反刍动物瘤胃内源氮代谢研究进展

蛋白质需要量研究是反刍动物蛋白质营养的核心, 而准确测定进入瘤胃并被微生物利用的内源氮是测定饲料蛋白质真消化率和反刍动物蛋白质需要量的关键步骤。为此, 文章综述了近30年内关于反刍动物内源氮来源、内源氮代谢的研究方法、进入瘤胃的内源尿素氮、内源总氮以及各部分氮对合成微生物氮的贡献的研究进展。     

表面活性剂调控瘤胃营养功能研究进展

表面活性剂分为化学表面活性剂和生物表面活性剂两大类,非离子表面活性剂和生物表面活性剂作为新型反刍动物饲料添加剂,可通过改变瘤胃液乳化特性、瘤胃微生物种群数量、分泌酶活性、酶吸附能力和瘤胃发酵模式,来增强瘤胃微生物对粗饲料的降解能力,进而提高反刍动物生产性能。综述提出了表面活性剂在反刍动物瘤胃营养调控领域的研究重点。     

通过提高牛胃内氢的利用率降低甲烷排放量

牛、羊、骆驼等反刍动物所排放的甲烷 ,是极为重要的温室效应气体。为了抑制牛羊所排放的甲烷 ,牛羊体内甲烷生成机制的研究及减排措施的研究便成为学者们关注的热点。过去报道主张用舔砖抑制甲烷的排放 ,但近年这种趋势有所变化。反刍动物有 4个胃 ,其中瘤胃内有许多微生物栖息。在厌氧条件下 ,这些微生物把难于消化的草转换成乙酸、丙酸等低分子酸后供牛利用。此外 ,反刍动物也把在瘤胃内繁殖的微生物作为氨基酸的供给源予以利用。在反刍动物的瘤胃内还有甲烷菌 ,它以微生物的作用产生的氢和二氧化碳为基质合成甲烷 ,但甲烷不被机体利用而…     

蛋白质和过瘤胃脂肪对晋南牛瘤胃发酵和尿嘌呤衍生物的影响

为探究蛋白质和富含不饱和脂肪酸的过瘤胃脂肪对瘤胃发酵和尿嘌呤衍生物的影响,选用4头装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的晋南阉牛,按照蛋白质需要量的85%、100%和115%设计3个水平,并在此基础上添加0、2.5%、5.0%和7.5%的亚麻油制作的钙皂作为过瘤胃脂肪,采用3×4两因素设计,共形成12组饲粮组合,测定瘤胃pH、氨态氮浓度(NH_3-N)浓度、挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)含量以及尿嘌呤衍生物(PD)的排出量。结果表明,蛋白质和过瘤胃脂肪水平对瘤胃pH均无显著影响。蛋白质水平对NH_3-N浓度影响显著,9组NH_3-N显著高于1、2、3、4和8组,10组显著高于3和8组;对丙酸和乙酸、丁酸、乙酸/丙酸及总酸分别具有极显著和显著影响,5组的乙酸浓度较1、2、3和4组显著提高,9、10和11组瘤胃液中的丙酸浓度较1和2组显著提高,12组较2组显著提高,10组的丁酸浓度显著高于7和8组,1和2组的乙酸/丙酸比值显著高于9、10和11组;对精补料养分有效降解率影响极显著,对秸秆有机物(OM)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)分别具有极显著和显著影响,10组精补料粗蛋白质(CP)瘤胃有效降解率显著高于2、3、4、5、6、7和8组,1、9、11和12组显著高于4、5、6、7和8组;对玉米秸秆中ADF瘤胃有效降解率6、7和8组显著高于除5和12组之外的其余各组,5和12组显著高于除9和11组之外的其余各组;对尿囊素和尿嘌呤衍生物有显著影响,12组的尿囊素和尿嘌呤衍生物显著高于1和4组,11组尿酸显著高于其余组。综上,饲粮蛋白质水平对瘤胃发酵和尿嘌呤衍生物具有显著影响,饲粮蛋白质水平为饲养标准需要量前提下,过瘤胃脂肪适宜添加量为饲粮的5%。本研究结果为肉牛养殖中日粮过瘤胃脂肪添加量及蛋白质水平提供了一定的依据。     

减少反刍动物甲烷排放的措施

本文论述了降低反刍动物甲烷排放的可能方法,其中包括:在日粮中添加天然物或化学品抑制瘤胃甲烷产生;补充营养元素提高瘤胃微生物生长效率;使用生长和性能促进剂;改变可在肠内消化的饲料成份避免在瘤胃中发酵消化;处理秸杆提高消化率以及改善管理水平提高动物生产率,减少动物总数。     

