我国北方冬小麦籽粒中的戊聚糖含量及其相关分析

戊聚糖是小麦面粉加工和食品品质重要的影响因子。本研究测定了我国北方冬麦区77个品种(系)籽粒中的戊聚糖含量和蛋白质、湿面筋、沉降值、千粒重等性状。结果表明,不同品种的戊聚糖含量变幅为4.82%~7.28%,戊聚糖含量与籽粒饱满度、湿面筋含量和沉淀值之间存在着极显著的正相关关系,与千粒重具有极显著的负相关关系。同时对“间苯三酚-冰醋酸法”测定小麦戊聚糖的含量进行了讨论。     

2003年-2009年中国旱地小麦品种蛋白质品质分析

本试验研究近3年来中国不同区域旱地小麦蛋白质品质变化规律,研究结果可为小麦品种改良和食品加工提供理论依据.通过对2003年-2009年我国4个国家区域试验冬、春小麦旱地组的217个区试品种(系)小麦样品的籽粒蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、沉淀值、稳定时间和最大拉伸阻力进行分析.结果表明:旱地春小麦的蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、面团稳定时间平均高于旱地冬小麦,3项指标以东北春麦旱地组最高;按照稳定时间、蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量分类,强筋和中筋品种比例分别为12.4％和30.9％,弱筋小麦品种只占0.5％.比较9个品质指标品种间的变异,以面团稳定时间最大、容重最小.稳定时间的变异约为蛋白质和湿面筋含量的10倍以上,而后两者变异程度相近.     

雨养条件下不同筋力小麦品种籽粒形态、品质性状及产量要素分析

为明确雨养条件下不同筋力类型小麦品种品质性状、产量要素构成和籽粒形态间的关系,于2017—2020年小麦生长季开展田间试验,选用黄淮海地区主推的5个强筋小麦品种和11个中筋小麦品种为材料,采用近红外光谱分析技术测定籽粒吸水率、硬度、容重、沉降值、蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、面团形成时间、面团稳定时间、延伸性、最大抗延阻力,并采用种子图像分析技术测定籽粒长度、宽度、厚度、面积等主要形态指标,分析不同品种籽粒形态、品质性状及产量要素的相关性。结果表明,对16个供试小麦品种的综合品质进行聚类分析,共划分为5种类型,三年度中Ⅴ类小麦品种(师栾02-1、济麦20和泰科麦33)品质指标显著高于其余类小麦品种,其中,强筋小麦品种济麦20产量显著高于其余强筋小麦品种,中筋小麦品种烟农999、泰麦1918、烟农173产量显著高于其余中筋小麦品种,且泰麦1918品质较好且较稳定。小麦籽粒形态(籽粒长度、宽度、厚度、面积)和千粒重呈显著正相关关系,而二者与小麦品质性状呈显著负相关关系。综上考虑,强筋小麦品种济麦20和中筋小麦品种泰麦1918是适宜半湿润偏旱的鲁东地区雨养条件下种植的高产优质小麦品种,近红外光谱分析技术与种子图像分析技术的综合利用可作为小麦品质检测的有效技术方法。本研究结果可为鲁东地区高产优质小麦品种的筛选与品质分析鉴定提供理论依据。     

弱筋小麦品质评价指标研究

为了确定评价弱筋小麦品质的核心指标,建立弱筋小麦品质评价体系,本研究以长江中下游麦区推广的9个弱筋品种为试验材料,连续进行4年种植试验,测定其籽粒蛋白质含量、籽粒硬度,湿面筋含量、面筋指数、沉淀值和溶剂保持力(SRC)等面粉理化指标,粉质仪和吹泡仪等面团流变学特性参数并制作曲奇饼干测试饼干直径、厚度等品质参数。结果表明,弱筋小麦多数品质性状受基因型和环境共同影响,其中蛋白质含量、硬度、沉淀值、水SRC、碳酸钠SRC、乳酸SRC、吹泡仪参数、粉质仪弱化度以及曲奇饼干直径、厚度均表现为基因效应大于环境效应;弱筋小麦的籽粒蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、粉质仪吸水率、粉质仪形成时间、粉质仪稳定时间、粉质仪粉质质量指数在各品种间无显著差异;弱筋小麦的硬度、面筋指数、水SRC、碳酸钠SRC、吹泡仪弹性(P值)、吹泡仪弹性/延伸性(P/L值)、粉质仪弱化度在各小麦品种间差异显著(P<0.05),上述指标与曲奇品质呈显著或极显著相关性,可作为评价弱筋小麦品质的重要指标。优质弱筋小麦品质评价标准推荐为:硬度≤25,面筋指数≥80%,水SRC≤60%,碳酸钠SRC≤75%,吹泡仪P值≤40 mm、延伸性(L值)≥95 mm、P/L值≤0.45,75≤弱化度≤95。对连续种植4年的不同弱筋小麦品质性状进行聚类分析,发现扬麦13、扬麦9号、扬麦19为优质弱筋小麦。本研究结果为弱筋小麦品种选育提供了支撑。     

