不同基因型冬小麦穗粒数与粒重生理差异分析

为分析不同穗型冬小麦籽粒建成的生理差异,以大穗基因型(JS)、小穗基因型(XS)和中穗基因型(JM22)冬小麦品种为材料,测定籽粒形成期和灌浆期器官干物质积累、蔗糖含量和蔗糖相关代谢酶活性、籽粒灌浆特性以及成熟期穗粒数和粒重等指标.结果表明:1)冬小麦穗粒数和粒重基因型间差异显著;2)大穗基因型冬小麦从四分体时期到成熟...     

密穗与疏穗型小麦强、弱势籽粒淀粉积累及库强度的比较

 【目的】研究小麦强、弱势籽粒淀粉积累与库容量、库活性间的关系及不同穗型间的差异。【方法】以密穗型小麦品种鲁麦21、济麦20和疏穗型小麦品种山农1391、山农12为材料,对籽粒发育过程中强、弱势粒淀粉积累、胚乳细胞数目及相关酶活性变化进行比较。【结果】两种类型小麦强势粒直、支链淀粉积累量均高于弱势粒,密穗型小麦籽粒直、支链淀粉积累量在强、弱势粒间的差异幅度高于疏穗型小麦。Logistic方程拟合籽粒淀粉积累进程表明,强势粒淀粉积累量较弱势粒高的原因是其积累启动时间较早和淀粉积累速率较高;密穗型小麦强、弱势粒淀粉积累速率的差异幅度较大,是造成其籽粒最终淀粉积累量在强、弱势粒间的差异幅度大于疏穗型的原因之一。小麦强势粒胚乳细胞数目显著高于弱势粒,与疏穗型小麦相比,密穗型小麦强、弱势粒胚乳细胞数目的差异幅度较大。4个小麦品种弱势粒蔗糖含量在灌浆期均高于强势粒,说明籽粒蔗糖含量即淀粉合成底物的供给并不是造成强、弱势粒淀粉积累存在差异的限制因子。小麦强势粒蔗糖合酶（SS）、腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶（AGPP）、可溶性淀粉合酶（SSS）和颗粒结合态淀粉合酶（GBSS）活性均高于弱势粒,密穗型小麦强、弱势粒上述酶活性差异幅度均较疏穗型大。【结论】小麦库容量（胚乳细胞数目）和库活性（淀粉合成相关酶活性）是制约强、弱势粒淀粉积累的主要因素。密穗型小麦强、弱势粒间的胚乳细胞数目和淀粉合成相关酶活性差异较大,这可能是造成密穗型小麦籽粒淀粉积累量在强、弱势粒间的差异幅度大于疏穗型的原因。     

Effects of nitrogen fertilizer and chemical regulation on spring maize lodging characteristics,grain filling and yield formation under high planting density in Heilongjiang Province,China

Now,lodging is a major constraint factor contributing to yield loss of maize (Zea mays L.) under high planting density.Chemical regulation and nitrogen fertilizer could effectively coordinate the relationship between stem lodging and maize yield,which significantly reduce lodging and improve the grain yield.The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of chemical regulation and different nitrogen application rates on lodging characteristics,grain filling and yield of maize under high density.For this,we established a field study during 2017 and 2018 growing seasons,with three nitrogen levels of N100 (100 kg ha~(–1)),N200 (200 kg ha~(–1)) and N300 (300 kg ha~(–1)) at high planting density (90 000 plants ha~(–1)),and applied plant growth regulator (Yuhuangjin,the mixture of 3% DTA-6 and 27% ethephon) at the 7th leaf.The results showed that chemical control increased the activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL),tyrosine ammonia-lyase (TAL),4-coumarate:Co A ligase (4CL),and cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD),and increased the lignin,cellulose and hemicellulose contents at the bottom of the 3rd internode,which significantly reduced the lodging percentage.The lignin-related enzyme activities,lignin,cellulose and hemicellulose contents decreased with the increase of nitrogen fertilizer,which significantly increased the lodging percentage.The 200 kg ha~(–1) nitrogen application and chemical control increased the number,diameter,angle,volume,and dry weight of brace roots.The 200 kg ha~(–1) nitrogen application and chemical control significantly increased the activities of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase),soluble starch synthase (SSS) and starch branching enzyme(SBE),which promoted the starch accumulation in grains.Additional,improved the maximum grain filling rate (V_(max)) and mean grain filling rate (V_m),which promoted the grain filling process,significantly increased grain weight and grain number per ear,thus increased the final yield.     