粘土矿物对蛋白质氮矿化的影响

本试验以粘粒(蒙脱)和蛋白质(明胶)为基本材料,较详细地研究了粘土矿物对蛋白质氮矿化的影响。指出:1.蛋白质与粘粒所处的状态不同,能导致蛋白质氮分解率的不同,其中复合物中的蛋白质氮分解率小于混合物,而后者又小于纯蛋白质氮;2.对于复合物或混合物来说,蛋白质在其中的比例越大其分解率就越大,而纯白质氮则相反,3.蛋白质-粘粒中的氮或纯蛋白质氮在土壤中的分解率小于在石英砂基质上的分解率,即土壤具有保护蛋白质氮免遭微生物分解的作用,不同土壤的这种保护作用不一样,主要是由于不同土壤粘土矿物的不同所致。     

施氮量对土壤无机氮分布和微生物量氮含量及小麦产量的影响

在高肥力土壤条件下,研究了施氮量对土壤无机氮分布和微生物量氮含量及小麦产量的影响。结果表明,小麦生长期间,施氮处理0100.cm土层硝态氮积累量显著大于不施氮处理;当施氮量大于150.kg/hm2时,随施氮量增加,0100.cm土层硝态氮积累量显著增加;随小麦生育进程推进,施氮处理上层土壤硝态氮下移趋势明显,至小麦成熟时,施氮1952～85.kg/hm2处理60100.cm土层硝态氮含量显著大于其它处理。小麦生长期间,0100.cm土层铵态氮积累量较为稳定,施氮处理间亦无显著差异。与不施氮肥相比,施氮提高小麦生长期间040.cm土层土壤微生物量氮含量;当施氮量小于240.kg/hm2时,随施氮量增加,土壤微生物量氮含量增加。小麦的氮肥利用率随施氮量增加而降低;施氮1051～95.kg/hm2,收获时小麦植株吸氮量、生物产量、子粒产量和子粒蛋白质含量提高;而施氮量大于240.kg/hm2时,小麦生育后期的氮素积累量降低,收获时植株吸氮量、生物产量和子粒蛋白质含量降低。说明本试验条件下,施氮1051～50.kg/hm2可满足当季小麦氮素吸收利用,获得较高的子粒产量和蛋白质含量。继续增加施氮量,土壤微生物量氮含量增加,但土壤中残留大量硝态氮,易淋溶损失。     

菠菜叶片硝态氮还原对叶柄硝态氮含量的影响

选用3个菠菜品种,设置N.0.1和0.3.g/kg2个施氮水平进行盆栽试验。在不同时期采样测定叶片内、外源硝酸还原酶活性、硝态氮代谢/贮存库大小,以及加入外源硝态氮培养后叶片硝酸还原酶活性的变化,探讨菠菜叶片的硝态氮还原与叶柄硝态氮含量的关系。结果表明,叶片内源硝酸还原酶活性、内源/外源硝酸还原酶活性比值、叶片的硝态氮代谢库大小及代谢/贮存库比值与叶柄硝态氮含量呈相反趋势。加入外源硝态氮培养后叶片硝酸还原酶活性的增加程度与叶柄硝态氮含量相一致。叶片内源硝酸还原酶活性高低及其发挥程度,叶片硝态氮代谢库大小及硝态氮在代谢、贮存库中的分配是造成品种间叶柄硝态氮含量高低差异的重要原因。     

用绵羊尿中嘌呤衍生物估测瘤胃微生物氮的研究

研究了用绵羊尿中嘌呤衍生物估测瘤胃微生物氮。结果表明 :各处理间尿液中尿囊素、尿酸、黄嘌呤 +次黄嘌呤差异不显著 ,而硼砂组A的嘌呤衍生物总量显著高于其它各组 (p <0 0 5 )。以尿囊素含量计算 ,各处理间微生物氮合成量差异不显著 ,而以嘌呤衍生物总量计算 ,硼砂组A的微生物氮合成量显著高于其它各组 (p <0 0 5 )。用嘌呤衍生物总量计算的结果高于用尿囊素计算的结果。     

反刍动物瘤胃内甲烷的产生及营养调控

概述了反刍动物甲烷排放研究的意义、瘤胃内甲烷的产生机制和影响因素、及从营养控制方面减少甲烷排放量的几种方法。     

The impact of saponins or saponin-containing plant materials on ruminant production--a review

