,提高了小麦产量。     

Effects of long-term organic fertilization on soil microbiologic characteristics,yield and sustainable production of winter wheat

We investigated the soil microbiologic characteristics, and the yield and sustainable production of winter wheat, by conducting a long-term fertilization experiment. A single application of N, P and K (NPK) fertilizer was taken as the control (CK) and three organic fertilization treatments were used: NPK fertilizer+pig manure (T1), NPK fertilizer+straw return (T2), NPK fertilizer+pig manure+straw return (T3). The results showed that all three organic fertilization treatments (T1, T2 and T3) significantly increased both soil total N (STN) and soil organic carbon (SOC) from 2008 onwards. In 2016, the SOC content and soil C/N ratios for T1, T2 and T3 were significantly higher than those for CK. The three organic fertilization treatments increased soil microbial activity. In 2016, the activity of urease (sucrase) and the soil respiration rate (SRS) for T1, T2 and T3 were significantly higher than those under CK. The organic fertilization treatments also increased the content of soil microbial biomass carbon (SMBC) and microbial biomass nitrogen (SMBN), the SMBC/SMBN ratio and the microbial quotient (qMB). The yield for T1, T2 and T3 was significantly higher than that of CK, respectively. Over the nine years of the investigation, the average yield increased by 9.9, 13.2 and 17.4% for T1, T2 and T3, respectively, compared to the initial yield for each treatment, whereas the average yield of CK over the same period was reduced by 6.5%. T1, T2, and T3 lowered the coefficient of variation (CV) of wheat yield and increased the sustainable yield index (SYI). Wheat grain yield was significantly positively correlated with each of the soil microbial properties (P<0.01). These results showed that the long-term application of combined organic and chemical fertilizers can stabilize crop yield and make it more sustainable by improving the properties of the soil.     

腐熟秸秆替代化肥对冬小麦田节肢动物 群落结构与小麦产量的影响

通过开展等氮条件下腐熟秸秆替代化肥定位试验,研究不同施肥处理对冬小麦田节肢动物群落结构与小麦产量的影响,以期为化肥减量施用和秸秆资源化利用提供理论依据.试验共设置5个处理:单施化肥、腐熟秸秆替代20％、50％、80％和100％化肥.结果 显示:随着腐熟秸秆替代化肥量的增多,害虫数量呈现减少趋势,天敌数量呈现先增后减的趋势.以腐熟秸秆替代50％化肥为节点,除了害虫优势集中性指数,节肢动物群落各主要特征值均随着替代量的增多呈现先增后减的趋势.当腐熟秸秆替代化肥达50％及以上时,小麦各产量指标均显著低于单施化肥.结论 表明腐熟秸秆替代化肥比例宜控制在50％以下.     

播期对不同基因型冬小麦籽粒灌浆特性及产量的影响

通过田间试验研究了播期对3个不同基因型冬小麦的籽粒灌浆特性、粒质量和产量的影响.结果表明:3个品种在灌浆高峰时,早播处理的籽粒干质量大于晚播处理的;3个品种的灌浆速率变化趋势均呈单峰曲线,‘济麦20’和‘豫麦49’早播处理的前期籽粒灌浆速率慢,后期快;而‘郑麦004’始终是前期快,后期慢,但差异不明显;3个品种的单位面积穗数、穗粒数、千粒质量及产量均有随播期推迟而下降的趋势.     

