Differentiation stage-specific inhibition of the Raf-MEK-ERK pathway by Akt

Extracellular signals often result in simultaneous activation of both the Raf-MEK-ERK and PI3K-Akt pathways (where ERK is extracellular-regulated kinase, MEK is mitogen-activated protein kinase or ERK kinase, and PI3K is phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase). However, these two signaling pathways were shown to exert opposing effects on muscle cell hypertrophy. Furthermore, the PI3K-Akt pathway was shown to inhibit the Raf-MEK-ERK pathway; this cross-regulation depended on the differentiation state of the cell: Akt activation inhibited the Raf-MEK-ERK pathway in differentiated myotubes, but not in their myoblast precursors. The stage-specific inhibitory action of Akt correlated with its stage-specific ability to form a complex with Raf, suggesting the existence of differentially expressed mediators of an inhibitory Akt-Raf complex.     

Coactivation of receptor tyrosine kinases affects the response of tumor cells to targeted therapies

Targeted therapies that inhibit receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and the downstream phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathway have shown promising anticancer activity, but their efficacy in the brain tumor glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and other solid tumors has been modest. We hypothesized that multiple RTKs are coactivated in these tumors and that redundant inputs drive and maintain downstream signaling, thereby limiting the efficacy of therapies targeting single RTKs. Tumor cell lines, xenotransplants, and primary tumors indeed show multiple concomitantly activated RTKs. Combinations of RTK inhibitors and/or RNA interference, but not single agents, decreased signaling, cell survival, and anchorage-independent growth even in glioma cells deficient in PTEN, a frequently inactivated inhibitor of PI3K. Thus, effective GBM therapy may require combined regimens targeting multiple RTKs.     

卵巢颗粒细胞自噬与PI3K/AKT/FOXO3a信号通路的相关性

细胞自噬是哺乳动物细胞物质代谢的一个重要机制,与细胞凋亡共同参与卵巢卵泡的发育和闭锁,并发挥重要的作用。近年研究发现,磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶/蛋白激酶B（phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B,PI3K/AKT）信号通路参与卵巢疾病的发生。PI3K和AKT的过度激活可使原始卵泡过早发育以及卵泡过快凋亡,卵巢颗粒细胞作为卵泡发育重要的支持细胞,其功能的减退或凋亡很可能引发一系列女性内分泌方面的疾病。FOXO3a转录因子是PI3K/AKT信号通路下游的重要靶蛋白之一,参与抗增殖和凋亡。本文就关于卵巢颗粒细胞自噬与PI3K/AKT/FOXO3a信号通路的相关进展加以综述。     

PI3Kgamma is a key regulator of inflammatory responses and cardiovascular homeostasis

Class I phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathways regulate several important cellular functions, including cellular growth, division, survival, and movement. Class IB PI3K (also known as PI3Kgamma) links heterotrimeric GTP-binding protein-coupled receptors to these pathways. Activation of class IB PI3K results in the rapid synthesis of phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate [PtdIns(3,4,5)P3] and its dephosphorylation product PtdIns(3,4)P2 in the plasma membrane. These two lipid messengers bind to pleckstrin homology domain-containing effectors that regulate a complex signaling web downstream of receptor activation. Characteristic features of this pathway are the regulation of protein kinases and the regulation of small guanosine triphosphatases that control cellular movement, adhesion, contraction, and secretion. Most of the ligands that activate class IB PI3K are involved in coordinating the body's response to injury and infection, and recent studies suggest that small molecule inhibitors of this enzyme may represent a novel class of anti-inflammatory therapeutic agents.     

Mechanism of divergent growth factor effects in mesenchymal stem cell differentiation

Closely related signals often lead to very different cellular outcomes. We found that the differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells into bone-forming cells is stimulated by epidermal growth factor (EGF) but not platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). We used mass spectrometry-based proteomics to comprehensively compare proteins that were tyrosine phosphorylated in response to EGF and PDGF and their associated partners. More than 90% of these signaling proteins were used by both ligands, whereas the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway was exclusively activated by PDGF, implicating it as a possible control point. Indeed, chemical inhibition of PI3K in PDGF-stimulated cells removed the differential effect of the two growth factors, bestowing full differentiation effect onto PDGF. Thus, quantitative proteomics can directly compare entire signaling networks and discover critical differences capable of changing cell fate.     