Saponins are steroid or triterpene glycoside compounds found in a variety of plants. Some saponin-containing plants, mainly legumes, have been used as animal feed, but others are toxic. Several studies on the effect of saponins on ruminant production have also been reported. Some in vitro and in vivo experiments that demonstrate the beneficial effects of saponin such as defaunation of the rumen and manipulation of the end products of fermentation are described. Defaunation is the selective removal of protozoa from the rumen microbial ecosystem by a cell membrane cholesterol-saponin interaction, which causes cell rupture. Because protozoa in the rumen cause protein turnover by predating on bacteria, defaunation increases the nitrogen utilization of the ruminant and may lead to an increase in growth, milk, or wool production. The growth-promoting effect was evident in the high roughage diet suggesting that the application of saponins or saponin-containing plant materials may be beneficial for the subsistence farmers in developing countries. Saponins are deglycosylated by rumen microbes. Some sapogenins have been detected in the digestive tract of ruminants; however, the direct action of these compounds on the host animal is still unclear. No information on the effects of saponin on ruminant reproduction is available. There is an urgent need for a systematic evaluation of the most active structural components of the saponins, and their interaction with the microbial community, the host animal, and the diet. Along with these studies, the direct effects of saponins or their microbial degradation products on the host must be examined in order to get the full understanding of the metabolism and beneficial effects of saponins on animals.     

Resistance of soybean vegetative storage proteins (S-VSPs) to proteolysis by rumen microorganisms

Soybean vegetative storage proteins (S-VSPs) are lysine-rich and, hence, are potentially of high nutritive value for high productive ruminants. Using S-VSPs from wild-type soybean and from transgenic tobacco plants expressing either one of the two S-VSPs subunits (S-VSP alpha or S-VSP beta) or both, we tested their stability in cow rumen fluid under in situ conditions, using SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Proteolysis and degradation pattern of S-VSPs from transgenic tobacco leaves occurred relatively fast compared with that of wild-type (WT) soybean plants. Comparing the two S-VSPs subunits expressed in transgenic plants, we found that S-VSP alpha was degraded much faster than S-VSP beta. The degradation pattern of S-VSPs in transgenic tobacco plants expressing both subunits resembled that of WT soybean. In contrast, the degradation pattern of transgenic tobacco plants expressing a single subunit was different. These finding suggest that the quaternary structure of S-VSPs may be an important factor determining their resistance to rumen degradation. Our results also suggest that the stability to rumen proteolysis of a given protein, when expressed in a transgenic plant, may not always be predictable and has to be verified.     

食用菌栽培对棉籽壳营养价值及山羊瘤胃动态降解率的影响

为了研究4种食用菌栽培后对栽培基质棉籽壳的营养价值和山羊瘤胃动态降解率的影响,选用6只年龄(10月龄)、体重[(35.42±3.96)kg]接近并装有永久瘤胃瘘管的槐山羊羯羊,通过化学分析法测定了棉籽壳和4种菌糠的化学成分,并采用尼龙袋技术,分5批次测定了棉籽壳、平菇菌糠、木耳菌糠、金针菇菌糠和白灵菇菌糠瘤胃动态降解率。结果表明:(1)4种菌糠干物质(DM)和有机物(OM)含量分别比其栽培原料棉籽壳的含量降低13.09%~19.67%(P<0.01)和14.13%~39.52%(P<0.01),粗蛋白(CP)含量分别比棉籽壳提高40.20%~34.29%(P<0.01),中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)含量分别比棉籽壳降低3.07%~39.72%和17.80%~45.91%(P<0.01);(2)木耳菌糠、金针菇菌糠、白灵菇菌糠的DM和OM在瘤胃内的有效降解率和a+b值(快速降解部分和慢速降解部分之和)均极显著高于棉籽壳(P<0.01),平菇菌糠的DM和OM在瘤胃内的有效降解率显著高于棉籽壳(P<0.05);平菇菌糠、金针菇菌糠、白灵菇菌糠的CP在瘤胃内的有效降解率和a+b值均极显著高于棉籽壳(P<0.01);4种菌糠的NDF和ADF在瘤胃内的有效降解率分别比棉籽壳提高76.72%~702.63%(P<0.01)和137.41%~575.31%(P<0.01)。因此,在棉籽壳上栽培4种食用菌均能改善棉籽壳的营养价值和提高山羊瘤胃消化率,栽培食用菌后的菌糠更有利于作为反刍动物饲料进行利用。     

Effect of dietary nitrogen content on the urine metabolite profile of dairy cows assessed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomics

NMR-based metabolomics was applied on urine samples from 32 cows that were fed four levels of crude protein (124, 135, 151, and 166 g/kg DM, respectively) in a crossover design with the aim of identifying urinary metabolites related to nitrogen intake and nitrogen efficiency. Principal component analysis (PCA) on selected regions of the obtained (1)H NMR spectra revealed an effect of crude protein intake on NMR signals in the 0.5-3.0 and 5.0-10.0 ppm regions. Partial least-squares (PLS) regressions confirmed a correlation between the NMR metabolite profile and both nitrogen intake and efficiency. The NMR signals that correlated with nitrogen intake and efficiency included urea, hippurate, phenylacetylglutamine, and p-cresol sulfate, which all contributed to the prediction of nitrogen intake and efficiency. Thus, it was not possible to identify a single metabolite that could be used as a marker to predict nitrogen efficiency, and it can be concluded that a wide-ranging urinary metabolite profile is needed to evaluate nitrogen efficiency in ruminants.     