不同密度对冬小麦品质和产量的影响

在池栽条件下研究了 3个不同密度处理对 2个冬小麦品种 (系 )品质和产量的影响。结果表明 ,适当降低密度 ,籽粒品质改善 ,产量提高。本试验条件下 ,“5 0 9”以每 6 6 6 7m2 基本苗 10万 ,“93- 5 2”以每6 6 6 7m2 基本苗 6万为兼顾品质与产量的最佳方案     

Influence of maize straw amendment on soil-borne diseases of winter wheat

A field experiment was conducted during the 2006–2007 wheat growing season at Baoding, Hebei Province, China, aiming at exploring the influence of different amendment rates of maize straw on winter wheat soil-borne diseases induced by Rhizoctonia cereali, Gaeumannomyces graminis and Bipolaris sorokiniana in field conditions. Wheat root vitality, ion infiltration, SOD activity, MDA content and microbial population of the tillage layer were measured. The results showed that the occurrence of three soil-borne diseases tested was significantly different under different amendment rates. During the greening stage and jointing stage, the disease indexes of three soil-borne diseases were reduced significantly by treatments at the maize straw amendment rates of 7500 kg · hm⁻² and 3750 kg · hm⁻². However, disease indexes of wheat common rot and sharp eyespot increased dramatically when the amendment rate increased to 15000 kg · hm⁻². At the amendment rate of 15000 kg · hm⁻², wheat root vigor and SOD activity decreased, and ion infiltration and cell membrane-lipid peroxidation level increased, respectively. In the meantime, higher amounts of bacteria and actinomycetes were recorded in the 7500 kg · hm⁻² amendment rate treatment, while a higher amount of fungi was recorded in the 15000 kg · hm⁻² amendment rate treatment.     

秸秆还田量对冬小麦根际土壤微生物及产量的影响

在大田条件下,以冬小麦百农矮抗58为试验材料,研究了秸秆还田量对其根际土壤微生物数量及产量的影响。结果表明,随着生育进程的推进,根际土壤微生物数量呈先升高后降低的趋势。从整体上看,根际土壤细菌、真菌的数量和产量不同处理间均表现为玉米常量秸秆还田(TS)>玉米倍量秸秆还田(DS)>秸秆不还田处理(NS),而放线菌数量表现为玉米倍量秸秆还田(DS)>玉米常量秸秆还田(TS)>秸秆不还田处理(NS)。综合评价不同秸秆量还田的效应,应采用秸秆全量还田,既能调节土壤物理环境,促进微生物的代谢活动,利于养分的转化,又可减少环境污染。     

秸秆还田对冬小麦品种百农矮抗58根际土壤微生物及土壤酶活性的影响

在大田条件下,以冬小麦百农矮抗58为试材,研究了秸秆还田对其根际土壤微生物数量及土壤酶活性的影响.结果表明,随着生育进程的推进,根际土壤微生物数量和土壤酶活性呈先升高后降低的趋势,其中以开花期表现较高.根际土壤微生物数量和土壤酶活性不同处理间表现为玉米秸秆还田翻耕＞玉米秸秆还田旋耕＞玉米秸秆清除旋耕.由此可知,应进一步...     

Effects of deep vertical rotary tillage on the grain yield and resource use efficiency of winter wheat in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain of China

Tillage represents an important practice that is used to dynamically regulate soil properties,and affects the grain production process and resource use efficiency of crops.The objectives of this 3-year field study carried out in the Huang-Huai-Hai(HHH) Plain of China were to compare the effects of a new deep vertical rotary tillage (DVRT) with the conventional shallow rotary tillage (CT) on soil properties,winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain yield and water and nitrogen use efficiency at different productivity levels,and to identify a comprehensive management that optimizes both grain yield and resource use efficiency in the HHH Plain.A split-plot design was adopted in field experiments in the winter wheat growing seasons of 2016–2017 (S1),2017–2018 (S2) and 2018–2019 (S3),with DVRT (conducted once in June 2016) and CT performed in the main plots.Subplots were treated with one of four targeted productivity level treatments (SH,the super high productivity level;HH,the high productivity and high efficiency productivity level;FP,the farmer productivity level;ISP,the inherent soil productivity level).The results showed that the soil bulk density was reduced and the soil water content at the anthesis stage was increased in all three years,which were due to the significant effects of DVRT.Compared with CT,grain yields,partial factor productivity of nitrogen (PFP_N),and water use efficiency (WUE) under DVRT were increased by 22.0,14.5 and 19.0%.Path analysis and direct correlation decomposition uncovered that grain yield variation of winter wheat was mostly contributed by the spike numbers per area under different tillage modes.General line model analysis revealed that tillage mode played a significant role on grain yield,PFP_N and WUE not only as a single factor,but also along with other factors(year and productivity level) in interaction manners.In addition,PFP_N and WUE were the highest in HH under DVRT in all three growth seasons.These results provided a theoretical basis and technical support for coordinating the high yield with high resource use efficiency of winter wheat in the resource-restricted region in the HHH Plain of China.     

