Effect of reduced risk pesticides for use in greenhouse vegetable production on Bombus impatiens (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

BACKGROUND: Bumble bees [Bombus impatiens (Cresson)] are widely used for supplemental pollination of greenhouse vegetables and are at risk of pesticide exposure while foraging. The objective of this study was to determine the lethal and sub‐lethal effects of four insecticides (imidacloprid, abamectin, metaflumizone and chlorantraniliprole) and three fungicides (myclobutanil, potassium bicarbonate and cyprodinil + fludioxonil) used or with potential for use in Ontario greenhouse vegetable production to B. impatiens. RESULTS: Imidacloprid, abamectin, and metaflumizone were harmful to worker bees following direct contact, while chlorantraniliprole and all fungicides tested were harmless. Worker bees fed imidacloprid‐contaminated pollen had shortened life spans and were unable to produce brood. Worker bees consumed less pollen contaminated with abamectin. Metaflumizone, chlorantraniliprole and all fungicides tested caused no sub‐lethal effects in bumble bee micro‐colonies. CONCLUSION: We conclude that the new reduced risk insecticides metaflumizone and chlorantraniliprole and the fungicides myclobutanil, potassium bicarbonate and cyprodinil + fludioxonil are safe for greenhouse use in the presence of bumble bees. This information can be used preserve greenhouse pollination programs while maintaining acceptable pest management. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

The efficacy of spinosad against the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, and its impact on associated biological control agents on greenhouse cucumbers in southern Ontario

Insecticides are the most commonly used tactic to control western flower thrips (WFT), Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), on greenhouse cucumber. However, WFT has developed resistance to several of the insecticides presently in use. In addition, some of these insecticides adversely affect greenhouse biological control agents used to control WFT, resulting in subsequent pest resurgence. Therefore, there is a need to identify novel insecticides with unique modes of action for use in integrated pest management (IPM) programs to effectively control WFT with minimal impact on associated biological control agents. In laboratory bioassays conducted in 2001, immature and adult WFT and three associated greenhouse biological control agents: Amblyseius cucumeris Oudemans (Acarina: Phytoseiidae), Orius insidiosus Say (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) and Encarsia formosa Gahan (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) were exposed to direct, direct/residual, and residual contact applications of the novel biopesticide, spinosad (Conserve 120 SC), and the industry standard for whitefly control, endosulfan (Thiodan 50 WP). In all three types of assay, spinosad was effective against immature and adult WFT life stages. It showed low toxicity to A. cucumeris, moderate toxicity to O. insidiosus and high toxicity to E formosa. Greenhouse studies involving exposure of immature and adult WFT and adult biological control agents to cucumber leaves sprayed previously with spinosad supported the laboratory data. Spinosad showed low toxicity to A. cucumeris exposed to leaves 1 day after treatment (DAT), moderate toxicity to O. insidiosus 1 and 8 DAT, and high toxicity to E. formosa up to 28 DAT. These data, along with spinosad's unique mode of action, suggest it would be a valuable reduced-risk control agent for greenhouse cucumber IPM programs.     

The contact toxicity of indoxacarb and five other insecticides to Orius insidiosus (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) and Aphidius colemani (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), beneficials used in the greenhouse industry

The contact toxicity of indoxacarb, abamectin, endosulfan, insecticide soap, S-kinoprene and dimethoate to Orius insidiosus (Say) and Aphidius colemani Viereck were studied in the laboratory. These beneficials are often used in the greenhouses to manage various insect pests. Indoxacarb is slow acting and therefore, to estimate lethal dosages, observations should be continued for several days until data stabilize. Seven days after treatment, the LC50 was 0.119 g AI litre(-1) for O insidiosus adults and 0.019 g AI litre(-1) for A colemani. At that time, the recommended field concentration was 0.479 times the LC50 for O insidiosus adults and three times the LC50 for A colemani. In contrast, indoxacarb had no adverse effect on the reproductive capacity of wasps surviving a treatment or the developing wasps in the aphid mummy. Among the other insecticides S-kinoprene was the most innocuous while dimethoate was the most toxic to the two beneficials. The other insecticides had overlapping toxicities.     