小麦籽粒灌浆参数的基因型差异及其稳定性分析

四川盆地小麦的粒重优势明显,但其稳定性受生育后期不利环境的影响较大,研究籽粒灌浆参数的稳定性对于提高粒重和产量的稳定性十分重要。以10个粒重、熟期和株叶型差异明显的小麦品种为材料,设置5个试验环境(年份×地点),研究小麦籽粒灌浆参数的基因型差异及其稳定性。结果表明,参试品种的千粒重差异很大,环境均值变动在42.9~53.0g之间。多数灌浆参数均存在显著的基因型差异和环境效应,且年份效应大于地点效应。相同年份,粒重(TKW)、最大灌浆速率(Rmax)、平均灌浆速率(Rmean)、渐增期(T1)、缓增期(T3)及快增期灌浆速率(R2)主要受基因型的影响。CM104、CM42、CY23和NM836等品种的所有灌浆参数的稳定性都较好。相关分析表明,TKW与灌浆速率之间存在显著的正相关,而TKW的稳定性则主要与籽粒生长起始势(C0)、渐增期灌浆速率(R1)的稳定性关系密切,C0和R1的稳定性是决定粒重稳定的主要因素。     

小麦籽粒淀粉合成酶基因表达、相应酶活性及淀粉积累三者的关系

为研究小麦籽粒淀粉形成的机制,以秦麦11为试验材料,对小麦籽粒灌浆期淀粉合成酶基因表达、相应酶活性及淀粉积累变化进行了研究。结果表明,腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶基因(AGPase)、束缚态淀粉合成酶基因(GBSSI)、可溶性淀粉合成酶基因(SSS)、淀粉分支酶基因(SBE)表达均呈单峰曲线变化,AGPase和SSS基因于花后12 d左右相对表达量最大,GBSSI和SBE基因于花后15 d左右相对表达量最大。4种淀粉合成酶活性变化趋势一致,花后25 d或30 d之前呈上升趋势,之后急剧下降。淀粉及其组分积累量随着灌浆的进行呈不断上升趋势。直、支链淀粉及总淀粉积累速率峰值在花后25 d或30 d。相关分析表明,AGPase、SSS、SBE基因在花后15 d相对表达量与相应酶活性间呈极显著正相关,而GBSS基因的相对表达量与GBSS活性间未检测到相关。暗示AGPase、SSS、SBE基因在籽粒淀粉合成过程中可能属于转录水平调控,而GBSSI基因可能属于转录后调控。4种淀粉合成酶活性与直、支链淀粉及总淀粉积累速率均呈极显著正相关,说明这几种酶对淀粉合成共同起作用。     

不同覆盖栽培糜子籽粒灌浆期淀粉酶活性变化

为研究糜子开花后籽粒灌浆期间淀粉合成相关酶活性的变化及淀粉积累特征,并分析两者之间的关系;探寻糜子在干旱地区的最佳覆盖栽培模式。以粳性糜子品种榆糜2号为材料,采用秸秆覆盖、起垄覆膜、双沟覆膜和全膜覆盖处理,并以露地栽培为对照,测定籽粒灌浆期间淀粉合成相关酶活性的变化及淀粉积累动态。结果表明,覆盖栽培糜子籽粒灌浆前、中期ADP-葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(AGPP)、水溶性淀粉合成酶(SSS)、颗粒结合性淀粉合成酶(GBSS)及淀粉分支酶(Q酶)活性均显著高于露地栽培(P0.05),且籽粒淀粉积累速率较快,最终淀粉含量高于露地栽培,其中全膜覆盖效果最佳,其籽粒中支链淀粉积累量的增加率达16.62%(P0.05),直链淀粉增加率9.08%,千粒质量增加率6.16%(P0.05)。但覆盖栽培没有改变AGPP、SSS、GBSS和Q酶活性的变化趋势(单峰曲线),没有影响酶活性峰值出现时间,AGPP和GBSS峰值出现在花后20d左右,SSS和Q酶峰值出现在花后15d左右。相关分析表明,糜子籽粒支链淀粉与SSS和Q酶活性呈极显著正相关,与AGPP酶活性呈显著正相关;直链淀粉与GBSS和AGPP酶活性呈显著或极显著正相关;总淀粉积累速率与AGPP、GBSS、SSS和Q酶活性呈显著或极显著正相关。     

