浅析P2P技术在校园网中的应用

P2P技术是一种新型的网络模型,分析了P2P技术的概念和工作原理,阐述了P2P技术在校园网中的应用及存在的问题和解决办法。     

P2P网络安全综述

围绕节点信任问题、节点通信安全问题和版权问题,分析其研究现状并总结了一些解决策略,如建立信任模型、安全通信模型以及基于数字版权保护技术的系统和软件,展望了P2P网络安全未来的研究方向。     

一种基于P2P的Botnet防御模型

僵尸网络已经成为当前网络中的主要安全威胁,特别是随着对等网络技术的发展,僵尸网络在技术上充分采用结构化对等网络的组网技术,使得僵尸网络的鲁棒性大大提高,给人们带来的安全威胁也前所未有。为了更好地降低基于P2P的僵尸网络所带来的安全威胁,研究提出了一种基于P2P的Botnet防御模型PBDM,PBDM模型有四个部分构成,分别是检测、分析、入侵、反制。最后通过实验表明,PBDM模型具有很高的防御成功率。     

生物细胞色素P450的研究进展

简要介绍了生物细胞色素P450分布的多样性、P450的功能、P450在不同领域的研究现状与进展。鉴于P450的研究无论在理论上探索生物的生理代谢、选择进化和 生物与环境的关系方面，或在环境保护、农业生态、生物防治、作物基础工程和医药卫生等应用方面，都有广泛的实践意义，因此，应该受到更大的关注和重视。     

我国的磷矿资源和磷肥生产消费I.磷矿资源和磷肥生产

本文综述了我国P矿资源,P肥生产和消费情况。重点叙述我国P矿资源的特点和贮量以及90年代以来我国的P肥的产量和品种结构。     

农业用地施用生物固体废弃物---对全球P循环的贡献：综述

Phosphorus (P) is an essential nutrient required for plant development.Continuous population growth and rising global demand for food are expected to increase the demand for phosphate fertilizers.However,high-quality phosphate rock reserves are progressively becoming scarce.Part of the increased pressure on P resources could be alleviated by recycling P present in biosolids.Therefore,it is crucial to understand the dynamics of P in biosolid-amended soils,the effects of residual biosolid-borne P in soils,the way in which microorganisms may control P dynamics in biosolid-amended soils and the environmental implications of the use of biosolids as a source of P.Further research is needed to maximize biosolid-borne P uptake by crops and minimize its loss from biosolid-amended soils.The analysis of the microbiological control of P dynamics in biosolid-amended soils indicates interactions of biosolid P with other nutrients such as carbon (C) and nitrogen (N),suggesting that harmonization of the current regulation on the use of biosolids in agriculture,mainly based on total N and pollutant contents,is needed to better recycle P in agriculture.     

应用32P和3H示踪研究不同玉米自交系的抗旱特性

本研究以遮雨塑料棚控制灌水量及室内聚乙二醇 (PEG)模拟土壤干旱胁迫 ,利用示踪技术研究干旱胁迫下不同玉米自交系根系在苗期和生育中期对3 H、3 2 P的吸收特性 ,结果表明 ,在干旱胁迫下 ,玉米在苗期和大喇叭口时期对3 2 P和3 H的吸收均较对照有明显下降 ;抗旱性强的自交系下降幅度小 ,抗旱性弱的自交系下降幅度大。在所测的 1 0项指标中 ,苗期地上部3 H和3 2 P比活度 (PEG处理 )、苗期地上部3 2 P总活度 (盆栽 )、中期地上部3 2 P比活度 (盆栽 )与抗旱系数呈显著相关 ;苗期地上部3 H和3 2 P总活度 (PEG处理 )、中期地上部3 2 P总活度与抗旱系数呈极显著正相关。通过对各指标的敏感指数与抗旱系数的相关分析表明 ,苗期室内PEG模拟干旱条件下植株对3 2 P、3 H的吸收值可作为早期鉴定玉米抗旱性强弱的一个重要指标。     

本质素对土壤N、P转化及玉米产量的影响

研究造纸黑液中提取的木质素对土壤N、P转化及其对玉米生长和产量的影响结果表明,木质素可减缓NH4+向NO3氧化,且随其施用量的增加效果更显著.木质素与磷酸二铵混合施用效果最佳,其次为硫酸铵＞尿素.在30℃温度下培养27d,施用量为2%和5%的木质素可分别减少施尿素土壤N2O释放83%和96%;而施磷酸二铵的土壤则分别减少83%和93%.施用木质素可促进难溶性P的溶解,对作物生长极为有利.玉米盆栽试验中施用木质素的根系较发达、粗壮,平均株高、地上部和地下部的鲜物质量和干物质量均高于不施木质素的处理.木质素用量为50μg/g和200μg/g时玉米籽粒产量分别提高4.2%和18.8%.     

