苜蓿雄性不育系杂交制种产量灰色关联度分析

利用灰色关联度法和相关分析法,对7份苜蓿雄性不育材料的单株种子产量及其与7个主要产量性状的关系进行了分析.结果表明:单株种子产量与各产量性状关联度的大小顺序为:生殖枝数>花序数/枝>株高>种子数/荚>千粒重>小花数/花>荚果数/花序.其中对苜蓿雄性不育杂交制种产量影响最大的因素是单株的生殖枝数,其次是花序数/枝和株高,这为提高雄性不育系的种子产量提供了理论依据.     

栽培苜蓿的繁殖特性和遗传机制及种子生产

栽培苜蓿繁殖特性研究对于提高苜蓿种子产量和通过杂交制种利用杂种优势具有重要意义.栽培苜蓿的实际种子产量较潜在种子产量低(仅为后者的4%),其主要遗传学限制因素是较高的雄性不育(花粉败育)和雌性不育(胚珠不育)比率,本文回顾了苜蓿雄性不育和雌性不育繁殖特性的细胞学、遗传学和相关基因定位研究进展,并对利用雄性不育性进行杂交制种的应用前景进行了讨论和展望.     

烤烟不育系杂交制种的最适留果数

为提高烤烟不育系杂交制种的产量和质量,开展了烤烟不育系杂交制种最适宜留果数的研究,以确定烤烟不育系杂交制种的最适宜留果数。结果表明:单株留果100个的种子质量最好,但产量最低;单株留果300个的种子产量最高,但质量最差。单株留果150~250个种子的产量和质量较好,其中单株留果150~200个能在保证种子质量的前提下有效提高产量。因此,烤烟不育系杂交制种的最适留果数应以150~200个为宜。     

壁蜂与蜜蜂对棉花胞质雄性不育系的传粉特性比较

为了筛选适用于棉花胞质雄性不育系授粉的蜂种,2013―2014年以蜜蜂为对照,在网室内进行壁蜂对棉花胞质雄性不育系授粉试验,观察壁蜂和蜜蜂在棉花花朵上的生物学特性,并进行田间性状的统计分析。结果表明:壁蜂的适应性较好,受天气影响较小,但温度超过35℃后访花活动明显减少;壁蜂在不育系和保持系上的单花停留时间极显著大于蜜蜂。壁蜂授粉与蜜蜂授粉,在单株结铃数、单铃籽粒数和衣分上差异极显著,单株果枝数、铃重差异显著。蜜蜂授粉较壁蜂授粉平均制种产量高,但壁蜂制种成本低。改进田间管理措施以及采用多次适时释放壁蜂的方式,壁蜂授粉将会在棉花胞质雄性不育系授粉中发挥更大作用。     

转基因油菜雄性不育系15A结实性的研究

本研究以转基因油茱雄性不育系15A为材料，采用自交，异交。天然异交研究了3种不同授粉方式的结实性表现，采用隔离制种方式研究了不同行比制种对结实性的影响，采用不同辅助授粉方式研究了辅助授粉对结实性的影响。结果表明：15A自史结实为0。不育性彻底。异交和天然异交结实好，有利于杂交制种。隔离制种父母本1：5行比的情况下，母本的结实正常，单株产量高。3种人工辅助方式对15A的结实性没有明显的影响。     

大白菜萝卜胞质雄性不育系RC7单株产种量构成因素分析

应用线性回归和相关分析的方法,研究了新育成的大白菜萝卜胞质雄性不育系RC7的单株产量构成因素及其相关性,研究结果表明:不育系RC7的单株有效角果数(r=0.96583**)、二级分枝数(r=0.96419**)、每果粒数(r=0.75701**)、主花序有效角果数(r=0.49024*)及主花序有效长度(r=0.40623*)与单株产种量之间存在极显著或显著的正相关关系。在此基础上,建立了不育系RC7及其保持系单株种子产量的多元线性回归方程。在利用该不育系制种过程中,栽培管理上应以增加分枝数,尤其是二级分枝数,作为高产的主攻方向。     

棉花核雄性不育系的培育与利用研究进展

为促进棉花核雄性不育杂交种在在生产上大面积应用,对棉花核雄性不育系的类型、培育与利用、杂交种生产方法等进行了综述。介绍17种棉花核雄性不育系的基因类型及其不育性遗传,通过采用自然突变体的选择、人工诱变、人工转育和改良、生物技术创造等方法培育核雄性不育系,应用于棉花育种研究,中国选育出利用ms14和ms5ms6的核雄性不育杂交种28个,杂交制种技术方法和标记不育系的研究进展为高效简化的杂交制种技术提供支撑。分析指出棉花核雄性不育系的应用前景较好,提出核雄性不育杂交种扩大应用的技术关键是要在标记不育系的研究和创造方面取得突破,在当前核不育杂交种制种中采取不拔除可育株、标记后人工辅助去雄可节约制种用工而不降低制种产量。     

