中国草业的区域发展与畜牧业道路

阐述了草业的建立与发展,扩充了草业概念的内涵,提出了我国牧区、半农半牧区、农区和城镇的饲草饲 料资源及其草业的中心任务,以及如何调整畜牧业结构,开展跨区域协作的建议。     

榆阳区草业与畜牧业协调发展的情况分析

而草业和畜牧业是相辅相成的产业，草料丰盛则畜增、畜壮，草料缺乏则畜瘦、畜死。无论是半农半牧区、农区、还是城镇，都可以根据当地优势，因地制宜地开展多种形式的草业生产和草业开发建设。这样，草业不仅可以促进草地畜牧业的发展，而且是半农半牧区和农区结合的纽带，也为草业与畜牧业协调发展开辟了广阔的道路。     

吉林省草业建设途径的初步探讨

草业是生产饲草饲料、开发饲料资源，促进农收业发展的新产业。笔者通过对吉林省中西部地区的主要饲料资源、利用现状及开发潜力的分析，探讨了牧区、半农半牧区、农区和城镇草业开发建设的中心任务及其措施。牧区应加强草地的管理与改造，提高草地生产力；半农半牧区应实行粮草轮作制，增加饲料来源；农区应推广玉米高梁秸秆的青贮，提高秸秆的饲料利用率，城镇应根据资源种类，办起多种形式的饲料加工企业。     

半农半牧区草业建设

半农半牧区农、林、牧、副、渔等各业并存,它们自成系统,相互之间又有不可分割的有机联系。在此基础上构成了农工商、牧工商等纵向发展的经济结构。草业在这种类型地区,也起着不可低估的作用。牧业发展以草食家畜为主,牧业产值占农业总产值的30.8%。因此,草业建设在我市显得尤为重要。要把草业提到议事日程上来,这是半农半牧区发展经济建设的一项具有战略意义的重要措施。     

中国草业发展之我见——关于草业发展的战略思考

发展草业是提高我国奶业竞争力的关键,本文从草业发展的战略定位和方向,草业不等于苜蓿,要有大草业的概念,以水定草、以草定牧,弃粮种草不可取,有效利用国外资源,草业从牧区向非牧区转移,草业和畜牧业发展要结合等几个方面,阐述了对我国草业发展战略的相关看法。     

关于北京、河北等地草业发展情况的考察报告

1 考察概况2001年3月18～24日，根据市领导的指示，市畜牧兽医工作总站会同三门峡日报社一行5人，实地参观考察了北京、河北等地的草业发展情况，先后采访了国家畜牧兽医局、医药监督管理局、农业部克劳沃草业技术开发中心、农科院绿冠草业科技发展中心、林业部美国百绿集团北京代表处、中食产业集团鲁梅克斯有限公司和《中国牧业通讯》杂志社的负责同志和专家学者。重点考察了河北省南皮县和栾城县草业化经营实施情况，进一步了解了国内外目前草业发展的形势。据专家学者介绍，草地是西部地区半农半牧区最主要的自然植被，是生态环境治理与…     

川西北高寒牧区草业发展战略研究综合报告

<正> 前言川西北高寒牧区草业发展战略研究是1990年度省列软科学研究重点项目,由四川省草原研究所、四川省畜牧局草原处共同主持,甘孜州农牧局、红原县人民政府等单位协作完成。课题组通过调查研究,总结了牧区草业发展的经验,立足于草业     

关于呼伦贝尔牧区草业科技推广工作存在的问题及解决的建议

加强草业科技推广工作是解决当前牧区畜牧业普遍存在的低产、低效的重要途径，本文针对呼伦贝尔牧区在草业科技推广工作中存在的一些问题，有针对性地提出了相应的解决建议。     

川西北牧区饲草生产机械设备应用调查报告

草业机械是发展规模化饲草生产的重要基础。本文结合川西北牧区饲草产业发展现状,针对草业机械设备推广应用中存在的问题,深入一线开展机械设备应用调查研究,为川西北牧区饲草产业发展、草业机械设备推广应用提供技术指导和参考。     

草业、草业新村与牧区现代化——试论我国牧区发展道路

根据牧区自然条件严酷、经济基础薄弱、技术管理水平低和地处边远、交通不便等特点,以及资源——技术——经济——社会综合发展的目标与规律,指出“定居游牧”和“家庭牧场”道路的不合理与不现实性,提出了建立草业新村、创建草业产业,实现牧区现代化的途径。论述了牧区基层技术改造与产业结构调整的具体内容和发展步骤,以及整个牧区对内联合、对外开放的体系变革。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.