普通小麦、簇毛麦及其双二倍体的酯酶同工酶分析

本文分析了六倍体普通小麦农大146、簇毛麦及其杂种和双二倍体的全展旗叶及种子的酯酶同工酶酶谱,结果表明:子代与其双亲有密切的亲缘关系,形成了偏母互补型;子代双单倍体 (2n=28) 和双二倍体 (2n=56) 旗叶酯酶同工酶酶谱有相当的一致性;不同发育阶段、不同组织器官酯酶同工酶基因表达不同。     

硬粒小麦与偏凸山羊草部分双二倍体的核型研究

通过硬粒小麦（AABB,2n＝28）与偏凸山羊草（DDMvMv,Zn＝28）杂交,今成选育出遗传上相对稳定的部分双二倍体。利用核型分析,初步鉴定出该部分双二倍体具有编凸山羊草的染色体组,从而证实了杂种的真实性。该部分双二倍体的获得为将硬粒小麦,特别是偏凸山羊草的优异基因向小麦转移奠定了基础。     

粗山羊草-硬粒小麦双二倍体农艺性状及细胞学特点研究

对从粗山羊草(DD)与硬粒小麦(AABB)合成的Am6双二倍体(AABBDD)后代中选育的30个株系的农艺性状和细胞学特点进行了分析。结果表明，30个株系在分蘖力、单株成穗数、抗病性、穗长等性状方面表现优异，在小麦遗传改良中具有利用价值。但大部分材料仍表现出一定的细胞学不稳定性。     

四倍体小麦物种二粒小麦、硬粒小麦和波兰小麦的蜡质蛋白和直链淀粉含量

淀粉是禾谷类胚乳的主要成份。它含有两种多糖：具有线性结构的直链淀粉和具有网状结构的支链淀粉。在多数禾谷类作物中，直链淀粉与支链淀粉的比率为20～30％：70～80％。因为淀粉的生化性质取决于该比率，所以它非常重要。所得的‘蜡质淀粉’含直链淀粉很少或者几乎不含直链淀粉，而     

硬粒小麦产量和品质构成的遗传

籽粒产量是一个综合性状，它是由大量的组分性状互作产生的，硬粒小麦的利用价值取决于碾磨和食物价值的属性。所有这些品质性状都与产量及其构成密切相关。世代平均值分析是检测基因效应的一种最简单、最有用的技术。掌握控制产量、产量构成和品质构成遗传的基因效应属性的相关知识将有助于最佳栽培种的培育。     

硬粒小麦染色体的FISH核型分析

采用FISH(荧光原位杂交)技术,分析硬粒小麦(Sauwne 20)染色体的FISH核型特点,为该种质在小麦新品种选育上的应用提供参考。结果表明,Sauwne 20包括14对染色体,Oligo-pTa 535-2红色探针信号主要分布在A组染色体上,而B组染色体上主要分布着明亮丰富Oligo-pSc 119.2-1绿色探针信号;根据这2种探针在Sauwne 20染色体上的分布特点,可以将其不同染色体进行准确地一一鉴别。Sauwne 20与中国春普通小麦的A组和B组染色体的FISH核型基本相似,但又有一定的差别,不同小麦材料间DNA重复序列表现出遗传多样性。     

施氮量对硬粒小麦和普通小麦籽粒蛋白质的影响

硬粒小麦４２８６和普通小麦小偃６号和小偃１０７籽粒蛋白质含量随施氮量的增加呈递增趋势,但增幅不同;蛋白质产量呈常态变化;单粒蛋白质含量及其变化与籽粒蛋白质含量变化相似。施氮量以１５７．５ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２时籽粒蛋白质产量较高。     

春性硬粒小麦品种农艺性状的聚类分析

用聚类分析方法,依据成熟期、株高、穗长、穗粒数、千粒重、单穗产量等６个农艺性状,将１２０个春性硬粒小麦品种分为５个类群。     

New durum wheat with Hessian fly resistance from Triticum araraticum and T. carthlicum in Morocco

