致病性大肠杆菌毒力基因调控的研究进展（一）

本文就致病性大肠杆菌毒力因子协调表达的调控机理和一些对环境条件有反应的毒力相关基因以及球状调控子（持家调节子、毒力调节子、特异调控子）对毒力决策簇表达的调控进行了评述，以期为研究抗感染治疗提供一定的理论基础。     

病原菌非编码小RNA的致病调控功能研究

细菌非编码小RNA (Small non-coding RNA)是一类长度为40个～500个核苷酸,在基因组中被转录但是不编码蛋白质的一类RNA分子,简称sRNA[1].最新研究表明,sRNA作为新发现的基因调节子,可促进病原菌快速调整自身的基因表达和生理特征,在适当的时候表达毒力基因,并在宿主强加的细胞内环境中生存,以适应变化的环境.在病原菌的致病性上发挥十分重要的调控作用[2].sRNA广泛存在于各种细菌包括病原菌的染色体中,有些存在于质粒中.与mRNA、tRNA、rRNA不同,大多数sRNA位于两个编码蛋白基因之间的非编码区(Intergenic region,IGR),即开放阅读框架(Open readingframe,ORF)之间,根据sRNA的转录方向,可分为顺式编码和反式编码的反义RNA.还有一些sRNA是从mRNA的5′或3′非翻译区域剪切下来的[3].sRNA作为一种有效的调节分子可执行多种调控功能,例如sRNA可直接感应温度、pH值、氧气浓度和营养条件等环境信号,通过位于同一转录单位的编码序列上游的调控区域调节下游编码序列的翻译起始[ 4].多种病原菌如大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌、霍乱弧菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、单核细胞增生性李氏杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、枯草芽孢杆菌中均发现许多与致病调控相关的sRNA[5].根据国内外病原菌sRNA的研究,本文对病原菌sRNA调控基因表达的机制及其在病原菌致病过程中的作用做一概述.     

致病性大肠杆菌毒力基因调控的研究进展（二）

本文接上文继续就致病性大肠杆菌毒力因子协调表达的调控机理和纤毛表达，溶血素表达以及英膜表达的调控进行了综述。     

沙门菌非编码小RNA调控功能研究进展

细菌非编码小RNA（sRNA）是原核生物中新发现的基因表达调控因子,可在转录后水平调节基因的表达。沙门菌是sRNA研究的模式菌,研究者利用生物信息学预测技术、全基因组分析技术和高通量RNA测序技术,至少发现70余种沙门菌sRNA。它们通过感应温度,pH值,渗透压或氧分压等环境信号,利用碱基互补方式与靶标mRNA结合,调控靶标mRNA的翻译、降解或稳定性。通常一种sRNA有多个靶基因或靶位点,可调节多种基因的表达,在沙门菌营养物质代谢、外膜蛋白合成、群体感应和毒力表达等诸多生命过程中发挥重要的调控作用。     

长链非编码RNA的生物学功能研究进展

长链非编码RNA(lncRNA)是转录本长度超过200个核苷酸(nt)的,可在表观遗传、转录以及转录后等多层面上调控基因表达的一类RNA。高通量转录组分析结合RNA-免疫共沉淀等研究揭示了lncRNA与DNA、mRNA、miRNA和蛋白的相互作用及其过程中的重要调控功能。论文从lncRNA的概念、分类、生物学功能及其在癌症等疾病发生、发展中的作用等方面系统介绍了该领域最新研究成果,为深入研究lncRNA在机体代谢和相关疾病中的调控功能提供参考。     

动物成肌分化及非编码RNA调控研究进展

肌细胞分化密切关系到肉用动物的肌肉产量,也与人类的一系列疾病(如肌肉萎缩、心脏病等)密切相关。胚胎成肌分化期决定了肌纤维数量,是动物骨骼肌发育的关键时期。动物成肌分化及骨骼肌发育严格受各种细胞信号分子和转录因子调控,其中microRNA(miRNA)和lncRNA发挥着重要作用。本文从动物胚胎成肌分化及调控途径、卫星细胞的分化及调控、非编码RNA对肌肉形成的调控等方面进行综述,并展望了畜禽动物骨骼肌生长发育分子调控机制的研究方向,为提高畜禽肌肉产量与质量提供一定的分子理论参考。     