两系杂交油菜高产制种技术研究

两系杂交油菜制种的主要缺点是细胞核雄性不育系用兄妹交繁殖后，不育株率只能保持在50％左右，制种时必须在开花前拔除占母本群体50％的可育株，投入的人力和物力较大，生产成本较高。但两系法在彻底清除可育株和严格的隔离条件下，制种的纯度可达99％以上，能保证杂交种的质量。因此，两系杂交油菜制种仍然是目前大面积生产上常用的杂交油菜种子生产方法。本文研究在保证两系制种纯度和种子质量的前提下，如何提高大面积两系杂交油菜制种产量，为农民增产增收提供理论依据。     

细胞质雄性不育三系油菜杂交种南种北制实施效果

细胞质雄性不育三系杂交种是我国油菜最主推的品种，但其不育系在南方秋播制种会出现微量花粉，给种子纯度带来极大风险。利用青海气候资源进行春播制种，能克服不育系的微粉问题，且制种产量高，种子商品性好。     

奶白菜核基因雄性不育系的选育与利用

为解决奶白菜杂交种生产中的杂交制种手段问题,配制优良杂交种.以核不育“复等位基因遗传”假说为指导,以青梗白菜核基因雄性不育系00S107作不育源,采用连续回交转育同时测交鉴定基因型的方法,定向转育奶白菜核基因雄性不育系.并利用转育成的不育系与奶白菜优良自交系配制杂交组合,进行了杂种优势分析.选育出园艺学性状与目标品系相似,具有100％不育株率和不育度的奶白菜核基因雄性不育系GMS3,筛选出2个产量高、整齐度高的优异杂交组合GMS3×B1、GMS3×B2.定向转育模式兼顾了不育基因和园艺学性状的转育,解决了奶白菜核不育系转育和利用的难题.     

高州普通野生稻雄性不育胞质对杂种一代单株产量的影响

为了明确新发现的雄性不育细胞质对杂种一代产量的影响,为它的开发利用提供依据。用3种同核异质雄性不育系及其保持系与4个恢复系配制16个杂交稻组合进行了两年三季裂区试验,在相同核背景下比较雄性不育细胞质对杂种一代单株产量的影响。结果表明：高州普通野生稻雄性不育细胞质对杂种一代单株产量表现出不同程度的负效应,但均未达显著水平;高野所配组合的平均单株产量低于华南晚籼雄性不育胞质夜公、但高于野败,说明它是一个值得进一步研究利用的新型雄性不育细胞质。     

甘蓝型隐性核不育杂交油菜制种中父本和可育株花粉授精竞争力的研究

用花时指示性状作父本，隐性核不育系1601A（圆叶）作母本，父母本行比为1：10，在花期不拔除可育株让其父本和母本中可有株花粉对其不育株自由授粉，其父本花蕾总数占该群体可育株花蕾总数的17.3%的情况下，父本花粉授精竞争能力较强，不育株所结种子花叶株率达34.94%，父本花粉授精竞争力为1.02。其中，靠近父本的不育株所结种子花叶株率达80%，竞争力达3.63。母本可育花蕾虽占总花蕾的82.7%，但不育株所结种子中圆叶株率略只占65%，其母本中的可育株花粉授精竞争力为-0.27,而且即使母本中的可育株所结的种子，在靠迫父本的数行中，其父本花粉的竞争力仍为正值，强子可育株本身花粉的竞争力。     

不同类型杂交早稻农艺性状的遗传分析

采用6个杂交稻三系不育系和10个杂交早稻父本品种,通过不完全双列杂交配置了60个杂交早稻组合。分析了在相同栽培环境条件下三系杂交早稻亲本及其所配置的杂交早稻组合的12个农艺性状的遗传规律。结果表明：12个农艺性状的遗传以加性效应为主,各性状的狭义遗传力大小顺序依次为千粒重>株高>穗长>穗实粒数>结实率>穗总粒数>生育期>理论产量>实际产量>有效穗>成穗率>最高苗;除穗长外,其余性状受父本的影响较大;理论产量与结实率、穗实粒数、株高、成穗率及有效穗呈正相关,可通过这几个性状对产量进行间接选择;穗实粒数是杂交早稻选择指数中最重要的选择性状。     

Some aspects of cross-pollination in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). 4. Seed set on male sterile plants as influenced by distance from the pollen source,pollinator: Male sterile ratio and width of the male sterile strip