Hessian fly is an important pest of wheat on the North American continent and the temperate Mediterranean drylands. Yield losses caused by this insect in Morocco are the heaviest in the Mediterranean region and are estimated to be 36% on average. Genetic resistance to Mediterranean Hessian fly biotypes has not been found in durum wheat, although large numbers of durum accessions were screened. Genes for resistance were found in common wheat; some of which are transferable to durum. However, there is a need to broaden the genetic base for resistance in durum wheat. The objective of this work was to introgress resistance from selected Triticum araraticum and T. carthlicum accessions using multiple backcross methodology. The experimental recipient durum wheat included numerous adapted and high‐yielding lines. Testing for Hessian fly resistance under controlled conditions and field yield data showed that this programme yields Hessian fly‐resistant durum lines with good yields and adaptation.     

硬粒小麦品种Waskana和Waskowa对禾谷孢囊线虫(Heterodera filipjevi和H. avenae)的抗性

禾谷孢囊线虫(cereal cyst nematode, CCN)是一类重要的土传小麦病原线虫,危害我国小麦的主要是燕麦孢囊线虫(Heterodera avenae)和菲利普孢囊线虫(H. filipjevi)。我国对这些病原线虫的抗性资源十分缺乏,寻找新抗源是当前抗性育种的重要工作。本研究通过3年的田间病圃和温室接种鉴定,发现加拿大的硬粒小麦品种Waskana和Waskowa对H. filipjevi (河南许昌群体,Hfc-1致病型)和H. avenae (河南荥阳群体,Ha43致病型)都表现很强的抗性,单株孢囊数显著少于感病的普通小麦品种矮抗58、石4185和温麦19。显微观察可见,虽然两种线虫的幼虫都能够侵入Waskana和Waskowa的根组织内,但是根内的线虫数量显著少于感病对照普通小麦品种,最终在根系上形成的可见孢囊数量也较少。Waskana和Waskowa对两种病原线虫的抗性为我国抗CCN小麦品种选育提供了有较高利用价值的新抗源。根据南澳大利亚研究所的土传病害检测服务系统对土壤中病原线虫的分子检测结果,抗CCN品种Waskana和Waskowa根际土壤中的线虫虫卵量低于感病小麦品种,因此种植可能降低土壤中禾谷孢囊线虫危害的风险。     

Development and identification of wheat–Haynaldia villosa T6DL.6VS chromosome translocation lines conferring resistance to powdery mildew

Three lines conferring resistance to powdery mildew, Pm97033, Pm97034 and Pm97035, were developed from the cross of Triticum durum-Haynaldia villosa amphidiploid TH3 and wheat cv.'Wan7107' via backcrosses, immature embryo and anther culture. Genomic in situ hybridization analysis showed that these lines were disomic translocation lines. Cytogenetic analysis indicated that the F1 plants of crosses between the three translocation lines and 'Wan7107' and crosses between the three translocation lines and substitution line 6V(6D) formed 21 bivalents at meiotic metaphase I. Aneuploid analysis with 'Chinese Spring' double ditelocentric stocks indicated that the translocated chromosomes were related to chromosome 6D. Biochemical and restriction fragment-length polymorphism (RFLP) analyses showed that the translocation lines lacked a specific band of 6VL of H. villosa compared with the substitution and addition lines but possessed specific markers on the short arm of the 6V chromosome of H. villosa. The three translocation lines lacked specific biochemical loci and RFLP markers located on chromosome 6DS. The results confirmed that Pm97033, Pm97034 and Pm97035 were T6DL.6VS translocation lines.     

Further Studies on the Restoration of Fertility in Triticum durum×T. timopheevi Hybrids

Twenty one F₁ hybrids involving three Triticum durum cultivars and eleven forms of T. timopheevi were backcrossed to their respective durum parents. Backcross fertility (BC₁ grain set) of these sterile hybrids improved with the rise in temperature at the time of pollination. A mean temperature of less than 20 °C results in poor seed set while higher mean temperatures around 24 °C result in increased seed set. It is suggested that a large number of backcross seeds can be produced by pollinating these hybrids late in the season, i.e., after 20th of March in northern India.     