不同追氮时期对两种筋型小麦产量和品质的影响

选用强筋小麦临优145和中筋小麦临优2018,在田间条件下研究追氮时期对其产量和品质的影响。结果表明,在氮肥用量一定时,以拔节期追氮两个品种的产量最高;随着追氮时期的后延,其蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、干面筋含量、沉降值成上升趋势。不同筋型小麦的粉质参数变化不同,高筋小麦临优145随追氮后延逐渐变优,中筋小麦临优2018冬追较好。     

钾对强筋小麦产量和品质的调控效应

采用盆栽试验方法研究了钾对强筋小麦产量和品质的影响。结果表明，施用钾肥能增加小麦株高、穗长、千粒重及穗粒数，因而显著提高小麦产量，小麦增产10．2％～24．8％。施用钾肥能提高小麦籽粒蛋白质含量和湿面筋含量，但对籽粒沉降值的影响不大。     

豫中南地区优质强筋小麦产量和品质的适宜氮磷配比研究

在驻马店小麦产区针对氮磷配合施用对优质强筋小麦的产量和品质效应进行试验研究。结果表明:合理氮磷比以12∶7配施,即每公顷施氮180 kg、五氧化二磷105 kg可使优质强筋小麦增产幅度明显提高,籽粒蛋白质含量提高0.7%~2.8%,湿面筋提高了1.8%~4.9%,吸水量提高了0.9~5.3 mL,稳定时间提高了0.5~4.8min,对沉降值影响较小。氮肥用量是影响产量和品质的主导因素,增施氮肥可提高蛋白质和湿面筋含量,提高吸水量和稳定时间,合理增施磷肥可促进蛋白质含量、湿面筋、吸水量和稳定时间的提高,随着施磷量增加到一定程度,加工品质反而下降。     

不同土壤类型对不同筋力型小麦产量和品质的影响

2003~2005年在潮土、褐土、砂浆黑土和水稻土四种河南主要土壤类型上,研究了不同土壤类型对强筋型小麦(郑麦9023)、中筋型小麦(豫麦49-986)、弱筋型小麦(豫麦50)的产量和品质的影响。结果表明,强筋型小麦(郑麦9023)和弱筋型小麦(豫麦49-986)在潮土和褐土上能够获得较高的籽粒产量、蛋白质含量、蛋白质产量,取得较好的面粉品质和面团品质,而中筋型小麦(豫麦50)在水稻土和砂姜黑土上比在潮土和褐土上能够获得较高的蛋白质含量、蛋白质产量和谷/醇比,也能够取得较优的面粉品质和面团品质。     

灌水量对不同小麦品种籽粒品质、产量及土壤硝态氮含量的影响

选用强筋小麦济麦20和中筋小麦泰山23两个品种，在大田条件下设置不灌水（0mm）、灌水180mm，240mm和300mm4个处理，研究了灌水量对籽粒品质和产量及土壤硝态氮含量的影响。结果表明，灌水180mm和240mm的处理比不灌水和灌水300mm的处理提高了强筋小麦济麦20的籽粒谷蛋白含量、谷蛋白含量／醇溶蛋白含量比值（谷／醇比值）、谷蛋白大聚合体（GMP）含量和湿面筋含量，延长了面团稳定时间，改善了籽粒品质；中筋小麦泰山23的不灌水处理的籽粒蛋白质含量高于灌水180mm，240mm和300mm的处理，但是GMP含量、湿面筋含量和面团稳定时间各处理间无显著差异。两品种的籽粒产量均以灌水240mm的处理最高，但泰山23灌水180mm的处理与灌水240mm的处理无显著差异。随灌水量增加，土壤中的硝态氮向深层土壤的淋溶增加。本试验条件下，综合考虑品质、产量和土壤中硝态氮的淋溶，济麦20和泰山23可供生产中参考的灌水量分别为180～240mm和180mm。     