非编码RNA在鱼类生产中的研究进展

近年来,随着对鱼类的研究不断深入,关于鱼类基因表达的新调控方式得到了广泛关注。鱼类基因表达的新调控方式包括转录后调控、非编码RNA等,这些方式不能作为蛋白质编码而被翻译成蛋白质,但可参与调控基因表达。非编码RNA与转录后的转录本具有不同的序列,其不仅参与基因表达调控,还在表观遗传、信号转导等生物学过程中发挥重要作用。由于鱼类基因组相对较小,基因数目也相对较少,基因组序列相对保守。因此可通过研究非编码RNA以了解鱼类基因表达过程。文章综述了非编码RNA在鱼类中的表达情况和作用机制,比较分析了部分非编码RNA在不同物种中的应用及存在的问题,以期为进一步研究非编码RNA在鱼类生产中的作用机制提供参考。     

非编码小RNA InvR对肠炎沙门氏菌致病性调控的研究

为研究肠炎沙门氏菌非编码小RNA InvR对肠炎沙门氏菌致病性的作用,本研究克隆了肠炎沙门氏菌50336菌株invR基因,通过λ-Red同源重组系统构建了invR缺失突变株,并利用表达载体pBR322构建了回补株.采用比浊法测定了50336野生株,invR缺失株和回补株的生长曲线,结果显示invR的缺失不影响细菌的生长...     

长链非编码RNA是新的调控因子

近年来长链非编码RNA(Long non-coding RNAs,lncRNAs)在多个物种中的研究逐渐升温。lncRNAs属于非编码RNA类型,在各物种中普遍存在。研究发现,lncRNAs在发育过程中对重要相关基因具有调控作用。越是在发育复杂的高等生物体中,其基因组产生越多的lncRNAs,其与生物进化呈正相关。在本文中,综述了lncRNAs作为重要的调控因子参与胚胎发育、染色体失活、神经发育等过程,为进一步研究lncRNAs提供参考。     

长链非编码RNA及其在畜禽生长调控中的研究进展

长链非编码RNA(long non-coding RNA,lncRNA)是一类长度大于200个核苷酸、没有编码蛋白能力的RNA,通常被认为是一类异构体RNA。近年来,越来越多的研究表明,lncRNA在许多重要的生物作用及人类疾病发展中起关键作用。lncRNA作为调节因子参与基因表达调控的各个层次,在表观遗传、转录调控及转录后调控等方面有着广泛功能。研究结果已表明,lncRNA表达水平的紊乱与人类各种癌症及其他疾病有很大的关系。作为基因调控网络的调控因子,lncRNA被越来越多的研究者所关注。相较于人类医学,lncRNA在畜禽上的研究尚处于起步阶段。作者对lncRNA的特点、分类、作用机制、研究方法及其在畜禽生长调控方面的研究进展进行了综述,并对其在畜禽养殖中的应用进行了展望,以期为lncRNA在畜禽生长调控方面开展深入研究提供理论基础。     

Exacerbation of Chlamydophila psittaci pathogenicity in turkeys superinfected by Escherichia coli