Polymorphism of two waxy proteins in the emmer group of tetraploid wheat, Triticum dicoccoides, T. dicoccum, and T. durum

Gel-electrophoretic analyses detected polymorphism of two waxy (Wx) proteins, Wx-Al and Wx-Bl, in 334 accessions of the emmer group of tetraploid wheat, Triticum dicoccoides, T. dicoccum and T. durum. The null allele for the Wx-Al protein (Wx-Alb) was found in one accession of T. dicoccoides and seven of T. dicoccum, but it was not present in those T. durum accessions analysed. The null allele for the Wx-Bl protein (Wx-Blb) did not occur in three emmer-wheat species. Wx-Al and Wx-Bl proteins showing alteration in mobility in SDS-PAGE gel or in isoelectric points were found in five accessions and considered to be the products of new alleles, Wx-Ald, Wx-Ale and/or Wx-Bld. Densitometric analysis of Wx protein bands revealed that Wx-Al was present in smaller amounts than Wx-B1 in almost all accessions.     

Genetic analysis of resistance to leaf-rust (Puccinia recondita f. sp. tritici) pathotypes in the durum wheats 'PBW 34' and 'DWL 5023'

Genetic analysis of leaf-rust resistance was conducted on two durum wheats. Triticum durum cvs. ‘PBW 34’ and ‘DWL 5023’ were crossed with the leaf-rust-susceptible durum wheat ‘Malvi Local’. The F₁, F₂ and F₃ generations were tested against leaf-rust pathotypes 1, 77A and 108. In ‘PBW 34’, a single dominant gene was effective against each of the pathotypes 1 and 108, whereas two independently inherited dominant genes were effective against pathotype 77A. In ‘DWL 5023’, two independently inherited dominant genes were operative against pathotypes 1 and 77A, whereas a single dominant gene was identified as being operative against pathotype 108. Allelic tests on F₂ generation and joint segregation analysis on F₃ generation seedlings, suggested that two different genes in each cultivar are effective against these three leaf-rust pathotypes. Cultivar ‘PBW 34’ has Lrd1 and Lrd2 genes whereas Lrd1 and Lrd3 genes are present in ‘DWL 5023’.     

匍匐镰序竹种子营养成分和特性的研究

对匍匐镰序竹种子主要营养成分和特性进行了系统研究。结果表明:(1)匍匐镰序竹种子的主要营养成分以碳水化合物、蛋白质、还原糖为主,分别占干物质含量的64.25%、14.06%、1.73%;每100g组织中所含的矿质元素以K元素最多,达428mg;其次是Mg元素,达161mg;Ca元素达58.2mg;最少的是Cu元素,只有1.49mg;(2)匍匐镰序竹种子的长为1.0~1.2cm,直径为2.5~2.7mm;种子的净度为91.17%、千粒重为38.148g、发芽率达94%、含水量为13.5%;种子休眠期短、不耐储藏。     

小麦微卫星标记在中间偃麦草中通用性研究

利用分布于普通小麦整个基因组的525对微卫星引物,对其在普通小麦与中间偃麦草(Thinopyrumintermedi-um)之间的通用性及其亲缘关系进行了分析。结果表明:202对引物在小麦和中间偃麦草间多态性扩增,所占比率为38.4%,小麦的A,B,D3个基因组多态性引物所占比率分别为34.6%,36.9%和42.2%;说明普通小麦SSR引物在中间偃麦草之间具有通用性,小麦D基因组与中间偃麦草亲缘关系要远于A,B基因组与中间偃麦草关系,表明小麦的A,B,D基因组之间存在遗传差异性。     

