新开发园田土壤培肥与蔬菜增产

对新开发园田用人粪土杂肥、沼气渣与化肥不同配比施用对土壤的培肥效果及蔬菜产量进行了初步探讨。经２－３年的试验结果表明：新无田在保证一定蔬菜产量的同时，又逐步提高土壤肥力，使土壤培肥与蔬菜增产同趟进行，应采用有机，无机肥配合施用措施。有机，无机肥应以１：×，５：５为好，无机肥要氮磷钾合理配比。有机无机肥配合施用使土壤物理性状有所改善，土壤养分，土壤酶活性有显著提高     

培肥措施培肥土壤的效果与机理研究进展

土壤肥力是农业可持续发展的基础资源,培肥是维持农业土壤肥力水平最主要的措施之一,藉以补偿由于养分随农产品收获及农作物废弃物(如秸秆)带出农田对土壤养分库亏损造成的影响。如何对农田土壤进行有效培肥,达到既提高作物产量和品质,又使农田土壤保持较高肥力,同时有效控制农业面源污染,维护农田良好生态环境,已成为目前农业现代化面临的重要课题之一。本文综述了国内外有关培肥措施与土壤肥力水平关系的研究进展,重点阐述了培肥措施与土壤基本理化性状、土壤酶活性、土壤微生物肥力指标、土壤动物肥力指标之间关系的规律,并指出培肥措施与土壤肥力关系方面今后的研究重点,主要包括:有机肥的精细化高效化投入与土壤肥力关系研究、土壤动物学肥力指标的深入研究、土壤长期培肥的土壤生物学过程研究、土壤培肥与农业面源污染问题研究。本文旨在为通过合理培肥措施来提高农田土壤肥力及维护农田良好生态环境方面的深入研究提供科学依据。     

陇东旱塬土壤施肥培肥效果研究

在旱塬覆盖黑垆土上５年定位试验结果表明,单施有机肥能增加土壤有机质及全氮含量,随施用年限延长,作物产量呈上升趋势;单施氮肥易造成土壤磷失调,单施磷则造成氮失调;氮磷肥配施增产效果显著,有较好的培肥作用;有机肥与氮磷肥配合施用兼有提高产量和培肥土壤的作用,因此它是陇东旱塬土壤培肥的主要途径。     

宅基地复垦土壤培肥效果研究

宅基地复垦设施土壤培肥的目的是为了合理有效地利用土地资源,使复垦土壤迅速恢复农业生产。试验采取4因素3水平随机组合设计。结果表明:增施高量有机肥能够提高宅基地复垦土壤有机质和速效养分,与对照相比有机质提高65.22%;水解氮增加2.31倍;速效磷增加3.26倍;速效钾提高66.53%。T1、T5、T7处理能够迅速改善复垦土壤物理结构,与基础土壤相比降低土壤容重16.35%～25.45%;增加土壤总孔隙度14.62%～21.51%;毛管孔隙度增加11.89%～15.66%;非毛管孔隙度增加25.55%～38.32%;与对照相比土壤渗水系数提高了12.0～17.4倍;能够明显提高蔬菜产量,平均增幅44.01%～53.51%。筛选出的"有机肥+无机肥+脱硫石膏改良剂"、"有机肥+无机肥+秸秆"为天津地区宅基地复垦土壤培肥适宜模式。     

水稻秸秆的腐解特征及其培肥增产作用研究

为推进秸秆资源的循环利用,改善农田土壤质量,利用田间小区试验研究了水稻秸秆还田后的腐解特征,分析了水稻秸秆还田后对土壤性质及油菜产量的影响,结果表明:水稻秸秆的腐解率一直呈增加趋势,腐解速率早期快后期慢;水稻秸秆在耕作后还田腐解效果要大于免耕还田;水稻秸秆还田不仅提高了土壤养分含量,而且提高了油菜的产量。     

玉米植株残体培肥土壤的研究

采用土培试验对玉米植株残体施人后土壤理化性质及有机质组成的变化进行了分析。结果表明，土壤加入玉米植株残体后，土壤微生物生物量碳和氮含量提高，土壤的阳离子交换量增强，松结合态、联结合态和紧结合态腐殖质的含量增加，稳结合态腐殖质的相对含量下降，土壤中五碳糖和六碳糖的含量升高，土壤胶体活性变强。玉米秸秆和根茬对土壤的培肥作用存在差异。     