Responses of ethylene and ACC in rice grains to soil moisture and their relations to grain filling

The objectives of this study were to investigate ethylene and 1-aminocylopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) in rice grains and root bleeding sap during the grain filling period and their relationship to the grain filling rate. Two high lodging-resistant rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars were grown in pots or tanks. Three treatments, including well watered (WW), moderate soil-drying (MD) and severe soil-drying (SD), were conducted from 9 days of post-anthesis until maturity. The effects of chemical regulators on the concentrations of ethylene and ACC in the grains were also studied. The results show that MD significantly increased the grainfilling rate and grain weight, whereas SD significantly reduced the grain-filling rate and grain weight. Concentrations of ethylene and ACC in the grains were very high at the early grain filling stage and then sharply decreased during the linear period of grain growth. MD reduced the ACC concentrations and ethylene evolution rate, whereas SD remarkably increased the ACC concentrations and ethylene evolution rate. Both the ethylene evolution rate in rice grains and the ACC concentrations in the root-bleeding sap were significantly and positively correlated with the ACC concentrations in rice grains. The ethylene evolution rate was significantly and negatively correlated with the grain-filling rate. The application of amino-ethoxyvinylglycine (AVG), an inhibitor of ethylene synthesis, at 9–13 days of postanthesis significantly reduced the ACC concentrations and ethylene evolution rate of grains, but significantly enhanced the activities of sucrose synthase, ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase and soluble starch synthase. The results were reversed when ethephon, an ethylenereleasing agent, was applied. The results suggest that moderate soil drying during the grain-filling period in rice could inhibit the production of ethylene and ACC and therefore accelerate grain filling and increase grain weight. __________ Translated from Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2007, 33(4): 539–546 [译自: 作物学报]     

氮肥基追比对弱筋小麦宁麦9号籽粒淀粉合成及相关酶活性的影响

 为研究弱筋小麦籽粒淀粉形成的机制，以弱筋小麦宁麦9号为材料，对不同氮肥基追比对其籽粒淀粉合成及相关酶活性的影响及相关生理基础研究表明，氮肥基追比7∶1∶2处理与5∶1∶4处理相比，花后7～28 d籽粒直、支链淀粉及总淀粉积累速率低，成熟籽粒直链淀粉含量低，支链淀粉、总淀粉含量高，剑叶蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)活性和蔗糖含量低，籽粒蔗糖合成酶（SS）活性低，籽粒蔗糖含量高，籽粒ADPG焦磷酸化酶(AGPP)、可溶性淀粉合成酶(SSS)、束缚态淀粉合成酶(GBSS)活性低，淀粉积累量低。相关分析表明，籽粒中AGPP、SSS、GBSS与直、支链及总淀粉积累速率、籽粒灌浆速率呈极显著正相关，说明这几种酶对促进籽粒淀粉的积累起重要作用。     