The effect of indoxacarb and five other insecticides on Phytoseiulus persimilis (Acari: Phytoseiidae), Amblyseius fallacis (Acari: Phytoseiidae) and nymphs of Orius insidiosus (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae)

A laboratory study assessed the contact toxicity of indoxacarb, abamectin, endosulfan, insecticidal soap, S-kinoprene and dimethoate to Amblyseius fallacis (Garman), Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot and nymphs of Orius insidiosus (Say). Amblyseius fallacis is a predacious phytoseiid mite and an integral part of integrated pest management (IPM) programmes in North American apple orchards. The other two beneficials are widely used in greenhouses to manage various arthropod pests infesting vegetable and ornamental crops. Indoxacarb is a slow-acting insecticide, so toxicity data were recorded 7 days post-treatment when the data had stabilised. It showed no toxicity to O. insidiosus nymphs or to A. fallacis or P. persimilis adults. The LC50 values for O. insidiosus nymphs and P. persimilis could not be estimated with their associated confidence limits, because the g values were greater than 0.5 and under such circumstances the lethal concentration would lie outside the limits. The LC50 for A. fallacis was 7.6x the label rate. The fecundity of P. persimilis was reduced by 26.7%. The eclosion of treated eggs from both species of beneficial mites was not affected adversely. Among the other pest control products, S-kinoprene and endosulfan affected adversely at least one species of the predators, whereas dimethoate, abamectin and insecticidal soap were very toxic to all three beneficials. Indoxacarb should be evaluated as a pest control product in IPM programmes.     

释放巴氏钝绥螨对温室大棚茄子上西花蓟马及东亚小花蝽数量的影响

在北京市门头沟碧琨种植中心的温室大棚茄子上释放巴氏钝绥螨后,调查统计对茄子上西花蓟马及东亚小花蝽数量的影响。结果表明:释放巴氏钝绥螨对温室大棚茄子上的西花蓟马的种群数量在其高峰期具有一定的压低作用,尤其是释放200头/m2巴氏钝绥螨效果更好。温室大棚茄子上自然发生的本地天敌东亚小花蝽的种群数量,在各处理间的总体趋势相同,随着西花蓟马的数量变化而变化。     

Field trial measuring the compatibility of methoxyfenozide and flonicamid with Orius laevigatus Fieber (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) and Amblyseius swirskii (Athias-Henriot) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) in a commercial pepper greenhouse

BACKGROUND: Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) are among the most serious pests of sweet peppers in greenhouses. Chemical control is difficult because of their high reproductive rates and insecticide resistance, and seasonal inoculative releases of Orius laevigatus (Fieber) and Amblyseius swirskii (Athias‐Henriot) are commonly used to reduce their populations. As chemical treatments are often needed in the crop against other pests, the side effects of methoxyfenozide (an insect growth regulator against lepidopteran pests) and flonicamid (a selective feeding inhibitor against sucking insects) were studied in both beneficial organisms in a commercial greenhouse. RESULTS: Orius laevigatus and A. swirskii were released at commercial rates (4–5 and 100 m^?2), and a strong establishment and a very homogeneous distribution were reached. One pesticide treatment with the maximum field recommended concentration of methoxyfenozide and flonicamid (96 and 100 mg AI L^?1) was done when they were well established, and their population levels were not affected either immediately or up to 30 days after treatment. CONCLUSION: The results are indicative of no impact of methoxyfenozide and flonicamid on the two natural enemies in the field, and both can be considered as potential alternatives to be included in IPM programmes in sweet pepper. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effects of a Chenopodium-based botanical insecticide/acaricide on Orius insidiosus (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) and Aphidius colemani (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

UDA-245 is a Chenopodium-based natural insecticide. Forty-eight hours after treatment with this compound, Orius insidiosus (Say) and Aphidius colemani Viereck showed slight contact toxicity at 5 g AI liter(-1). There was no residual toxicity to A colemani. These two beneficials are currently used in commercial flower and vegetable greenhouses for the management of thrips, spider mites, aphids and small caterpillars. In contrast, abamectin and insecticidal soap were toxic by contact to both species. UDA-245 did not reduce the number of eggs laid by treated O insidiosus. The eclosion of these eggs was also not adversely affected by UDA-245. The other two insecticides, abamectin and insecticidal soap had no effect on the emergence of A colemani from treated aphid mummies. However, abamectin decreased the percentage of aphid parasitism by A colemani following a residual treatment. The LC50 for UDA-245 for the two beneficials is slightly over twice the recommended field dose.     