五指山猪和长白猪背最长肌蛋白组学研究

为比较五指山猪和长白猪生长后期肌肉生长发育的差异,以6、8月龄五指山猪和长白猪为试验对象,采用同位素标记相对和绝对定量技术(iTRAQ)对其背最长肌总蛋白进行鉴定,结合生物信息学技术筛选品种间和品种内差异蛋白,并对其进行KEGG通路富集分析。结果表明：4组样品中共鉴定到1713个蛋白;五指山猪和长白猪品种间比较,6、8月龄猪中分别有460、337个差异的蛋白;品种内2个生长阶段比较,五指山猪和长白猪中分别有421、275个差异蛋白;2种比较均为上调的差异蛋白数多于下调差异蛋白数;KEGG通路分析发现,在五指山猪和长白猪品种间,6、8月龄在2个品种间的差异蛋白富集到差异显著(P<0.05)的条目分别为34、33个,在品种内,五指山猪和长白猪在2个生长阶段间的差异蛋白富集到差异显著(P<0.05)的条目分别为24、14个;在品种内发现了调控骨骼肌分化过程中发挥着重要作用的PI3K/AKT信号通路和影响脂肪沉积的PPAR信号通路,在品种间除了这2种外,还发现有肌纤维类型发育相关的糖酵解/糖异生信号通路;品种内2个比较组在PPAR和PI3K/AKT信号通路分别有10、9个共同表达的基因,品种间2个比较组在糖酵解/糖异生、PI3K/AKT和PPAR信号通路分别有10、13、9个共同表达的基因,对这些信号通路中共同表达的基因进行分析后筛选到一些与肌肉生长发育和脂肪代谢相关的关键基因。     

干扰KISS1基因对猪卵巢颗粒细胞功能的影响

【背景】卵泡是卵巢的基本结构和功能单位,其主要功能是排卵和分泌激素。颗粒细胞能促进卵泡发育,其过度凋亡能抑制卵泡发育,诱导卵泡闭锁,进而降低雌性动物发情频率,影响雌性动物繁殖力。现已有研究发现,KISS1在卵巢组织中发挥着重要作用。【目的】研究通过干扰KISS1,以阐释KISS1对猪卵巢颗粒细胞凋亡、周期及分泌雌激素能力的影响,为完善KISS1在猪颗粒细胞中的分子调控机制提供一定的依据。【方法】设计KISS1的干扰片段KISS1-siRNA,转染体外培养的母猪卵巢颗粒细胞,通过实时定量PCR（quantitative real time PCR, qRT-PCR）检测干扰KISS1对母猪卵巢颗粒细胞中磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶（phosphoinositide 3-kinase, PI3K）信号通路部分基因转录水平的影响;采用流式检测法、Annexin V- FITC及ELISA技术,分别探究干扰KISS1对颗粒细胞周期、凋亡及雌二醇（estradiol, E₂）分泌量的影响,最后使用qRT-PCR技术检测KISS1对雌激素受体及雌激素信号通路关键基因转录水平的影响。【结果】在猪颗粒细胞内,干扰KISS1后,PI3K通路激活相关基因PIK3CG、PI3CI、PDK1及AKT1转录水平下降,其中关键基因AKT1的转录水平显著降低（P<0.05）,PI3K通路激活抑制相关基因FOXO3、TSC2及BAD转录水平也有所降低;干扰KISS1后,颗粒细胞周期在细胞分裂间期（G0/ G1）阻断,细胞的凋亡率显著上升,细胞中E₂的浓度显著降低（P<0.01）,雌激素受体ESR1和ESR2及雌激素通路的基因Star、CYP17、3B-HSD、17B-HSD和CYP19A转录水平也相应显著下降（P<0.05）。【结论】KISS1能够参与猪颗粒细胞PI3K和雌激素通路,干扰KISS1能够使卵巢颗粒细胞阻滞在细胞分裂间期,促进颗粒细胞凋亡,降低颗粒细胞分泌雌激素的能力,表明KISS1对于卵巢颗粒细胞的分裂与生长、雌激素分泌具有重要作用。     