麦棉两肥四种技术的增产与培肥作用研究

通过１９８８－１９９３年的绿一位压青试验和１９９１－１９９４年的示范推广，摸清了在麦棉两熟区棉花采取营养钵轩移栽“三一”式规范种植条件下，麦棉两肥四种配套技术和插套两肥的改土培肥增产效果。为麦棉两熟复种条件下恢复发展绿肥拓出了一条新路。     

氮肥投入水平对蔬菜地硝态氮淋洗特征的影响

通过3年的田间定位试验研究了不同施N条件下蔬菜地NO3--N淋洗浓度及淋洗量的变化。结果表明:在农民习惯的传统施N处理(花椰菜为450kg/hm2,苋菜为100kg/hm2,菠菜为309kg/hm2)下蔬菜地NO3--N的淋洗浓度明显高于2个优化施N处理下蔬菜地的NO3--N淋洗浓度。在花椰菜、苋菜和菠菜生长期内,2个优化施N处理下蔬菜地NO3--N平均淋洗量分别是传统施N处理下蔬菜地NO3--N平均淋洗量的19%、18%、9%和13%、34%、21%。试验期间传统施N处理下蔬菜地NO3--N年季平均累积淋洗量约占年季平均施N量的一半,其中休闲期NO3--N平均累积淋洗量占年季平均累积施N量的20%;而其他2个优化施N处理NO3--N年季平均累积淋洗量是年季平均累积施N量的27%,休闲期NO3--N平均淋洗量占年季平均累积施N量的6%,而处理间蔬菜产量并未受到明显影响。     

Kinetics of Soil Urease in Four Agricultural Soils Affected by Urease Inhibitor PPD at Contrasting Moisture Regimes

An incubation test was conducted on four agricultural soils to investigate effects of phenyl phosphorodiamidate (PPD) on soil urease kinetics at contrasting moisture regimes with contrasting fertility levels. The PPD made the Michaelis constant (Km) increase and the maximum enzyme reaction velocity (Vmax) decrease, behaving as a mixed inhibitor. With incubation time, Km first increased and then decreased under saturation condition, whereas it decreased under field-moist condition, the opposite of the changes of Vmax. Compared with black soil and albic soils, brown and cinnamon soils had larger Km and lower Vmax and Vmax/Km ratios, indicating that the effectiveness of PPD was greater in soils with low fertility. Compared with brown soil and cinnamon soil, black soil and albic soil showed more increases in Km and decreases in Vmax. To apply PPD under waterlogged, saturated, and low-fertility conditions could be a reasonable way to increase fertilizer nitrogen (N)–use efficiency.     

氢醌对淹水土壤脲酶动力学特征的影响

通过模拟试验研究了正常水分和淹水条件下氢醌影响的土壤脲酶动力学特征。结果显示,培养时间、土壤类型、土壤水分及其相互作用显著影响土壤脲酶动力学参数的变化。与对照相比,HQ使土壤脲酶Km增加和Vmax降低,表明HQ属于典型的混合型抑制剂。随着培养时间延长,在正常水分和淹水条件下,HQ处理土壤脲酶Km降低,而Vmax和Vmax/Km升高。褐土脲酶Km的增加幅度及Vmax和Vmax/Km的降低幅度远远大于其它3种供试土壤。与正常水分相比,淹水对土壤脲酶动力学参数无显著性影响。相关分析表明,土壤脲酶动力学参数Km、Vmax和Vmax/Km与土壤理化性质存在显著的相关关系。     

Release of sulphate, potassium, calcium and magnesium from spent mushroom compost under laboratory conditions