Summary The literature dealing with seed set on male sterile wheat plants by open pollination is critically reviewed with special attention to the influence of the distance from the pollen source and the pollinator: male sterile ratio. It is suggested to indicate seed set only as a percentage of the fertile analogue.Own investigations in Wageningen, the Netherlands, indicated that seed set on male sterile wheat plants on various distances from a pollen source of 6×6 m of a mixture of three spring wheat varieties amounted to maximally about 36%, but decreased quickly at increasing distances. Apart from an evident effect of the wind direction, in 1968 average seed set became less than 10 % after 1 m distance from the pollen source; in 1969 and under more favourable experimental conditions for the first meter from the pollen source a decrease to 25% took place, becoming 10% only after 3 m. It is recognized that for practical conclusions the pollen field size applied is too small.Both in 1971 and 1972 the seed set increased with increasing pollinator: male sterile ratio. This increase always was relatively small and, consequently, the kg yield hybrid seed per ha to be expected always decreased when this ratio increased. Applying a female strip width of 2 m and pollinator (mixture of five spring wheat varieties): male sterile ratios of 1:2, 1:1 and 2:1, in 1971 the latter ratio yielded only 60% of the former. In 1972 the same ratios were tested, but besides three male sterile strip widths were applied: 2, 3 and 4 m. In this year the calculated percentage seed set was much higher than that of the previous years (maximum almost 80%), probably as a consequence of more and larger pollinator areas and a more adequate way of establishing the 100% value of seed set. Again the kg yield hybrid seed per ha strongly decreased with an increase of the pollinator: male sterile ratio. The efficiency of the different ratios depends on the width of the female strip. Unfortunately, but according to the expectation, the kg yield hybrid seed per ha decreases, apart from the male to female ratio, fixing the 2 m value at 100%, to about 88% at 3 m and 72% at 4 m female strip width.     

IRRI新株型稻杂种优势利用研究

利用目前国内两个较好的光（温）敏核不育系培矮６４ｓ和Ｎ４２２ｓ与国际水稻所选育的新株型稻、华北育成粳、东北育成粳、南亚Ａｕｓ稻、南方育成早、中籼稻杂交，考查Ｆ１的产量及产量构成因素。发现新株型稻与偏籼型的培矮６４ｓ配组在实粒数、单株穗数和单株粒重方面有些优势，但结实率偏低，如果把结实率的问题解决好，则新株型稻在我国的籼粳两系杂交稻育种中将有较好的应用价值。     

Genetic control of alfalfa seed yield and its components

Seed yield is of little agronomic importance in alfalfa (lucerne) but is critical in the marketing of varieties. In order to develop breeding criteria, the quantitative genetics of seed yield components must be studied. The objective of this study was (1) to evaluate combining ability for seed yield and its components and (2) to estimate the genetic control of these same characters. A 7 × 7 diallel mating design, including reciprocals, among parents from different varieties, and a 7 × 7 factorial design within the ‘Flamande’ population were evaluated. In the diallel design, where the progenies were evaluated over two growing seasons, a high genotype effect was found for seed yield and its components while genotype × year interaction was only significant for seed yield per plant. General combining ability (GCA) effects explained most of the variation due to genotype effect. Specific combining ability (SCA) and reciprocal effects were only significant for seed yield per plant. ‘Europe‐1’, ‘Rival‐5’ and ‘Medalfa‐7’ were the most promising parents, conferring the highest GCA for most of the characters evaluated, especially for seed weight per inflorescence. In the factorial design, seed weight per pod was the only character for which the year effect was not significant. Male and female effects were significant for all characters and these effects were larger than the male × female interaction variance for all the characters. These results were stable over the 2 years for most characters. Additive variance was larger than dominance variance, for all traits. This resulted in high narrow‐sense heritabilities, especially for seed yield per plant, seed weight per inflorescence and number of seeds per pod. Seed weight per inflorescence and number of seeds per inflorescence were highly correlated with seed yield per plant among the full‐sib (FS) families, in both experiments. Increase in seed yield potential in alfalfa could be achieved by the use of seed weight per inflorescence as a selection criterion.     

不同遗传背景矮败小麦的性状表现

以9种遗传背景的矮败小麦近等基因系为材料，研究了矮秆不育株的株高、抽穗期、开花期、每株穗数、穗长、每穗小穗数和异交结实率。结果表明，不仅矮秆不育株与高秆可育株的株高存在显著差异，而且不同遗传背景的矮秆不育株的株高也程度不同的存在差异；矮秆不育株比高秆可育株的抽穗期平均晚2天，而开花期平均晚1天左右；在     

水稻广亲和品种农艺性状的配合力分析

用９个水稻不育系与３个广亲和品种进行不完全双列杂交，对其杂交组合１０个性状的配合力效应分析结果表明，就杂种Ｆ１主要农艺性状而言，亲本的一般配合力效应比组合特殊配合力效应更为重要；株高、单株有效穗数、穗长、每穗实粒数、结实率、单株粒重、千粒重等性状，以一般配合力作用为主，而每穗总粒数、生育期、着粒密度等性状虽以一般配合力作用为主，但特殊配合力的作用也不可忽视；株高、单株有效穗数、穗长、每穗实粒数。结实率、单株粒重等性状以广亲和品种的一般配合力作用为主；生育期、每穗总粒数、千粒重、着粒密度等性状以不育系的一般配合力作用为主。