淹水条件下水稻田中磷的淋溶研究

采用地下垂直埋入钢管收集土壤淋溶液的方法，在江苏宜兴对水稻生长季节内稻田土壤中P向下迁移作了研究，重点主要集中在淋溶液中P的浓度、渗漏速度以及P的淋溶量测定几个方面。结果表明，在整个水稻生长季中淋溶液的溶解P与全P浓度均不高，溶解P的浓度维持在0．02mg／L以下，全P的浓度则在0．03-0．08mg／L之间；土壤直渗速度为0．53cm／天；本实验方法测得的淋溶量中，整个水稻生长季在施P量为30kg/hm^2的条件下，P的淋溶量为3．77kg/hm^2，其各土壤层次中土壤表层淋溶量所占比例最大，占各层总淋溶量的36％。     

水肥耦合效应研究 Ⅱ.不同N、P、水配合对旱地冬小麦产量的影响

本文通过统计分析洛阳地区近30年的降雨量,模拟洛阳地区不同的降雨年型,利用防雨旱棚研究旱地农田不同N、P、水配合对小麦产量影响。研究结果表明:在底墒水充足的情况下,N素对小麦产量影响最大,其次为P和水;N和水的交互作用对产量的影响＞N和P＞P和水;P肥、水分固定在高值还是低值,N肥对产量的影响规律基本上一致,N肥的最佳用量为330kg／hm2左右;N肥、水分固定在高值还是低值,P肥适宜时（225kg／hm2左右）产量最高,而且P肥过多或过少都使产量下降。     

不同施肥模式对菜—稻轮作农田土壤磷素径流损失与表观平衡的影响

采用田间小区定位试验(2015—2016年)研究了自然降雨条件下农户习惯性施肥(T1)、减量施肥(T2)及优化施肥(T3)不同施肥模式对太湖流域菜—稻轮作农田土壤磷素径流流失特征和磷素表观平衡的影响。结果表明:菜—轮作农田地表径流排水主要分布于强降雨(梅雨季、台风季)集中的水稻生长季,与降雨量呈显著线性正相关关系。磷素径流流失也集中在水稻季,各处理条件下,其流失量占周年流失总量的比例达74.75%~81.46%。农户习惯性施肥模式(T1)处理条件下,蔬菜季径流总磷平均浓度(0.55mg/L)显著高于水稻季(0.29mg/L),但磷素径流流失量(0.49kg/hm^2)却显著低于水稻季(2.13kg/hm^2)。减量施肥(T2)和优化施肥(T3)模式处理可显著降低蔬菜季、水稻季径流磷素浓度和菜—稻周年磷素径流流失量。较T1处理,T2和T3处理显著降低菜—稻周年TP径流流失量分别达22.48%和45.66%。菜—稻轮作农田土壤磷素盈余量呈现显著的施肥模式差异和季节差异,周年盈余量高达260.90kg/hm^2,且主要集中在蔬菜生长季(70.63%)。较T1处理,T2、T3处理显著降低周年磷素盈余量达38.47%~64.87%(P<0.05)。同时,虽然蔬菜产量在T2、T3处理下均显著下降,但较T2处理,T3处理对蔬菜、水稻及周年产量均无显著影响。可见,菜—稻轮作种植模式下,蔬菜季施用适量生物炭,稻季不施磷具有磷素减排、维持作物稳产和磷素表观平衡的协同效应。     

不同水分状况及施磷量对水稻土中速效磷含量的影响

通过室内培养试验研究了不同水分(淹水和60%田间持水量)及施P量对水稻土速效P及水层含P量的影响。结果表明,无论水分状况如何,土壤速效P含量随施P量的增加而呈明显增加趋势。土壤速效P出现富集的转折点因供试土壤而异,第三纪红壤性水稻土大致为P2O560~120mg/kg,而第四纪红壤性水稻土和黄泥土为P2O5120~180mg/kg。P肥施入土壤后,水溶性P主要存在于土壤溶液中,而分布于水层中的P相对较少。但在过量施P(P2O5>180mg/kg)时,施肥后短期内(0~30天),水层中P浓度较高(0.05~0.3mg/kg),如水分管理不当,则会造成P的损失。     

Short‐term effects of application of different rates of inorganic P and residue P on soil P pools and wheat growth

Phosphorus (P) can be added to soil as inorganic P or crop‐residue P, but little is known about how these two forms of P addition affect soil P pools and how their effect changes with the rate of P addition. A glasshouse experiment was conducted to assess the effect of inorganic P and P added as residues at different rates on (1) soil P pools at two time points: immediately after amendment and 42 d later, and (2) growth and P uptake by wheat at flowering (day 42). Three types of legume residues (faba bean young shoot, chickpea mature shoots with pods, and white lupin mature shoots without pods) were added to a loamy‐sand soil at a rate of 5 or 15 g residue kg^–1. Inorganic P was added at four different rates (3, 10, 30, and 100 mg P kg^–1) to give P‐addition rates corresponding to the total P added with the different residues at the two residue rates. Soil P pool concentrations (microbial P, resin‐P, NaHCO₃‐P, NaOH‐P, HCl‐P, and residual P) and wheat growth and P uptake (shoot and root) were measured after 6 weeks. Compared to inorganic P addition, P added with residues led to a 10%–80% greater increase in shoot biomass at the two highest P‐addition rates. Wheat P uptake was positively correlated with resin‐P and microbial‐P concentrations in residue‐P‐amended soil, but with resin‐P and NaOH‐P_i concentrations in soil amended with inorganic P. The concentration of HCl‐P decreased by up to 30% from day 0 to day 42 in the residue treatments and that of residual P decreased by about 20% in all treatments during this period suggesting that these nonlabile P pools are quite dynamic and could serve as P source for plants.     