夏闲期种植不同绿肥作物对土壤养分及冬小麦产量的影响

为探明种植绿肥作物对关中土壤肥力及冬小麦产量的影响效果,在夏闲期种植光叶苕子（Vicia villosa Rothvar）、毛叶苕子（Vicia villosa Roth）、紫云英（Astragalus sinicus）和草木樨（Melilotus suaveolens Ledeb.）等四种绿肥作物,以免耕休闲为对照,分析了冬小麦主要生育时期的土壤速效养分动态变化及其产量效应。结果表明,夏闲期种植绿肥的土壤速效磷、速效钾和碱解氮都有不同程度的提高,增加量主要受绿肥的养分含量以及生物量影响。与对照相比,种植并翻压光叶苕子、毛叶苕子、紫云英和草木樨,均可显著提高冬小麦单位面积穗数、穗粒数和千粒重,冬小麦依次增产21.1%（P＜0.05）、24.3%（P＜0.05）、6.0%和11.6%。     

秸秆覆盖对旱地土壤水分及冬小麦水分利用效率的影响

【目的】研究秸秆覆盖方式与覆盖量对冬小麦田土壤水分及冬小麦产量和水分利用效率的影响。【方法】在陕西渭北旱塬,通过连续2年(2007-2009)的不同秸秆覆盖方式(全程覆盖、生育期覆盖、不覆盖(CK)与不同覆盖量(9000,6000,3000kg/hm2)的大田试验,研究秸秆覆盖对土壤水分及冬小麦产量和水分利用效率的影响。【结果】2年的定位试验结果表明,同一覆盖方式不同覆盖量处理的土壤含水量与覆盖量呈正相关;同一覆盖量不同覆盖方式下土壤含水量表现为全程覆盖优于生育期覆盖和CK;全程覆盖方式9000,6000和3000kg/hm2覆盖量处理0～200cm土层平均含水量较生育期覆盖分别提高了11.5%,10.0%和8.0%,较CK分别提高了19.2%,12.9%和8.8%;全程覆盖方式和生育期覆盖方式下,小麦的水分利用效率均以覆盖量为3000kg/hm2处理最大,其中全程覆盖方式的水分利用效率较CK增加了31.5%(P0.05),生育期覆盖方式下2年平均的水分利用效率较CK增加了12.8%(P0.05);不同覆盖量在全程覆盖方式下冬小麦产量较CK增加41.1%～65.7%(P0.05),在生育期覆盖方式下冬小麦产量较CK增加了27.1%～30.2%(P0.05)。【结论】同一秸秆覆盖方式不同覆盖量均可增加冬小麦产量,而同一覆盖量下以全程覆盖方式的增产效果较优;覆盖量为3000kg/hm2时,2种覆盖方式的冬小麦水分利用效率均最大。     

麦秸还田对夏玉米土壤养分变化的影响研究

以夏播玉米郑单958为材料,试验探讨了麦秸还田免耕与麦秸不还田免耕两种处理对夏播玉米土壤养分动态变化规律和产量差异等,结果显示,麦秸还田免耕处理土壤养分含量比麦秸不还田处理的土壤养分含量高,对夏玉米生长有利、增产效果显著,平均单产增加1079.10 kg/hm2,增产12.09%,单穗重增加7.667 g,在夏玉米生产...