Both Chlamydophila psittaci and Escherichia coli infections are highly prevalent in Belgian turkeys and therefore they both might contribute to the respiratory disease complex observed in turkeys. C. psittaci can infect turkeys within the first week of age, even in the presence of maternal antibodies. However, the first C. psittaci outbreaks occur mostly at the age of 3 to 6 weeks, the period when also E. coli infections appear on the farms. Therefore, we examined in this study the pathogenicity of an E. coli superinfection on C. psittaci predisposed turkeys. Turkeys were infected with C. psittaci, E. coli or with C. psittaci followed by E. coli. Simulating the impact of an E. coli infection during the acute phase or the latent phase of a C. psittaci infection, turkeys received E. coli at 1 or 5 weeks post C. psittaci infection, respectively. E. coli superinfection during the acute phase of C. psittaci infection increased C. psittaci excretion and stimulated chlamydial replication in the respiratory tract resulting in exacerbated clinical disease. Interestingly, E. coli superinfection during the latent phase of C. psittaci infection induced chlamydial replication, leading to increased C. psittaci-specific antibody titres. In addition, chlamydial predisposition gave higher E. coli excretion compared with turkeys that had only been infected with E. coli. Overall, the present study clearly demonstrates the pathogenic interplay between C. psittaci and E. coli resulting in more severe respiratory disease.     

调控动物性状相关长链非编码RNA的研究进展

长链非编码RNA(long non-coding RNA,lncRNA)是基因转录过程中产生的一类长度大于200个核苷酸(nt)的非编码RNA(non-coding RNA,ncRNA)。lncRNA的表达水平通常低于mRNA,且无高度保守序列,缺少开放阅读框,但它们具有更强的组织特异性表达模式。lncRNA可以通过与DNA、RNA(mRNA,miRNA,环状RNA)和蛋白质进行相互作用来发挥其功能,因此可作为信号分子、诱导物等来调节复杂的基因表达网络。作为一种新的调节分子,lncRNA正在成为基因表达调控中新的重要参与者,且近年研究表明,其与家畜动物性状调控密切相连。本文对lncRNA在动物肌肉生长分化、脂肪沉积、毛囊发育和繁殖方面进行了综述,旨在为lncRNA在家畜遗传育种上的应用提供依据。     

Biological characteristics and pathogenicity of avian Escherichia coli strains.

Fifty avian (chicken) pathogenic Escherichia coli strains (APEC) isolated from individuals suffering from omphalitis, septicaemia and swollen head syndrome, and 30 strains isolated from healthy chickens were studied regarding their biological characteristics such as serogroups, haemolysin, colicin, cytotoxin, toxin and siderophore production, adhesion capacity to in vitro cultivated cells, and absorption of Congo red dye. Serotyping demonstrated that most of the omphalitis and normal strains were untypable, whereas most of the septicaemic strains were either untypable or rough. There was no prevalent serogroup among the pathogenic strains studied. The capacity for adhesion and invasion of in vitro cultured cells (HeLa, HEp-2, KPCC), as well as the agglutination of different types of red blood cells and the LD50 of each strain were also evaluated. No correlation was observed between the biological characteristics and pathogenicity, except that colicin was characteristically produced by swollen head syndrome E. coli strains. No correlation was found between adhesion or haemagglutination patterns and pathogenicity. Only six of the 50 strains revealed invasive capacity and the strain that best invaded the cell lines was the one with the lowest LD50.     

肠炎沙门菌非编码小RNA RyhB-1和IsrE对清远麻鸡的致病性

RyhB是一种大小为90bp左右的细菌非编码小RNA,已有研究表明存在于鼠伤寒沙门菌和霍乱弧菌中的2种RyhB同源物RyhB-1和IsrE可调控细菌生物膜形成、趋化性和耐酸性。为研究RyhB在肠炎沙门菌致病性上的作用,以及2种同源物能否对毒力调控发挥协同作用,本试验利用λ-Red同源重组系统构建了ryhB-1和isrE单、双缺失株,利用表达载体pBR322和pACYC184分别构建了回补质粒并导入缺失株50336△ryhB-1,50336△isrE,50336△ryhB-1/△isrE中,获得各突变株相应的回补菌株,检测了野生株和各突变株对1日龄雏鸡半数致死量(LD50)、致死率、体内分布等致病性差异。结果发现,ryhB-1和isrE基因缺失后导致肠炎沙门菌毒力减弱,双基因缺失株毒力下降更为明显,表明2种小RNA均对肠炎沙门菌致病性具有增强作用,且二者对毒力的调控具有协同作用。     