The release of sulphate-sulphur (SO₄ ^2–-S), potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) from soil amended with spent mushroom compost (SMC), a by-product of mushroom production, was measured for 16 weeks in an open laboratory incubation at 25°C. Rates of application were up to 80 t ha^–1 moist SMC (0.84% SMC dry weight) both with and without inorganic fertilizer. The rates of nutrient application in the inorganic fertilizer were: 338 kg ha^–1 N, 100 kg ha^–1 of both phosphorus and K, and 114 kg ha^–1 S. SMC contains 1.7% K, 6.5% Ca, 0.4% Mg and 1.2% S (of which 87% is inorganic), and has a carbon:sulphur ratio of 26. The release of SO₄ ^2–-S was rapid, and was described using either a first or mixed order exponential equation, or (underestimated) by the CENTURY model. The release of K, Ca and Mg was initially rapid (first order) and then declined to a constant rate (zero order). Their release was also described using first/first order or first order/parabolic diffusion equations. Model parameters indicated the relative sizes of both readily releasable and recalcitrant nutrient pools. The recovery of SMC-supplied nutrients in the absence of fertilizer was 75–83% of the S, 40–45% of the K, 14–20% of the Ca and 43–66% of the Mg. When fertilizer was applied 33–45% of the S, 22–36% of the K, 12–24% of the Ca and –4 to 20% of the Mg that were supplied by the SMC and fertilizer were recovered in the leachate. The generally lower nutrient recovery when fertilizer was applied could have resulted from the incomplete recovery of fertilizer S and K, from soil fixation of applied nutrients, and from the lower pH following fertilizer application. Received: 3 April 1997     

施用有机肥和化肥对菜田土壤酶动态特性的影响

通过露地田间栽培黄瓜试验,研究施用有机肥和化肥对土壤中性磷酸酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶和转化酶动态特性的影响。结果表明,露地菜田土壤酶活性随土层的加深而减弱,0～10cm土层酶活性明显高于10～20cm。菜田耕层土壤酶活性季节性变化明显,作物旺盛生长期土壤酶活性高,而作物生长初期和末期,土壤酶活性较低。施用有机肥、化肥在一定条件下可以改变土壤酶活性。施用半腐熟有机肥,生育初期酶活性低,生育后期逐渐升高;施用氮肥,在黄瓜各个生育期均不同程度地降低了酶的活性,而增施磷、钾肥却不同程度地提高了酶的活性。     

玉米生长期土壤抗蚀性特征及其影响因素分析

土壤抗蚀性是评定土壤抵抗土壤侵蚀能力的重要参数之一,为了摸清川中丘陵区土壤抗蚀力变化特征,该文通过野外调查与室内分析相结合方法,开展玉米生长期土壤抗蚀性特征及其影响因素研究。研究结果表明:玉米季各生育期土壤抗蚀指数随着土粒浸水时间延长均呈下降趋势,0～20 cm土层抗蚀指数均大于20～40 cm土层。各生育期土壤抗蚀指数总体特征表现为:苗期-小喇叭口期土壤抗蚀指数呈较小的增长趋势,小喇叭口期-抽雄期土壤抗蚀指数呈大幅增加并于抽雄期达最大,抽雄期-成熟期土壤抗蚀指数却呈小幅下降趋势。随玉米生育期推进,土壤抗蚀性总体表现为:抽雄期成熟期大喇叭口期小喇叭口期苗期。玉米植株对土壤抗蚀性的增强效应主要体现在大喇叭口期-成熟期,0～20 cm土层土壤抗蚀性增强效应明显优于20～40 cm土层。土壤抗蚀性与土壤容重和2 mm水稳性团聚体呈显著正相关,与土壤有机质含量和0.25 mm水稳性团聚体分别呈极显著正相关和负相关,与含根量、根系表面积、根系体积和总根长呈极显著正相关。研究成果为区域水土流失防治措施配置及土壤侵蚀预报提供理论依据。     

香菇菌棒灭菌乏汽余热回收供热系统性能分析

香菇菌棒工业化生产灭菌工艺中余热外排浪费严重,同时造成了热污染和乏汽冷凝水无序飘洒等问题.为解决该问题,对灭菌工艺的乏汽和冷凝水进行了余热回收利用系统设计与实际应用,并对工程实测数据进行了分析.研究结果表明,供暖季余热用于香菇菌棒培养棚和厂区办公楼、宿舍楼等建筑的供暖,供水温度范围36～48℃,每日供热量在8～18 G...     