5种生物制剂对设施蔬菜根结线虫防治技术研究

蔬菜根结线虫已成为内蒙古赤峰市设施蔬菜园区的主要病害,对黄瓜和番茄造成严重的产量损失,为了筛选高效、安全的生物杀菌剂,2011-2012年在赤峰市松山区设施蔬菜园区进行了5种不同生物杀菌剂对设施黄瓜和番茄根结线虫防治的田间试验,在黄瓜和番茄定植时用100亿cfu/g厚孢轮枝菌粉剂0.2kg/667m2撒施,2%阿维菌素+多聚糖乳油3 000倍稀释液灌根处理,0.2亿cfu/g淡紫拟青霉颗粒剂5kg/667m2撒施,10亿cfu/mL蜡质芽胞杆菌水剂6L/667m2灌根,1.8%阿维菌素乳油500倍稀释液灌根,设4次重复,并设空白对照。定植20d后再用同样的浓度和方法处理一次,结果表明:5种生物杀菌剂对黄瓜和番茄根结线虫的防治效果为20%~60%,10亿cfu/mL蜡质芽胞杆菌水剂效果最好,达到56.3%,同时可以提高黄瓜和番茄的商品性,适于在设施蔬菜上推广使用。     

手性农药毒性机制的对映体选择性

综述了手性农药在急性毒性、慢性毒性、细胞毒性、藻类与植物毒性及生物体富集方面的对映体选择性差异。大量研究显示,手性农药的不同对映异构体对于非靶标作用体的毒性存在显著差异,这种选择性差异既取决于手性农药的对映异构体,同时又与作用的受体相关。探讨了手性农药毒理学研究的重点和发展方向——在对映体水平上对手性农药的毒理机制进行全面深入的研究,对于评价农药对健康的风险及生产绿色高效的单一或复合的对映体农药具有指导意义。     

3种生物农药对西藏飞蝗的防治效果

西藏飞蝗是川西北草原主要的生物灾害之一,近年来平均危害面积在7.5万hm2左右,且呈现出逐年加重趋势。为加大对西藏飞蝗的防治力度,试验应用瑞·苏生防剂、2%阿维·苏云菌可湿性粉剂、1%苦参碱可溶液剂3种生物农药分别对西藏飞蝗进行小区和大面积防治试验,比较3种生物药剂的防治效果。结果表明,3种生物农药对西藏飞蝗的小区试验防治效果在89.99%~92.12%之间,大面积防治效果在86.50%~92.41%之间,均具有较高的防效,可作为防治川西草原西藏飞蝗的选用药剂。     

Challenges facing arthropod biological control: identifying traits for genetic improvement of predators in protected crops

Biological control is an efficient pest control method but there are still limitations that are hindering its wider adoption. Genetic improvement of biological control agents (BCAs) can help to overcome these constraints, but the choice of key attributes for better performance that need to be selected is still an open question. Several characteristics have been suggested but the harsh reality is that selective breeding of BCAs has received a lot of attention but resulted in very little progress. Identifying the appropriate traits to be prioritized may be the first step to reverse this situation. In our opinion, the best way is to look at the factors limiting the performance of key BCAs, especially generalist predators (pesticide compatibility, prey‐density dependence, non‐suitable crops, and extreme environmental conditions), and according to these challenges, to choose the attributes that would allow BCAs to overcome those limitations. The benefits of selection for higher resistance to toxins, whether artificially applied (pesticides) or plant produced (plant defenses); increased fitness when feeding on non‐prey food (supplemented or plant‐derived); and better adaptation to extreme temperature and humidity are discussed. In conclusion, genetic improvement of BCAs can bring about new opportunities to biocontrol industry and users to enhance biocontrol resilience. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry     

6种农药对瓜蚜的毒力测定及田间药效

为了筛选防治西瓜瓜蚜的有效药剂,用6种药剂进行了室内毒力测定和田间药效试验。结果表明,1.8%阿维菌素EC对瓜蚜的毒力最高,60g/L乙基多杀菌素SC毒力最低,48hLC50分别为0.38mg/L和2 225.63mg/L。6种药剂毒力大小依次为阿维菌素溴氰虫酰胺氟啶虫胺腈啶虫脒吡虫啉乙基多杀菌素。田间试验结果表明,1.8%阿维菌素EC 3 000倍、10%溴氰虫酰胺OD 2 000倍、22%氟啶虫胺腈SC 4 000倍对瓜蚜速效性及持效性均较好,3~14d防效均达到90%以上,防效差异不显著;20%啶虫脒WP 3 000倍和10%吡虫啉WP 3 000倍速效性及持效性均较差,1d防效分别为31.31%和6.66%,14d防效分别为57.39%和47.80%;60g/L乙基多杀菌素SC 1 000倍防效最差,药后14d的最高防效仅为34.70%。推荐田间轮换使用阿维菌素、溴氰虫酰胺、氟啶虫胺腈防治瓜蚜。     