不同农业土壤中有效磷的变化与磷平衡的关系

Maintaining soil phosphorus(P) at adequate levels for plant growth requires assessing how the long-term P balance(viz., the difference between P inputs and outputs) results in changes in soil test P. The hypothesis that routinely measured soil properties can help predict the conversion factor of P balance into Olsen P was tested at 39 sites in agricultural areas of the Mediterranean region in Spain. A set of soil samples from each site was analyzed for Olsen P, inorganic P(P extracted using 0.5 mol L~(-1) H_2SO_4), pseudototal P(P extracted using 0.5 mol L~(-1) H_2SO_4 following ignition at 550℃), and organic P(the difference between pseudototal P and inorganic P). Organic and Olsen P were uncorrelated in most of the 39 soil sets, which suggests that organic P content changed little with P inputs and outputs. The slopes of the regression lines of Olsen P against pseudototal and inorganic P, which were used as two different measures of the conversion factor, ranged widely(from 0.03 to 0.25 approximately), with their average values(about 0.10) being similar to those found in long-term experiments conducted in temperate areas. Neither conversion factor was significantly correlated with any routinely measured soil property; however, the conversion factor for inorganic P was significantly lower for calcareous soils than for noncalcareous soils. Our negative results suggest the need to isolate the influence of soil properties from that of management systems and environmental factors relating to P dynamics in future studies.     

Evaluation of Agronomic and Environmental Soil P Test Methods in a Network of Hungarian Long‐Term Field Trials

Abstract

Winter wheat shoot weight and phosphorus (P) concentrations, corn leaf weight and P concentrations, and soil AL, Olsen, H₂O, Bray 1, Pi (Fe-oxide impregnated paper strip) and AERM (anion exchange resin membrane) contents were determined in a network of uniform Hungarian national long‐term field trials. P application had a significant effect on soil P test values at different P levels and sites. The relationship between the different soil P test methods was studied separately for different soil groups (all, acid, and calcareous soils). Corn leaf weight was influenced by the sites much more than by soil P supply level, whereas corn leaf P percentage was influenced by both sites and P levels. For winter wheat, both sites and soil P levels had a positive effect on wheat shoot weight. Wheat shoot P percentage was influenced by the soil P supply much more than by the sites. Correlation between corn leaf P percentage and the Pi or AERM extractable P and between wheat shoot P percentage and the Pi and AERM P values was logarithmic.     

粪肥对不同磷水平土壤磷流失潜力的影响

田间试验结果表明,因施肥方式不同,粪肥施用对不同磷水平土壤磷流失潜力的影响也不相同。在施用的粪肥与表土混合的情况下,粪肥对土壤磷流失的增加量随土壤磷水平的提高而升高。但当粪肥表施不与土壤混合时,情况有所不同。在粪肥表施初期,无论是高磷土壤还是低磷土壤,地表径流中磷浓度都达到较高水平,施肥引起的土壤磷流失的增加量以低磷土壤更为明显。但粪肥表施较长时间后,粪肥对土壤磷流失的增加量也随土壤磷水平的提高而升高。总的来说,控制地表径流磷流失的效果是粪肥与土混施优于表施,流域内粪肥处置应优先施于土壤磷水平较低的土壤中。     

Composts Vary in Their Effect on Soil P Pools and P Uptake by Wheat

With diminishing world reserves of phosphorus (P) deposits and rising fertilizer prices, it is important to find alternate sources of P for crops. The aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of four different composts C1 (animal manure and straw), C2 (garden waste), C3 (wood chips and bark), and C4 (kitchen waste) on soil P pools and P uptake by wheat on 14, 28, and 72 days after compost application. The composts were applied as a 2.5 cm thick layer on the soil surface. During sampling, only the soil underlying compost was sampled. Soil pH and total organic carbon were not affected by the amendments. Soil respiration was significantly higher in compost-amended soils compared with the unamended soil except with C4 on day 72. Addition of composts increased plant growth, and P uptake being highest on day 72 with C1 and C4. With little effect on available P concentration on day 14, there was a conversion of organic P into inorganic P in the compost treatments suggesting net mineralization of organic P on day 28. On day 72, the concentrations of the less labile P forms were higher in the compost treatments compared with the unamended suggesting precipitation and fixation as well as synthesis of organic P. This study showed that mulching with composts having high available and total P concentrations can provide plants with P and also increase soil P concentrations which could reduce the fertilizer requirement for the following crop.