Role of nitrite and nitric oxide in the processes of nitrification and denitrification in soil: Results from N tracer experiments

Recent research has proven soil nitrite to be a key element in understanding N-gas production (NO, N₂O, N₂) in soils. NO is widely accepted to be an obligatory intermediate of N₂O formation in the denitrification pathway. However, studies with native soils could not confirm NO as a N₂O precursor, and field experiments mainly revealed ammonium nitrification as the source of NO. The hypothesis was constructed, that the limited diffusion of NO in soil is the reason for this contradiction. To test this diffusion limitation hypothesis and to verify nitrite and NO as free intermediates in native soils we conducted through-flow (He/O₂ atmosphere) ¹⁵N tracer experiments using black earth soil in an experimental set up free of diffusion limitation. All of the three relevant inorganic N soil pools (ammonium, nitrite, nitrate) were ¹⁵N labelled in separate incubation experiments lasting 81 h based on the kinetic isotope method. During the experiments the partial pressure of O₂ was decreased in four steps from 20% to about 0%. The net NO emission increased up to 3.7 μg N kg⁻¹ h⁻¹ with decreasing O₂ partial pressure. Due to the special experimental set up with little to no obstructions of gas diffusion, only very low N₂O emission could be observed. As expected the content of the substrates ammonium, nitrate and nitrite remained almost constant over the incubation time. The ¹⁵N abundance of nitrite revealed high turnover rates. The contribution of nitrification of ammonium to the total nitrite production was approx. 88% under strong aerobic soil conditions but quickly decreased to zero with declining O₂ partial pressure. It is remarkable that already under the high partial pressure of 20% O₂ 12 % of nitrite is generated by nitrate denitrification, and under strict anaerobic conditions it increases to 100%. Nitrite is present in two separate endogenous pools at least, each one fed by the nitrification of ammonium or the denitrification of nitrate. The experiments clearly revealed that nitrite is almost 100% the direct precursor of NO formation under anaerobic as well as aerobic conditions. Emitted N₂O only originated to about 100% from NO under strict anaerobic conditions (0-0.2% O₂), providing evidence that NO is a free intermediate of N₂O formation by denitrification. To the best of our knowledge this is the first time that NO has been detected in a native soil as a free intermediate product of N₂O formation at denitrification. These results clearly verify the “diffusion limitation” hypothesis.     

还原型谷胱苷肽(GSH)作用下土壤磷酸酶动力学特性研究

采用室内培养方法研究还原型谷胱苷肽(GSH)对黑土和棕壤磷酸酶动力学特性的影响。结果显示480mgkg-1(以风干土重计)的GSH处理的黑土磷酸单酯酶、三酯酶和棕壤的二酯酶、三酯酶Vmax值显著大于对照,证明GSH是通过增大酶量实现Vmax值的增大。试验中GSH处理的棕壤磷酸单酯酶及黑土的磷酸二酯酶Km值显著低于对照,说明GSH改变了酶结构,增强了酶与底物的亲和力。     

赣南稀土尾矿山土体硝态氮累积特征研究

稀土开采会造成大量浸矿剂（硫酸铵）残留在土壤中，高浓度铵态氮（NH4+-N）可能在生物化学作用下转化为硝态氮（NO3--N）。为探明NO3--N在稀土尾矿山土体内的含量及影响因素，明确硝酸盐污染程度，本研究选择赣南地区一个离子型稀土原地浸矿尾矿山，由表土分层采样至基岩面，并分析土壤NO3--N及相关的理化性质。研究结果表明，尾矿山土体NO3--N含量变异范围非常大（2.80~193.99 mg·kg-1），其平均值为46.30±55.16 mg·kg-1，表层土壤NO3--N含量均值为5.16 mg·kg-1，与自然土壤相近；含矿层土壤NO3--N含量均值为48.64 mg·kg-1，是自然土壤的10倍。尾矿山土体深部含矿层土壤NO3--N含量明显高于表层， NO3--N含量随深度的分布规律与自然土壤相反，这是矿体部分残留大量浸矿剂造成的。土壤NH4+-N含量主导了NO3--N的产生量，但NO3--N在土体不同深度、山体不同部位的累积量还受降雨淋溶及NO3--N迁移过程的控制。开采结束4年后，尾矿山内累积的NO3--N仍不断向环境中释放。长期来看，尾矿山土壤中富集的NH4+-N将不断转化为NO3--N并随水迁移，持续威胁生态环境及人类健康。本研究可为稀土原地浸矿场地土壤及下游水体污染的评价和治理提供理论基础与科学支撑。