介质效应对蔬菜农药残留检测的影响

在5种蔬菜样品的提取液中,分别加入13种农药混合标准溶液,蔬菜的介质效应对氧乐果、乙酰甲胺磷、甲胺磷、乐果残留量测定影响显著,农药浓度越低,影响越大,需要消除蔬菜中介质的干扰才能准确定量;对甲拌磷、甲基对硫磷和对硫磷影响不显著;蔬菜的介质效应对百菌清的影响在0.05mg/L时显著,对拟除虫菊酯类农药影响不显著,而且与农药浓度无关。     

香蕉叶斑病的药剂防治研究

通过室内筛选和田间试验,得到防治香蕉叶斑病的3种化学药剂组合和1种生物农药组合。复配药剂12.5%腈菌唑乳油+45%咪鲜胺水乳剂、40%氟硅唑乳油+45%咪鲜胺水乳剂和12.5%戊唑醇可湿性粉剂+12.5%腈菌唑乳油2年的田间防效均在71.6%～75.7%,显著高于1%中生菌素水剂+4%枯草芽胞杆菌水剂的防效。     

5种药剂及鲫鱼放养对摇蚊防治效果比较

莼菜是一种经济价值较高的睡莲科作物,常因摇蚊幼虫的为害而遭受较大的经济损失。为了筛选出莼菜田中摇蚊的有效防治方法,本研究选取了5种杀虫剂(阿维菌素、灭蝇胺、敌百虫、噻虫嗪、毒死蜱)进行田间防治试验,同时与莼菜田中放养鲫鱼的防治方法进行效果比较。结果表明,所选取的5种药剂和放养鲫鱼均能有效抑制摇蚊幼虫。其中,90%敌百虫原药的速效性较强,1.8%阿维菌素乳油和40%毒死蜱乳油次之,但是50%灭蝇胺可湿性粉剂和鲫鱼放养法的持效性较好,在21 d时,防治效果仍在85%以上。结合莼菜的食用特性,建议在大田生产中采用放养鲫鱼控制摇蚊。     

吡蚜酮等对烟粉虱的毒力测定和药效试验

本实验测定了吡蚜酮、吡虫啉、毒死蜱、吡丙醚4种药剂对烟粉虱成虫的室内毒力和田间药效,室内毒力测定结果显示：吡蚜酮、吡虫啉、毒死蜱、吡丙醚对烟粉虱成虫的LC50值分别为24.10、12.13、140.41、1211.5mg/L,相对于吡丙醚而言,吡蚜酮、吡虫啉、毒死蜱的毒力倍数为50.3,99.9,8.6。药效试验结果显示,在4种药剂中,毒死蜱和吡虫啉的药效明显的高于吡丙醚、吡蚜酮,吡丙醚的药效最差;显示毒死蜱的持效期短于吡虫啉,而新型杀虫剂吡蚜酮并没有显示良好的防效。     

保护地桃蚜种群时空动态与防治对策

连续两年调查北京地区保护地蟠桃和油桃桃蚜［Myzus persicae (Sulzer)］春季种群动态,结果表明：（1）保护地桃蚜源于上一年保护地内的越冬种群;（2）种群时间动态可分为发展、剧增、大发生和衰退4个阶段;（3）种群空间动态呈现出由保护地南侧向北侧、从树冠上层往中下层逐渐转移的发生趋势;（4）桃蚜发生量在保护地南侧多于北侧,树冠上层多于下层;（5）有翅蚜在种群剧增和衰退阶段大量出现。据此建议：（1）夏、冬季节不宜套种十字花科蔬菜等寄主植物;（2）冬季剪枝、清园,降低越冬蚜虫数量,在向阳处设置草垛诱集和保护越冬天敌,提高保护地内越冬天敌数量;（3）3月重点防治保护地南侧和树冠上层等温度回升快的方位;（4）5月下旬有翅蚜大量出现后,种群将迅速衰退,无需化学防治;（5）研究有翅蚜在防治中的指示作用。