多囊卵巢综合征与PI3K/Akt信号通路的关系

多囊卵巢综合症(PCOS)是女性常见的生殖功能障碍性疾病,主要表现为卵巢的雄激素过多及排卵障碍,是引起女性不排卵性不孕的主要原因。PCOS患者主要表现为胰岛素抵抗和高胰岛素血症,而PI3K/Akt信号通路是胰岛素发挥生理作用的主要信号通路,并且Akt的下游底物GSK-3是糖原合成的主要调控因子,本文就PI3K/Akt与胰岛素抵抗的关系做一综述,并对PCOS的治疗进行了展望。     

PI3K信号通路关键基因在猪卵泡发育中的表达规律

【目的】研究不同时期猪卵巢卵泡发生的形态特征及磷脂酰肌醇3–激酶(Phosphoinositide 3-kinase,PI3K)信号通路关键基因在卵泡发生发育中的作用。【方法】通过HE染色观察12日龄、30日龄、70日龄、20月龄卵泡期及黄体期、48月龄的长大二元母猪卵巢卵泡发育的形态变化,应用实时荧光定量PCR检测PI3K通路关键基因在这些时期的表达规律,并通过Western blot法检测PI3K通路重要的下游效应因子p-rpS6在不同时期猪卵巢的表达情况。【结果】12日龄母猪卵巢皮质边缘有大量的原始卵泡,皮质与髓质交界处可见少量初级卵泡及个别的次级卵泡;30日龄母猪卵巢次级卵泡数量增加;70日龄出现3级卵泡;20月龄卵泡期、黄体期分别有大量成熟卵泡、大体积的黄体;48月龄较难观察到原始卵泡。PI3K通路抑制因子PTEN、TSC1、TSC2与激活因子PDK1、AKT1、mTOR的mRNA均在12日龄表达量最高,70日龄、48月龄表达量次之,30日龄和20月龄表达量最低;下游效应基因rpS6的mRNA 30日龄表达量最高,20和48月龄表达量最低,p-rpS6蛋白在12日龄、20月龄、48月龄母猪卵巢高表达,在30日龄、70日龄中几乎不表达。【结论】PI3K通路关键基因在不同时期母猪卵巢中的表达水平不同,说明该通路参与了猪卵泡的早期发生及卵泡成熟的调控过程。     

PI3K/Akt信号转导通路在ALV-J感染中作用的初步研究

 【目的】探讨ALV-J在宿主细胞中复制与PI3K/Akt信号转导通路的关系。【方法】将血管瘤病变型ALV-J毒株HN06和骨髓瘤病变型ALV-J毒株NX0101分别感染DF-1细胞,通过Western blot、Real-time PCR、IFA和ELISA等方法,观察细胞Akt蛋白磷酸化水平、病毒RNA表达水平和病毒蛋白表达水平等指标。【结果】HN06株和NX0101株在体外细胞中复制水平有差异。HN06株的早期感染可引起Akt转导通路的活化,病毒引起的Akt磷酸化具有病毒滴度依赖性,而且能被PI3K特异性抑制剂LY294002所抑制,表明HN06株诱导的Akt活化是PI3K途径依赖的。LY294002可在病毒感染早期呈剂量依赖性地显著降低受染细胞中HN06 RNA水平、囊膜蛋白水平和细胞培养物上清中的病毒粒子含量。【结论】PI3K/Akt信号转导通路活化对HN06株在细胞感染早期具有重要的作用,该结果与已报道的有关细胞PI3K/Akt信号转导通路参与NX0101株的早期感染的结论一致。本研究为进一步阐明ALV-J入侵宿主细胞和复制的精确机制等研究奠定了基础。     

MET amplification leads to gefitinib resistance in lung cancer by activating ERBB3 signaling

