陕西榆林地区密林熊蜂的生物学观察

密林熊蜂Bombus patagiatus Nylander是我国重要的授粉昆虫之一,该种熊蜂在陕西榆林地区1年1代,以蜂王休眠方式越冬。3月底、4月初越冬蜂王出蛰,2周以后开始产卵,5月中、下旬第一批工蜂开始出房,7月上旬雄蜂开始出房,7月中旬子代蜂王开始出房,7～8月新蜂王和熊蜂交配,9月中、下旬母群熊蜂自然解体消亡,10月上旬左右,天气逐渐变冷,交配后的蜂王开始在地下洞穴内休眠越冬。     

科技

正研究揭示熊蜂蜂王重要生命阶段的肠道微生物动态变化近日,中国农业科学院蜜蜂研究所传粉蜂生物学与授粉应用团队,联合中国科学院昆明动物研究所、云南大学等单位研究发现,兰州熊蜂蜂王(Bombus lantschouensis)在未交配、交配和产卵3种不同生殖生理状态下肠道微生物类群丰度和构成显著不同,并且各个状态下具有其独特的优势菌群。该研究首次揭示出除了果蝇之外,熊蜂是研究肠道微生物与生殖行为关系的良好模式昆虫。相关研究成     

科技

研究揭示熊蜂蜂王重要生命阶段的肠道微生物动态变化近日,中国农业科学院蜜蜂研究所传粉蜂生物学与授粉应用团队,联合中国科学院昆明动物研究所、云南大学等单位研究发现,兰州熊蜂蜂王(Bombus lantschouensis)在未交配、交配和产卵3种不同生殖生理状态下肠道微生物类群丰度和构成显著不同,并且各个状态下具有其独特的优势菌群。该研究首次揭示出除了果蝇之外,熊蜂是研究肠道微生物与生殖行为关系的良好模式昆虫。     

熊蜂的开发利用及产业化发展

一、熊蜂的生物学特性熊蜂是重要的传粉昆虫，学名ＢｏｍｂｕｓＬａｔｒｅｉｌｌｅ。蜜蜂科熊蜂属。本属已知３００余种，广泛分布于寒带及温带，特别在高纬度较寒冷的地区种类丰富。体粗壮，中型至大型，全身密被黑色、黄色，或白色、火红色等各色相间的长而整齐的毛。口器发达，中唇舌较长。一般在土表筑巢，也有些种类在土中筑巢，巢体零乱。熊蜂是一种社会性昆虫，每一群有一只蜂王，若干只工蜂和雄蜂组成。野生熊蜂一年一代，受精的蜂王于草丛或地下越冬，次年春天气温回升，越冬蜂王寻找合适的地方筑巢，产卵后２０余天出现第一批工蜂…     

欧洲熊蜂蜂王体重及日龄对交配的影响

为了探明欧洲熊蜂蜂王体重和日龄与蜂王交配成功率的关系,本实验按照雌雄比1∶2在人工交配笼中投放欧洲熊蜂蜂王和雄性蜂,观察3d、4d、5d、6d、7d的处女王与性成熟雄性蜂交配率,同时分析不同体重对熊蜂蜂王交配率的影响。结果表明,不同出房日龄熊蜂蜂王交配前的潜伏时间不同(以蜂王进入交配笼到开始与雄性蜂交配为潜伏时间,此阶段称为潜伏期),出房3d潜伏时间为31.25min,出房7d为10.55min,潜伏时间随蜂王日龄的增加而减少,但交配持续时间无明显差异。交配率随蜂王日龄的增加而明显升高,且差异显著(P0.05),出房3d交配率为24.44%,4d为28.89%,5d为40%,6d为57.78%,7d为71.11%。此外,试验表明,体重大的蜂王交配成功率越高,潜伏时间越短,但蜂王是否能够成功交配与其交配前后体重变化之间无显著相关性。由此可知,不同日龄的处女王和性成熟雄性蜂交配过程中,蜂王交配成功率随日龄增加而增高,而潜伏时间逐渐缩短。交配过程中雄性蜂具有性选择的交配行为,雄性蜂更倾向与体重大的蜂王交配。     

熊蜂侵占蜂巢行为

<正>即使是同一物种的熊蜂,蜂王越冬时间差异很大,这可能与它们选择的越冬地点或身体能量储备有关。后期出巢的蜂王在寻找筑巢地点时,通常会发现合适的地方已经被其他蜂王筑巢。这种情况下,它们都会试图寻找其他蜂王建好的蜂巢。晚繁的熊蜂物种特别容易出现这种行为,如B.rufocinctus。在熊蜂蜂王数量多的年份,侵占蜂巢现象会非常频繁。Sladen(1912)描述1群地熊蜂里面有20只死去的蜂王,这些蜂王尸体可能是建巢的蜂王及其他侵占者。     

人工控制下熊蜂（Bombus lucorum）交配及影响因素的研究

对人工控制条件下熊蜂(B.lucorum)有性蜂性成熟期、性比、交配行为和影响因素进行了研究.研究表明,最佳交配日龄蜂王为8日龄,雄蜂为12日龄;影响熊蜂交配的因素包括温度、湿度和光照等;最佳交配雌雄性比为15;交配过程中蜂王和雄蜂的行为各不相同;交配时间大约持续30min.     

如何诱捕野生熊蜂蜂王

熊蜂是昆虫纲膜翅目蜜蜂科熊蜂属的一类多食性半社会性昆虫。在自然界,熊蜂大多1年1代,夏秋季节,它是许多野生植物,特别是豆科、茄科植物的重要传粉昆虫。周年人工饲养繁育熊蜂可以实现熊蜂为冬季和早春设施农作物授粉。目前,国外进口熊蜂价格昂贵且存在潜在的物种侵害,开发利用本地熊蜂资源势在必行;诱捕野生熊蜂蜂王是人工饲养繁育熊蜂的第     

熊蜂的人工饲养与授粉应用技术

本文阐述了人工饲养熊蜂的饲养室、饲养箱、交配箱等饲养设备和一般饲养管理技术，论述了人工饲养熊蜂中根据需要调控熊蜂的滞育期和休眠期、控制交配、以及熊蜂蜂王贮存等特殊饲养技术，介绍了授粉期间熊蜂蜂群的饲养管理技术和所需授粉熊蜂数量估算方法等应用熊蜂授粉技术。     

诱捕野生熊蜂蜂王的方法

<正>熊蜂属昆虫纲、膜翅目、蜜蜂科、熊蜂属的一类多食性半社会性昆虫。在自然界,熊蜂大多1年1代,夏秋季节,它是许多野生植物,特别是豆科和茄科植物的重要传粉昆虫。目前,人工饲养繁育的熊蜂已成为现代化设施农业最为理想的授粉昆虫之一,我国熊蜂的人工饲养繁育尚处于发展阶段,国外进口熊蜂价格昂贵且存在潜在的物种侵害,因此,开发利用本地熊蜂资源势在必行。诱捕野生熊蜂蜂王是人工饲养繁育熊蜂的第一步,现将近几年野外诱捕熊蜂的经验总结如下。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.