花后高温对小麦籽粒淀粉合成及相关酶活性的影响

【目的】研究小麦花后高温对籽粒淀粉合成及相关酶活性的影响,为小麦耐高温品种的选育及响应逆境胁迫提供理论依据。【方法】以新疆春小麦主栽品种新春11号为材料,于花后5~8 d进行高温处理,测定籽粒各时期淀粉含量及相关酶活性。【结果】花后高温处理显著降低了小麦籽粒各时期总淀粉、直链淀粉和支链淀粉含量及其积累速率;总淀粉和支链淀粉的积累速率呈单峰曲线变化,而直链淀粉的积累速率则呈现先下降后逐渐上升最后回落的变化趋势。花后高温处理下小麦籽粒各时期蔗糖合成酶(SS)活性、可溶性淀粉合成酶(SSS)活性和淀粉分支酶(SBE)活性显著低于对照,而焦磷酸化酶(ADPGase)活性虽然在各时期均低于对照,但差异不显著。在灌浆中后期SS、SSS、SBE活性与总淀粉含量、支链淀粉含量显著相关。【结论】高温胁迫显著降低了小麦籽粒淀粉合成相关酶的活性,进一步影响到小麦籽粒淀粉的积累。在小麦生产过程中,做好高温防范尤为重要。     

Grain proteomic analysis reveals central stress responsive proteins caused by wheat-Haynaldia villosa 6VS/6AL translocation

Haynaldia villosa (2n=14, VV), a wild grass of the subtribe Triticeae, serves as potential gene resources for wheat genetic improvement. In this study, the proteome characterization during grain development of Yangmai 5 and Yangmai 5-H. villosa 6VS/6AL translocation line was investigated by a comparative proteomic approach. Two-dimensional electrophoresis identified 81 differentially accumulated proteins (DAPs) during five grain developmental stages in wheat-H. villosa translocation line. These proteins were mainly involved in stress defense, storage protein, energy metabolism, protein metabolism and folding, carbon metabolism, nitrogen metabolism, and starch metabolism. In particular, 6VS/6AL translocation led to significant upregulation of 36 DAPs and specific expression of 11 DAPs such as chitinase, thaumatin-like proteins, glutathione transferase, α-amylase inhibitor, heat shock proteins, and betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase. These proteins mainly involved in biotic and abiotic stress responses. Further analysis found that the upstream 1 500 promoter regions of these stress-responsive DAP genes contained multiple high-frequency cis-acting elements related to stress defense such as abscisic acid response element ABRE, methyl jasmonate (MeJA)-response element TGACG-motif and CGTCA-motif involved in oxidative stress and antioxidant response element (ARE). RNA-seq and RT-qPCR analyses revealed the high expression of these stress-defensive DAP genes in the developing grains, particularly at the early-middle grain filling stages. Our results demonstrated that 6VS chromosome of H. villosa contains abundant stress-defensive proteins that have potential values for wheat genetic improvement.     

强筋小麦胚乳淀粉粒度分布特征及其对弱光的响应

 【目的】揭示强筋小麦淀粉粒度分布特征,探讨小麦挑旗后不同阶段弱光对其胚乳淀粉粒度分布特征的影响。【方法】利用自制遮荫棚设挑旗-开花、花后1～10 d、花后11～20 d、花后21～30 d弱光处理,以大田种植小麦为对照,对2个强筋小麦品种（藁城8901和济南17）在不同弱光处理下胚乳中淀粉粒的数目、体积和表面积分布进行分析测定。【结果】小麦胚乳不同粒径淀粉粒数目分布呈单峰曲线变化,体积和表面积分布均呈双峰曲线变化。B型淀粉粒（直径<10 µm）占胚乳淀粉粒数目、体积和表面积的百分数分别为99.89%、46.85%和84.43%,A型淀粉粒（直径≥10 µm）的值分别为0.11%、53.15%和15.57%。挑旗后不同阶段弱光处理对小麦胚乳淀粉粒的数目、体积和表面积分布均有明显影响。花后11～20 d弱光处理时A型淀粉粒的数目百分数显著降低,其它处理变化不明显;弱光对B型淀粉粒内部的数目分布状况影响显著,且此影响存在遮光时期、基因型和粒位的差异。挑旗～开花弱光处理后,藁城8901强势粒BS型（直径<1 µm）淀粉粒数目降低,BL型（直径1～10 µm）淀粉粒升高,而弱势粒呈相反趋势;济南17强势粒的淀粉粒数目分布变化不显著,而弱势粒BS型淀粉粒数目降低,BL型淀粉粒升高。灌浆前期弱光处理提高小麦胚乳中BS型淀粉粒数目,中后期弱光处理提高BL型淀粉粒数目,且中期弱光处理的作用大于后期。2个品种B型淀粉粒的体积和表面积在灌浆前期弱光处理后显著提高,而A型淀粉粒的体积和表面积降低;挑旗～开花和灌浆中后期弱光处理后,A和B型淀粉粒的体积和表面积变化呈现与灌浆前期相反的趋势。【结论】强筋小麦胚乳淀粉粒数目分布呈单峰曲线变化,体积和表面积分布呈双峰曲线变化。弱光对强筋小麦胚乳淀粉粒度分布存在显著影响。     