Enhancement of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli pathogenicity in young turkeys by concurrent turkey coronavirus infection

In a previous study, turkey coronavirus (TCV) and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) were shown to synergistically interact in young turkeys coinfected with these agents. In that study, inapparent or mild disease was observed in turkeys inoculated with only TCV or EPEC, whereas severe growth depression and high mortality were observed in dually inoculated turkeys. The purpose of the present study was to further evaluate the pathogenesis of combined TCV/EPEC infection in young turkeys and determine the role of these agents in the observed synergistic interaction. Experiments were conducted to determine 1) effect of EPEC dose, with and without concurrent TCV infection, and 2) effect of TCV exposure, before and after EPEC exposure, on development of clinical disease. Additionally, the effect of combined infection on TCV and EPEC shedding was determined. No clinical sign of disease and no attaching and effacing (AE) lesions characteristic of EPEC were observed in turkeys inoculated with only EPEC isolate R98/5, even when turkeys were inoculated with 10(10) colony forming units (CFU) EPEC (high dose exposure). Only mild growth depression was observed in turkeys inoculated with only TCV; however, turkeys inoculated with both TCV and 10(4) CFU EPEC (low dose exposure) developed severe disease characterized by high mortality, marked growth depression, and AE lesions. Inoculation of turkeys with TCV 7 days prior to EPEC inoculation produced more severe disease (numerically greater mortality, significantly lower survival probability [P < 0.05], increased frequency of AE lesions) than that observed in turkeys inoculated with EPEC prior to TCV or simultaneously inoculated with these agents. Coinfection of turkeys with TCV and EPEC resulted in significantly increased (P < 0.05) shedding of EPEC, but not TCV, in intestinal contents of turkeys. These findings indicate that TCV infection predisposes young turkeys to secondary EPEC infection and potentiates the expression of EPEC pathogenicity in young turkeys.     

IbeB is involved in the invasion and pathogenicity of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli

The ibeB gene in neonatal meningitis Escherichia coli (NMEC) contribute to the penetration of human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs). However, whether IbeB plays a role in avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC) infection remains unclear. Thus, this study was conducted to investigate the distribution of the ibeB gene in Chinese APEC strains and examine whether IbeB is involved in APEC pathogenicity. The ibeB gene was found in all 100 detected E. coli isolates with over 97% sequence homology. These results indicated that ibeB is a conserved E. coli gene irrelevant of pathotypes. To determine the role of ibeB in APEC pathogenicity, an ibeB mutant of strain DE205B was constructed and characterized. The inactivation of ibeB resulted in reduced invasion capacity towards DF-1 cells and defective virulence in animal models as compared to the wild-type strain. Animal infection experiments revealed that loss of ibeB decreased APEC colonization and invasion capacity in brains and lungs. These virulence-related phenotypes were partially recoverable by genetic complementation. Reduced expression levels of invasion- and adhesion-associated genes in ibeB mutant could be major reasons as evidenced by reduced ibeA and ompA expression. These results indicate that IbeB is involved in APEC invasion and pathogenicity.     

Virulence gene regulation in pathogenic Escherichia coli.

The ability to regulate gene expression throughout the course of an infection is important for the survival of a pathogen in the host. Thus, virulence gene expression responds to environmental signals in many complex ways. Frequently, global regulatory factors associated with specific regulators co-ordinate expression of virulence genes. In this review, we present well-described regulatory mechanisms used to co-ordinate the expression of virulence factors by pathogenic Escherichia coli with a relative emphasis on diseases caused by E. coli in animals. Many of the virulence-associated genes of pathogenic E. coli respond to environmental conditions. The involvement of global regulators, including housekeeping regulons and virulence regulons, specific regulators and then sensor regulatory systems involved in virulence, is described. Specific regulation mechanisms are illustrated using the regulation of genes encoding for fimbriae, curli, haemolysin and capsules as examples.