The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) kinase inhibitors gefitinib and erlotinib are effective treatments for lung cancers with EGFR activating mutations, but these tumors invariably develop drug resistance. Here, we describe a gefitinib-sensitive lung cancer cell line that developed resistance to gefitinib as a result of focal amplification of the MET proto-oncogene. inhibition of MET signaling in these cells restored their sensitivity to gefitinib. MET amplification was detected in 4 of 18 (22%) lung cancer specimens that had developed resistance to gefitinib or erlotinib. We find that amplification of MET causes gefitinib resistance by driving ERBB3 (HER3)-dependent activation of PI3K, a pathway thought to be specific to EGFR/ERBB family receptors. Thus, we propose that MET amplification may promote drug resistance in other ERBB-driven cancers as well.     

磷脂酰肌醇3-磷酸对UV-B诱导蚕豆保卫细胞中过氧化氢产生和气孔关闭的影响

【目的】研究磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶（PI3K）催化产物磷脂酰肌醇3-磷酸（PI3P）对紫外线B（UV-B）诱导保卫细胞中过氧化氢（H2O2）产生和气孔关闭的影响,为进一步阐明植物细胞转导UV-B辐射信号的机制提供依据。【方法】以蚕豆（Vicia faba L.）表皮条为材料,采用PI3K的抑制剂沃曼青霉素（WM）和LY294002（LY）来抑制PI3P的形成,采用二苯基碘（DPI）和水杨基氧肟酸（SHAM）分别抑制H2O2形成的NADPH氧化酶途径和细胞壁过氧化物酶途径,通过气孔开度分析和激光扫描共聚焦显微镜技术,确定PI3P在0.8 W•m-2 UV-B辐射诱导蚕豆保卫细胞H2O2产生和气孔关闭中的作用。【结果】WM和LY能显著抑制UV-B诱导的保卫细胞H2O2产生和气孔关闭;外源H2O2处理能显著逆转WM和LY对UV-B诱导气孔关闭的抑制效应,但WM和LY不能抑制外源H2O2诱导的气孔关闭;UV-B诱导的保卫细胞H2O2产生和气孔关闭能被活性氧清除剂和SHAM显著抑制,但不能被DPI抑制。【结论】PI3P通过诱导蚕豆保卫细胞中产生于过氧化物酶途径的H2O2形成来介导UV-B辐射诱导的气孔关闭。     

卵形鲳鲹卵巢不同发育时期的转录组测序分析

【目的】鉴定筛选出与卵形鲳鲹卵巢发育相关的候选基因及信号通路,为揭示其卵巢性成熟过程的分子机制打下基础。【方法】挑选卵巢发育处于?期和Ш期的雌性卵形鲳鲹,分别构建卵形鲳鲹卵巢?期和Ш期的cDNA文库,采用Illumina HiSeqTM 2500进行转录组测序,经过滤、质量控制及拼接组装后获得的Unigenes在七大数据库（Nr、Nt、Pfam、KOG/COG、Swiss-Prot、KEGG和GO）中进行比对;通过FPKM及DEGseq筛选出差异表达基因,以GOseq和KOBAS对差异表达基因分别进行功能注释及信号通路富集分析,并采用MISA和GATK3进行SSR鉴定及SNP分析。【结果】卵形鲳鲹卵巢组织转录组测序获得的325156432条Raw reads,经过滤筛选得到317206752条Clean reads,拼接组装后得到59554条Unigenes;69.65%的Unigenes在Nr、Nt、Pfam、KOG/COG、Swiss-Prot、KEGG和GO等七大数据库中注释成功,其中有24599条Unigenes被注释到GO数据库,15997条Unigenes被注释到KEGG数据库。在卵形鲳鲹卵巢组织的2个发育时期共鉴定获得56115个基因,经差异表达分析后获得17737个差异基因,其中8169个基因在卵巢Ш期上调表达、9568个基因在卵巢Ш期下调表达。GO功能注释分析发现,卵形鲳鲹卵巢差异表达基因主要注释在细胞过程、氮化合物代谢过程、初级代谢过程、核、核部分、离子结合及水解酶活性等条目上;而KEGG信号通路富集分析结果显示,17737个差异表达基因显著富集在318条代谢途径上,其中前20条KEGG信号通路包括2-氧代羧酸代谢、PI3K-Akt信号通路、甲状腺激素信号通路、磷脂酶D信号通路、Fc εRI信号通路和细胞周期等。卵形鲳鲹卵巢转录组（59554条Unigenes）中共存在30133个SSRs和82490个SNPs。【结论】GnRHR、FSHR、FSHβ、CYP11A、SIRT3和PEG3等差异表达基因及PI3K-Akt信号通路和VEGF信号通路等与卵形鲳鲹卵巢的发育密切相关,共同调节卵巢的发育与成熟,在卵巢性成熟过程中发挥重要作用。     