冷藏和冻藏对牦牛瘤胃平滑肌氧化稳定性及加工品质的影响

为探明4℃冷藏和-18℃冻藏对牦牛瘤胃平滑肌脂肪和蛋白质氧化及其加工特性的影响,以PE薄膜和PE真空包装的牦牛瘤胃为研究对象,分别测定其在贮藏过程中的脂肪氧化(硫代巴比妥酸)、蛋白质氧化(羰基值、总巯基、表面疏水性)和加工品质(失水率、蒸煮损失率、剪切力、质构特性)的变化。结果表明,不同贮藏温度和包装方式下的瘤胃均发生了不同程度的脂肪和蛋白质氧化,与薄膜包装相比,真空包装可延缓牦牛瘤胃脂肪和蛋白质氧化的发生,且-18℃冻藏下更为显著。此外,冷(冻)藏条件下不同包装牦牛瘤胃的失水率和蒸煮损失率均显著增大(P<0.05),剪切力值显著降低(P<0.05),硬度先减小后增大,且薄膜包装在冷藏0~5 d和冻藏0~28 d时,其加工特性均优于真空包装。综上表明,2种包装下的牦牛瘤胃在冷(冻)藏过程中均发生了脂肪和蛋白质氧化,但真空包装可以有效地延缓氧化反应的发生。此外,在冷藏0~5 d和冻藏0~28 d时,薄膜包装更有利于改善瘤胃的加工特性,增加其嫩度和弹性,但长时间贮藏会导致瘤胃加工特性下降,冷藏条件下薄膜包装瘤胃的变化表现最为显著。本研究可为瘤胃贮藏过程中食用品质的控制提供参考。     

Effects of chronic ingestion of ochratoxin a on blood levels and excretion of the mycotoxin in sheep

Ruminants are relatively resistant to the acutely toxic effects of ochratoxin A, due to extensive degradation of ochratoxin A to its less toxic metabolite ochratoxin alpha by rumen microorganisms. However, most estimates of the degradation capacity for ochratoxin A in ruminants are based on in vitro studies. In the current study, the metabolism of ochratoxin A was investigated over a period of 29 days, feeding various doses of the mycotoxin (0, 9.5, 19.0, and 28.5 mug ochratoxin A/kg body weight) to sheep. Animals were fed diets consisting of 70% concentrates and 30% grass silage. Significant concentrations of undegraded ochratoxin A were detected in serum of sheep at all levels of ochratoxin A tested. Serum concentrations of ochratoxin A slightly accumulated with time of exposure and were linearly dependent on the administered dose of ochratoxin A. Furthermore, a constant proportion (6-8%) of the dose was excreted in the urine. The results of this study indicate that even at moderate to low levels of ochratoxin A in the diet, considerable amounts of the mycotoxin are absorbed by ruminants and may accumulate in tissues. Therefore, feeding of ochratoxin A-contaminated feedstuffs to ruminants does not seem to be a reliable means for using these feedstuffs.     

不同种类精饲料中磷的瘤胃降解特性研究

测定了谷物籽实、豆类籽实及根茎三类共计15种饲料的磷含量,并应用尼龙袋法测定其在山羊瘤胃内的降解率。结果表明：三类饲料的磷含量存在明显差异,以豆类籽实最高,谷物籽实其次,根茎类最低。饲料种类间磷的瘤胃降解率差异极显著（P〈0.001）,谷物类、豆类和根茎类饲料中快速降解磷（A）分别以玉米（88.82%）、豌豆（92.66%）和红薯（94.69%）最高,而以大米、赤豆和木薯为最低。除大麦、大米和小米外,其他饲料的快速降解磷均在60%以上。除小麦外,慢速降解的磷（B）都低于40%。磷在瘤胃中的降解速率（C）都超过10%/h以上,仅大米、小米和土豆的慢速降解部分的降解速率低于10%/h。不同种类精饲料总的可降解磷（A＋B）都在80%以上。不同种类饲料磷的有效降解率都随外流速率的增大而下降,除大米和小米外,其他饲料磷的有效降解率都超过了80%。饲料中磷的含量与磷的有效降解率呈显著正相关关系,磷的降解速率与粗脂肪含量呈极显著正相关关系,淀粉含量则与磷的有效降解率呈显著负相关关系,磷的含量与粗蛋白含量间呈极显著正相关关系。上述结果显示,饲料中磷在瘤胃中绝大部分都可释放出来,故配制反刍动物日粮时必须考虑饲料原料中磷的含量及其有效降解率。