Histological studies on the infection of triticale,wheat and rye byPuccinia recondita f.sp.tritici andP. recondita f.sp.recondita

Summary The reaction of eight triticales and of the respective wheat and rye parental lines to infection by the leaf rust fungi of wheat and rye were studied in the seedling stage. The histological observations indicated that wheat and triticale showed a typical nonhost reaction to the leaf rust of rye: sporelings of this fungus were arrested after the formation of primary infection hyphae and before the formation of extensively branched mycelium, mostly without necrosis of plant cells. The rye inbred lines were all susceptible to the rye leaf rust. The reaction of wheat and triticales to the wheat leaf rust was susceptible or resistant. The reaction of resistant lines could be early or late and complete or incomplete, but was associated with substantial necrosis of plant cells, and therefore entirely different from the nonhost reaction to rye leaf rust. In their reaction to wheat leaf rust the rye lines were similar to the resistant wheat and triticale lines. They did not show an important degree of nonhypersensitive early abortion as would be expected in a nonhost species. It appeared that genes for hypersensitive resistance in triticale may be contributed by either the wheat or the rye parental line.A screening of sixty wheat, rye and triticale lines confirmed the nonhost status of wheat and triticale to rye leaf rust and the hypersensitive or moderately susceptible reaction of rye to wheat leaf rust.     

Allelic variation at the <Emphasis Type="Italic">Glu-1</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Glu-3</Emphasis> loci,presence of the 1B.1R translocation,and their effects on mixographic properties in Chinese bread wheats

Allelic variations at the Glu-1 and Glu-3 loci play an important role in determining dough properties and bread-making quality. Two hundred and fifty-one cultivars and advanced lines from four major Chinese wheat-producing zones in the autumn-sown wheat regions were used to investigate the high-molecular-weight glutenin subunits (HMW GS) and low-molecular-weight glutenin subunit (LMW GS) composition controlled by the Glu-1 and Glu-3 loci, respectively, as well as the presence of the 1B.1R translocation, and to determine the association of storage protein composition with protein content, SDS sedimentation value, and dough-mixing properties measured by mixograph. Three, nine, and four allelic variations were present at Glu-A1, Glu-B1, and Glu-D1, respectively. Subunits 1, N, 7+8, 7+9, and 2+12 are the dominant HMW GS, with frequencies of 51.3, 39.4, 38.2, 45.0, and 59.8%, respectively. Five and eight allelic variations were present at the Glu-A3 and Glu-B3 loci (data of Glu-D3 were not available), Glu-A3a, Glu-A3d, Glu-B3j (presence of the 1B.1R translocation), and Glu-B3d are the dominant LMW GS, with frequencies of 37.1, 31.7, 44.6, and 20.3%, respectively. The frequencies of allelic variation at Glu-1 and Glu-3 differ greatly in different regions. The effects of HMW GS and LMW GS on SDS sedimentation value, mixing time, and mixing tolerance were significant at P = 0.01, with Glu-D1 and Glu-B3 showing the largest contributions to mixing time and mixing tolerance. Averaged data from two locations showed that the quality effects of glutenin loci could be ranked as Glu-B3 > Glu-B1 > Glu-A1 > Glu-D1 > Glu-A3 for SDS sedimentation value, Glu-D1 > Glu-B3 > Glu-A1 = Glu-B1 = Glu-A3 for mixing time, and Glu-D1 > Glu-B3 = Glu-B1 > Glu-A3 > Glu-A1 for mixing tolerance, respectively. The significant and negative effect of the 1B.1R translocation on dough properties was confirmed. It was concluded that the high frequency of undesirable HMW GS and LMW GS and the presence of the 1B.1R translocation are responsible for the weak gluten property of Chinese germplasm; hence, reducing the frequency of the 1B.1R translocation and integration of desirable subunits at Glu-1 and Glu-3 such as 1, 7+8, 14+15, 5+10, Glu-A3d, and Glu-B3d, could lead to the improvement of gluten quality in Chinese wheats.