miR-142-3p在MCF-7细胞中靶向调节AKT pathway活性机理

为探究miR-142-3p在MCF-7细胞中作用机理,采用RNA免疫共沉淀技术和双荧光素酶报告基因技术筛选及验证miR-142-3p作用靶基因;蛋白质免疫印迹技术验证靶基因及其介导的PI3K-AKT-mTOR信号通路蛋白表达量及通路活性;应用实时荧光定量PCR验证靶基因PTEN对miR-142-3p调节关系。结果表明,miR-142-3p靶向调节AKT和PTEN表达;miR-142-3p过表达组中PI3K-AKT-mTOR通路活性显著降低;miR-142-3p抑制组中PI3K-AKT-mTOR通路活性显著上升;抑制PTEN表达显著提高miR-142-3p表达量。因此miR-142-3p靶向调节AKT和PTEN表达继而抑制PI3K-AKT-mTOR信号通路活性,PTEN与miR-142-3p存在调节关系。     

Ca~(2+)信号介导川芎嗪诱导小鼠骨髓间充质干细胞向神经细胞的定向分化

用含2.4 mg.mL-1川芎嗪提取液对小鼠骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSCs)进行诱导,探讨川芎嗪体外诱导BMSCs分化为神经元样细胞的作用.应用EGTA(细胞外Ca2+螯合剂)、Nifedipine(L-型Ca2+通道阻断剂)和LY294002(PI3K阻断剂)等Ca2+阻断剂分别作用细胞,RT-PCR和Western blot技术研究Ca2+信号在川芎嗪诱导BMSCs分化为神经细胞过程中的作用.结果表明:川芎嗪作用不同时间的BMSCs均可见Nestin、β-Tubulin Ⅲ、NSE和Nurrl的表达;川芎嗪诱导后的细胞浆内Nestin和NSE蛋白表达呈阳性.EGTA、Nifedipine及LY294002分别阻断细胞外Ca2+、L-型Ca2+通道及PI3K后,NSE和Nurr1基因及NSE蛋白表达较川芎嗪诱导组显著上调.以上结果说明川芎嗪能使BMSCs定向分化为神经元样细胞,细胞内、外Ca2+的减少可促进川芎嗪诱导BMSCs向神经细胞的分化,Ca2+信号在川芎嗪诱导BMSCs向神经细胞定向分化过程中起负调控作用.     

Activation of polyphosphoinositide hydrolysis in T cells by H-2 alloantigen but not MLS determinants

Murine minor lymphocyte-stimulating (Mls) determinants are cell surface antigens that stimulate strong primary T cell responses; the responding T cells display restricted T cell receptor (TCR) V beta gene usage. Interaction of T cells with mitogens or major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens activated the polyphosphoinositide (PI) signaling pathway, but this pathway was not triggered by Mls recognition. However, interleukin-2 (IL-2) secretion and proliferation to all three stimuli were comparable. Thus, although recognition of both allo-H-2 and Mls determinants is thought to be mediated by the TCR, these antigens appear to elicit biochemically distinct signal transduction pathways.     