小麦品质指标与冠层光谱特征的相关性的初步研究

该文通过研究冬小麦体内生化组分之间的相互关系得出，开花期叶片全氮含量与类胡萝卜素与叶绿素a的比值之间存在极显著的负相关，决定系数为0.7245，通过研究光谱指数与叶片生化组分的关系得出开花期冬小麦叶片的类胡萝卜素与叶绿素a的比值与光谱结构不敏感植被指数(SIPI)之间存在极显著的正相关，决定系数达到0.7207，且研究了冠层生化组分与籽粒品质指标间的关系，得出开花期叶片全氮与籽粒蛋白质、湿面筋、干面筋和沉降值之间存在极显著正相关。小麦不同品质指标间存在相关性，其中蛋白质品质性状间的粗蛋白含量与湿面筋含量、     

花后土壤干旱和渍水对不同专用小麦籽粒品质的影响

在温室盆栽条件下,以4个籽粒蛋白质含量不同的小麦基因型为材料,研究了花后土壤干旱(SRWC=45%～50%)、渍水和适宜水分条件(SRWC=75%～80%)下小麦籽粒主要品质特性。干旱显著提高各品种籽粒蛋白质含量、谷蛋白含量及谷蛋白/醇溶蛋白比值,并显著提高面粉干/湿面筋含量。渍水显著降低了籽粒谷蛋白含量及谷蛋白/醇溶蛋白比值。干旱和渍水均显著降低籽粒淀粉产量和支链淀粉含量,直链淀粉含量提高,从而不同程度地降低籽粒直/支链淀粉比。干旱和渍水对各品种籽粒面筋指数、沉降值和降落值的影响因品种而异。与对照相比,干旱和渍水下小麦籽粒各品质性状间的相关性降低,表明土壤水分逆境下各籽粒品质特征值与正常水分条件下差异明显,从而改变了专用小麦的籽粒品质特性。     

Relationship Between Soft Wheat Flour Physicochemical Composition and Cookie‐Making Performance

Nowadays in Argentina, cookies, crackers, and cakes are made of flour obtained from bread wheat with additives or enzymes that decrease the gluten strength but increase production costs. The present research work aims to study the relationship between flour physicochemical composition (particle size average [PSA], protein, damaged starch [DS], water soluble pentosans [WSP], total pentosans [TP], and gluten), alkaline water retention capacities behavior, solvent retention capacities profile (SRC) and cookie‐making performance in a set of 51 adapted soft wheat lines with diverse origin to identify better flour parameters for predicting cookie quality. Cookie factor (CF) values were 5.06–7.56. High and significant negative correlations between sucrose SRC (–0.68), water SRC (–0.65), carbonate SRC (–0.59), and CF were found, followed by lactic SRC that presented a low negative but significant correlation (r = –0.35). The flour components DS (r = –0.67), WSP (r = –0.49), and TP (r = –0.4) were negatively associated to CF. PSA showed a negative correlation with CF (r = –0.43). Protein and gluten were the flour components that affected cookie hardness, but no significant correlation were found with pentosan or DS content. A prediction equation for CF was developed. Sucrose SRC, PSA, and DS could be used to predict 68% of the variation in cookie diameter. The cluster analysis was conducted to assess differences in flour quality parameters among genotypes based on CF. Clusters 1 and 4 were typified by lower CF (5.70 and 5.23, respectively), higher DS, pentosan content, and SRC values. Cluster 2 with a relative good CF (6.47) and Cluster 3 with the best cookie quality, high CF (7.32) and low firmness, and the lowest DS, TP, WSP content, and sucrose SRC values.     

Quality Requirements of Soft Red Winter Wheat for Making Northern‐Style Chinese Steamed Bread

Flours of 19 soft red winter (SRW) wheat varieties having protein contents of 6.6–9.9% were used to determine the suitability of SRW wheat for making northern‐style Chinese steamed bread (CSB) and the influences of flour characteristics on the quality attributes of CSB. Fourteen varieties produced CSB of acceptable to good quality with a total score greater than 70. Both protein content and dough strength‐related parameters, including sodium dodecyl sulfate sedimentation (SDSS) volume, wet and dry gluten contents, and midline peak time (MPT), were significantly associated with the quality attributes of CSB. The rapid viscosity analyzer setback value exhibited significant negative correlations with specific volume, smoothness, crumb structure, and total score of CSB. Stepwise multiple regression analysis indicated that 89% of variability in total scores of CSB could be predicted from SDSS volume, wet gluten content, and MPT. Contributions of high‐molecular‐weight glutenin subunits 7*+8 and 5+10 to flour characteristics, specific volume, stress relaxation score, and total score of CSB were greater than those of their counterpart allelic variations. Absence of the 1B/1R translocation in SRW wheat varieties was desirable for the production of CSB.     