宁夏灌区春小麦对源库变化的反应

为探讨源库关系改变对春小麦产量及构成要素的影响,选用宁夏灌区历年推广的主栽品种及搭配品种为试验材料,通过剪叶剪穗[未剪叶剪穗为对照(CK)、剪全穗(T_1)、剪1/2小穗(T_2)、剪1/3小穗(T_3)、剪倒三叶(T_4)、剪倒二叶(T_5)、剪旗叶(T_6)、剪全叶(T_7)]处理,研究抽穗后源库变化对春小麦产量、单穗粒质量、千粒质量、花前干物质输出率的影响。结果表明:抽穗后减源能够降低春小麦穗粒质量和千粒质量,可促进花前茎鞘干物质向籽粒中运转,不同减源处理的穗粒质量和千粒质量表现为T_7T_6T_5T_4CK。抽穗后缩库增加春小麦的千粒质量,但由于库容的减少抑制花前干物质输出率,不同剪穗处理的千粒质量表现为T_2T_3CK,花前干物质输出率表现为CKT_3T_2。不同年代的推广品种减源缩库的表现相同,但不同品种减源缩库后千粒质量、穗粒质量及花前干物质输出率的降幅不同。宁夏灌区春小麦产量的提高需要在增源的同时扩库,适当减少源库比,促进花前干物质的输出,并在抽穗后通过适当的栽培措施保障冠层的光合作用,提高源的生产能力。     

灌浆期遮光对糯小麦和非糯小麦淀粉组分及理化特性的影响

【目的】揭示灌浆期遮光对糯小麦和非糯小麦籽粒淀粉理化特性影响的差异,探讨籽粒淀粉组分与理化特性的内在联系。【方法】大田条件下,选用非糯小麦品种轮选987和糯小麦品种农大糯50222,分别于灌浆前期(花后1—10 d)、灌浆中期(花后11—20 d)和灌浆后期(花后21—30 d)遮去60%的光合有效辐射处理,以大田自然光强为对照(CK),研究灌浆期遮光对糯小麦和非糯小麦籽粒淀粉组分和理化特性的影响。【结果】灌浆期遮光显著降低小麦籽粒总淀粉、直链淀粉和支链淀粉含量,其中灌浆前期遮光降低幅度最大,而灌浆后期最小,且弱光对轮选987总淀粉含量的影响大于农大糯50222。灌浆期遮光轮选987直/支比值增大;而农大糯50222的直/支比值在灌浆前期和中期遮光后减小,灌浆后期遮光无变化;灌浆前期和后期遮光显著提高轮选987淀粉B型淀粉粒的体积、表面积和数目比例,降低A型淀粉粒的体积、表面积和数目比例,而灌浆中期遮光则呈相反趋势。灌浆期遮光均显著提高了农大糯50222淀粉B型淀粉粒的体积、表面积和数目比例,降低了A型淀粉粒的体积、表面积和数目比例。灌浆期遮光两小麦淀粉的相对结晶度呈降低趋势,遮光对其影响程度随遮光时期的延迟而减小,且农大糯50222淀粉的相对结晶度显著大于轮选987。灌浆前期和灌浆中期遮光降低了轮选987淀粉的峰值黏度、谷值黏度、最终黏度和稀懈值。灌浆各时期遮光均降低了农大糯50222淀粉的上述指标,但仍高于轮选987。相关性分析表明,直链淀粉含量、直支比值与最终黏度、反弹值、峰值黏度、谷值黏度及糊化时间呈显著负相关,支链淀粉含量与其呈显著正相关。B型淀粉粒的体积比例与最终黏度和反弹值呈显著负相关。B型淀粉粒表面积比例和相对结晶度、最终黏度、反弹值、糊化时间呈显著正相关,与糊化温度呈显著负相关。【结论】灌浆期遮光改变了小麦胚乳淀粉组分、粒度分布、相对结晶度及其主要糊化特征参数。小麦胚乳淀粉组分与晶体特性和糊化特性之间均存在明显的相关性,表明遮光影响了小麦淀粉组分,间接影响了其理化特性。     