Central role for G protein-coupled phosphoinositide 3-kinase gamma in inflammation

Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) activity is crucial for leukocyte function, but the roles of the four receptor-activated isoforms are unclear. Mice lacking heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G protein)-coupled PI3Kgamma were viable and had fully differentiated neutrophils and macrophages. Chemoattractant-stimulated PI3Kgamma-/- neutrophils did not produce phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate, did not activate protein kinase B, and displayed impaired respiratory burst and motility. Peritoneal PI3Kgamma-null macrophages showed a reduced migration toward a wide range of chemotactic stimuli and a severely defective accumulation in a septic peritonitis model. These results demonstrate that PI3Kgamma is a crucial signaling molecule required for macrophage accumulation in inflammation.     

印楝素对小菜蛾胚胎细胞增殖和凋亡的影响

【目的】探讨印楝素对小菜蛾Plutella xyllostella胚胎细胞增殖和凋亡的影响及可能的机制。【方法】将体外培养的小菜蛾胚胎细胞分为印楝素处理组和未处理组,采用CCK-8试剂盒检测细胞增殖的抑制率,激光共聚焦镜检PI染色后的细胞死亡和DAPI染色后的凋亡小体,通过Western-blotting检测各组细胞Caspase-3的表达情况以及通路蛋白Akt的磷酸化水平。【结果】印楝素对小菜蛾胚胎细胞有明显的增殖抑制作用,且呈现浓度依赖性,24 h的IC_(50)为4.4μg·mL~(-1)。印楝素处理后的细胞经PI染色后能明显观察到死亡细胞,DAPI染色后可见凋亡小体;Caspase-3蛋白发生剪切,并且抑制Akt的磷酸化水平。【结论】印楝素对小菜蛾胚胎细胞的增殖有明显的抑制作用,并通过抑制Akt信号通路的活化,诱导细胞产生依赖于Caspase-3的Ⅰ型凋亡。     

阻断PI3K/AKT通路通过激活FoxO1抑制 猪骨骼肌卫星细胞分化

【目的】在骨骼肌生长或损伤刺激下,骨骼肌卫星细胞被激活、增殖分化形成肌管,促进骨骼肌的生长发育或修复组织创伤。FoxO1负调控骨骼肌的生成,但在骨骼肌卫星细胞分化过程中的作用未见报道。因此,笔者探索FoxO1对猪骨骼肌卫星细胞分化的影响,希望为深入研究FoxO1调控骨骼肌生长发育的作用机理奠定基础。【方法】以1-3日龄健康大白猪为材料,采用单根肌纤维法分离培养猪骨骼肌卫星细胞,接种第2天、第4天和第6天在倒置显微镜下观察细胞形态并拍照。在细胞分化第8天,用免疫荧光染色方法染肌管,DAPI染核,并在荧光倒置显微镜下观察拍照。 待细胞汇合至70%-80%时,将培养基换成含50 nmol•L-1 渥曼青霉素（wortmannin,WM）的分化培养基,分别于细胞分化第0天、第4天和第8 天收集细胞,提取总RNA和总蛋白,采用real-time qPCR和Western blotting方法检测WM对FoxO1以及骨骼肌卫星细胞分化标志基因表达的影响。【结果】猪骨骼肌卫星细胞在接种第2天开始贴壁,呈梭形。第4天细胞数量增加,部分发生融合。第6天时细胞呈方向性生长。第8天细胞进一步融合形成肌管。WM处理组的FoxO1 mRNA表达水平未发生显著变化（P＞0.05）,非磷酸化的FoxO1蛋白表达显著高于对照组（P＜0.05）,而p-FoxO1蛋白表达较对照组显著下降（P＜0.05）。WM处理组的细胞在分化第8天,虽然也出现了蜂窝状生长,但是与对照组相比细胞未呈方向性生长并形成肌管。Western blotting结果显示,WM明显抑制猪骨骼肌卫星细胞分化早期标志基因MyoD、中后期标志基因MyoG和末期标志基因MyHC蛋白的表达。【结论】以WM阻断PI3K信号通路能使FoxO1去磷酸化,抑制猪骨骼肌卫星细胞的分化,延迟肌管的形成,并降低成肌分化标志基因MyoD、MyoG和MyHC的表达。总之,阻断PI3K信号通路通过激活FoxO1抑制猪骨骼肌卫星细胞分化。