灌水和生长调节剂对有色小麦产量和品质的影响

以有色小麦皖麦38、绿麦1号和kz6061为材料,在大田条件下,研究灌水和生长调节剂对有色小麦产量和品质的影响。结果表明,灌水处理对有色小麦千粒重、容重、籽粒产量和蛋白质产量影响不显著,灌3水较灌2水处理显著提高有色小麦醇溶蛋白含量,而显著降低干、湿面筋含量。不同粒色小麦的籽粒产量和蛋白质产量差异显著,kz6061的籽粒产量和蛋白质产量均显著高于皖麦38和绿麦1号。蛋白质及其组分含量、沉降值、面筋含量和面筋指数在不同粒色小麦中差异显著,沉降值和面筋指数以皖麦38最高,干、湿面筋含量以kz6061最高。生长调节剂处理对皖麦38的清蛋白和球蛋白,绿麦1号的球蛋白,kz6061的清蛋白、球蛋白、醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白含量均有一定影响,对有色小麦面筋指数亦有显著影响。     

不同追施氮肥处理对冬小麦产量和品质的影响

以不同品质类型的2个小麦品种为试验材料,采用2因素随机区组设计,研究了不同品种和氮肥追施处理对产量和品质的影响.结果表明,在底肥量和追肥总量相同的条件下,适当增加开花期追施氮肥的比例有利于提高产量,处理间差异显著,品种间产量差异不显著;不同追肥处理对总蛋白含量影响不显著,但对清蛋白、醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白含量影响显著;追肥处...     

Flour Characteristics Related to Optimum Water Absorption of Noodle Dough for Making White Salted Noodles

Physicochemical properties of 34 wheat flours with various classes and different protein contents were related to optimum water absorption of noodle dough. Club and soft wheat flours generally exhibited higher water absorption (34–37%) of noodle dough than hard wheat flours (31–35%). Optimum water absorption of noodle dough in three hard wheat flours with five different protein contents was 33–37%. Optimum water absorption was negatively correlated with flour protein content and SDS sedimentation volume. Physical properties of flour, damaged starch content, NIRS hardness and water retention capacity, influenced optimum water absorption of noodle dough from club, soft and hard wheat flours. A prediction equation developed using protein content, water retention capacity and SDS sedimentation volume of flour provides a reliable estimation of the optimum absorption of noodle dough for making noodles.     

氮素水平对单作和间套作小麦玉米品质影响的比较研究

以间套作小麦玉米、单作小麦和单作玉米为研究对象 ,研究了在间套作和单作条件下氮素水平对小麦、玉米品质的影响。结果表明 ,间套作小麦和单作小麦相比具有明显的间套作品质优势 ,且间套作小麦表现出明显的边行品质优势。在相同施氮水平下 ,间套作小麦的蛋白质含量、沉淀值、干、湿面筋含量等品质指标均明显高于单作小麦 ,施氮水平显著改善单作和间套作小麦的品质指标 ;而间套作玉米和单作玉米相比则表现出明显的间套作品质劣势 ,在相同施氮水平下 ,间套作玉米的蛋白质含量、脂肪含量、百粒重等品质指标明显低于单作玉米 ,施氮水平显著改善间套作玉米的蛋白质含量、脂肪含量、百粒重等品质指标。     

小麦面粉蛋白品质与其加工特性的关系

文中收集了我国2010年收获的83个小麦品种用以研究小麦面粉中蛋白质数量及质量对面粉加工特性的影响。结果表明,面粉的蛋白质含量与SDS沉降值、粉质及拉伸参数大部分指标间存在显著或极显著相关性。湿面筋含量与SDS沉降值、形成时间、延伸度呈极显著正相关,与其它各指标间相关性不显著。单个亚基对小麦加工品质的影响在Glu-A1位点上2*> 1>Null;在Glu-B1 位点上13+16>17+18>14+15> 7+9>7+8>6+8;在Glu-D1 位点上5+10>4+12>2+12。     

Effects of Salinity and Drought Stress on Grain Quality of Durum Wheat

This work aimed to assess the influences of soil salinity and drought stresses on grain quality characteristics of selected salt-tolerant genotypes differing in salinity tolerance in durum wheat. This study was conducted under control, drought, and saline field conditions in separate experiments during 2 years. A randomized complete block design with three replications was used for each experiment. The results showed significant effects of genotype and environmental conditions on all grain-quality related traits. Salt and drought stress caused the significant increment of grain protein content, wet and dry gluten contents, and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) sedimentation volume. Thousand-grain weight, grain protein yield, and test weight reduced significantly under both salinity and drought stress conditions. Protein content showed positive correlation with wet gluten, dry gluten, SDS sedimentation, and volume and strong negative correlation with other traits. It is concluded that influence of salinity stress was greater than drought stress on grain protein yield and some other grain-quality-related traits.