不同基因型燕麦内源激素与灌浆期生理特性之间的关系

为探究内源激素含量对燕麦灌浆过程的影响,分别于2020和2021年,以9个不同基因型的燕麦品种为试验材料,设置大田试验,测定灌浆粒重、灌浆期光合特性、旗叶碳代谢酶(蔗糖磷酸合成酶SPS、蔗糖合酶SS)活性、生长素(IAA)、赤霉素(GA₃)、玉米素核苷(ZR)、脱落酸(ABA)含量及成熟期粒重,通过方差分析和聚类分析,探究不同基因型燕麦灌浆期生理特性、内源激素差异。结果表明：不同品种间,内源激素含量及其他生理特性差异均达显著水平(P<0.05),按照灌浆粒重,将供试的9个品种分为灌浆较强和较弱两类,其中灌浆较强品种到达灌浆盛期的时间较早,灌浆启动时间也早于其他品种;灌浆粒重拟合程度较好,灌浆过程中的净光合速率、碳代谢酶活性较高,粒重优于其他品种;灌浆较强品种单穗粒重较灌浆较弱品种高11.8%～176.5%;灌浆较强品种旗叶IAA、GA₃、ZR含量较灌浆较弱品种高12.6%～118.2%、7.2%～98.0%、21.4%～72.2%,(GA₃+ZR+IAA)/ABA较灌浆较弱品种高39.3%～311.9%。在各内源激...     

玉米籽粒淀粉积累及相关酶活性分析

【目的】分析玉米籽粒发育过程中灌浆速率、蔗糖代谢、淀粉积累及相关酶活性的变化,了解玉米籽粒淀粉积累的控制机理。【方法】以高淀粉玉米（费玉3号）和普通玉米（豫玉22）为材料,进行大田试验,采用比色法测定蔗糖含量,采用双波长法测定淀粉及其组分含量的变化动态,参照Douglas等的方法测定蔗糖合成酶（SS）活性,参照Nakamura等的方法测定腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶（ADPGPPase）、束缚态淀粉合成酶（GBSS）、淀粉分支酶（SBE）和去分支酶（DBE）的活性。【结果】灌浆速率、蔗糖含量、淀粉积累速率及SS、GBSS、SBE活性的高低均存在明显的基因型差异,授粉后10 d后,费玉3号上述指标均高于豫玉22。相关性分析表明,灌浆中后期SS活性与淀粉积累速率和籽粒灌浆速率均呈（极）显著正相关;ADPGPPase、DBE活性与淀粉积累速率和籽粒灌浆速率的相关性未达到显著水平;GBSS活性与直链淀粉积累速率呈极显著正相关,与籽粒灌浆速率相关性不显著;SBE活性与支链淀粉积累速率和籽粒灌浆速率呈极显著正相关。【结论】ADPGPPase和DBE不是影响玉米籽粒中淀粉积累的关键酶;SS是淀粉积累的限速因子;GBSS对直链淀粉积累起重要的调节作用;SBE对支链淀粉积累起关键作用。     

灌浆期高温前喷施叶面喷剂对小麦产量及籽粒品质的影响

为探明不同叶面喷剂对小麦灌浆期高温危害的缓解作用,于安徽农业大学农萃园2019-2020年小麦生长季内选用0.3％ KH2PO4 (PDP)和0.01％芸苔素内酯溶液(BR)开展了大田试验研究.试验设置小麦灌浆期内自然高温来临前连续喷两次PDP、BR及二者的混合溶液(PB),以喷施等量清水为对照(CK),考察喷施后不同处理对小麦旗叶叶绿素含量、干物质积累、产量及产量构成因素和籽粒品质的影响.结果 表明:灌浆期高温前喷施PDP、BR均可提升高温后旗叶叶绿素含量,PDP与BR无显著差异,PB处理叶绿素含量最高;不同叶面喷剂显著增加小麦干物质积累,PB总干物质积累量显著高于BR和PDP,后两者间无显著差异:PB干物质量最高是由于其对茎叶及籽粒干物质的提升最多;和CK相比,PDP、BR和PB产量均显著提高,增产幅度为5.43％～-9.41％,PB处理产量最高.灌浆期高温前喷施PDP、BR和PB显著改善籽粒品质,主要不同程度地提高了籽粒蛋白质和湿面筋含量,延长面团稳定时间、形成时间及提高面粉沉淀值.综上,小麦灌浆期高温前通过叶面喷施PDP、BR和PB均能显著延缓灌浆期叶片衰老,促进干物质积累,协同提升产量与籽粒品质.以0.3％磷酸二氢钾和0.01％芸苔素内酯溶液混合喷施效果最佳.     

播期对优质小麦籽粒灌浆特性及产量构成的影响

通过田间试验和室内分析,研究了播期对不同基因型优质冬小麦的影响。结果表明:(1)强筋品种藁城8901的灌浆高峰出现在最晚播期,而弱筋品种SN1391出现在最早播期。藁城8901籽粒干物质积累达到高峰后籽粒干重又有所下降,而SN1391从开花后7天始,直到花后35天籽粒干重一直处于上升趋势。(2)两个品种所有播期处理的籽粒灌浆速度变化均呈单峰曲线。(3)不同播期不同品种籽粒的平均灌浆速率存在极显著差异,强筋品种藁城8901以晚播处理最高,弱筋品种SN1391以早播处理最高。(4)随着播期的推迟每平方米穗数、穗粒数和千粒重均呈先上升后降低的趋势,两个品种的最高产量均出现在第二播期。     

Irrigation mitigates the heat impacts on photosynthesis during grain filling in maize

Elevating soil water content (SWC) through irrigation was one of the simple mitigation measures to improve crop resilience to heat stress. The response of leaf function, such as photosynthetic capacity based on chlorophyll fluorescence during the mitigation, has received limited attention, especially in field conditions. A two-year field experiment with three treatments (control treatment (CK), high-temperature treatment (H), and high-temperature together with elevating SWC treatment (HW)) was carried out during grain filling with two maize hybrids at a typical station in North China Plain. Averagely, the net photosynthetic rate (P_n) was improved by 20%, and the canopy temperature decreased by 1–3°C in HW compared with in H in both years. Furthermore, the higher SWC in HW significantly improved the actual photosynthetic rate (Phi2), linear electron flow (LEF), variable fluorescence (F_v), and the maximal potential quantum efficiency (F_v/F_m) for both hybrids. Meanwhile, different responses in chlorophyll fluorescence between hybrids were also observed. The higher SWC in HW significantly improved thylakoid proton conductivity (gH⁺) and the maximal fluorescence (F_m) for the hybrid ZD958. For the hybrid XY335, the proton conductivity of chloroplast ATP synthase (vH⁺) and the minimal fluorescence (F_o) was increased by the SWC. The structural equation model (SEM) further showed that SWC had significantly positive relationships with P_n, LEF, and F_v/F_m. The elevating SWC alleviated heat stress with the delayed leaf senescence to prolong the effective period of photosynthesis and enhanced leaf photosynthetic capacity by improving Phi2, LEF, F_v, and F_v/F_m. This research demonstrates that elevating SWC through enhancing leaf photosynthesis during grain filling would be an important mitigation strategy for adapting to the warming climate in maize production.