Systematic Analysis on Quick Development of Bamboo Industry in Zhejiang Province:A Case Study for Successful Development Approach of China''''s Booming Bamboo Industry

China is globally acknowledged as "Kingdom of Bamboo",and Zhejiang Province is nationally recognized as the first province of bamboo in China.Systematic and overall analysis is made by the approach of case study on why Zhejiang can get such a marvelous achievement so as to provide significant references and instructions for bamboo development for other countries who desire to learn technologies and know-how from China.The main contributions are concluded as below:1)Quick progress of bamboo technology provides a strong back-up for bamboo industry development;2)Governmental supports promote the balanced development of bamboo industry,including favorable policy,financial support;3)Good relation of bamboo cultivation and processing;4)Special soci-economic and humanitarian advantages for bamboo development,including good export environment,dynamic private economy,bamboo industry zone,excellent talents of bamboo;and 5)Quick expansion of international and domestic bamboo market stimulates and drives the development of bamboo industry     

Preliminary Accounting on Economic Value of Bamboo Resource in China

The current area of bamboo resource in China is 7.21 million ha, 4.21 million ha of which is the pure bamboo forest The stock value of the bamboo resource is 30.312 billion Renminbi (RMB) yuan, the present value of actual output from bamboo wood and shoot is 149.062 billion RMB yuan. The bamboo forest land is valuated as much as 8.133 billion RMB yuan. It is raised to improve the production and management conditions of the 2nd and 3rd type bamboo forests to raise production capacity of wood and shoot and output of processed products from bamboo.     

Study on Surface Wettability of Bamboo by Measurement of Contact Angle

The main objective of this research is to evaluate the wettability of the processed bamboo surfaces. The important surface energy and acid-base properties for processed bamboo have been estimated by using contact angle techniques. According to the results, the change of ages has a positive relation with the contact angles of water on processed bamboo. The contact angles were increased after the bamboo surface treated in high temperature condition and preservation. The different treat methods have a strong influence on acid-base energy component insurface of bamboo. Compared with pinewood, the surface of bamboo seems to be stronger in the acid-base energycontribution.     

Survey Study of Moso Bamboo Management Techniques Dissemination in Zhejiang

By PRA survey to 1 245 farmer households of 10 key Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) production counties, the source and demand of the management techniques in Zhejiang were studied. The conducted principal factor analysis revealed that experience and traditional knowledge are currently major technical sources of farmer households' Moso bamboo forest management techniques and that the demonstrative household is a highly expected technical source, in which the prime factor is interpersonal dissemination ...     

Plantation future of bamboo in China

In the past, utilization of bamboo resources in China has been traditionally dominated by direct consumption of local farmers as minor forest products with weak linkage with market. In recent years, the over-supply of grains and rapid degradation of agricultural environment call for alternative crops that can be developed through integrating the environmental plantation with the market demands. Closely associated with forestry and agriculture, bamboo is able to deal with the new challenges which China‘s agriculture is facing. Of 534 documented bamboo species in China, 153 species produce edibleshoots and of which 56 species are recommended for agricultural plantation; 139 species provide timbers and of which 58 species recommended; 116 species can be splited as good strips for weaving and of which 22 species recommended; 88 species are considered as garden bamboos and of which 34 species recommended; 45 species are able to produce paper pulp and of which 18 species recommended.     

Current Status and Prospects of New Architecture Materials from Bamboo

The feasibility of the technologies has been discussed in the paper that bamboo is used for middling and top-grade building construction, architecture decorating, and other major applications. The content includes the current application of bamboo materials in construction field; the bamboo bearing material technological process such as the laminated bamboo board, bamboo mat plywood processes; bamboo ceiling and wall material technologies such as the bamboo particleboard, cement-bonded bamboo particleboard and gypsum-bonded bamboo particleboard; door and window materials from bamboo such as bamboo-fiber molding technology; bamboo architecture decorative materials and the floorings from bamboo fiber etc.     

Standardized processes of biomass briquetting densification fuel

Forest biomass resources are available in enormous quantities in China.The development of forest biomass briquetting densification fuel,which has a high calorific value,can ease the energy shortage in China.But the molding technology is still at the primary stage with many questions unresolved,such as unequal distribution of resources,imperfect technology and an inadequate mechanism of market supply and demand.There are no consistent production and quality standards to refer to,which seriously hinder the industrialization of biomass molding technology.Hence,it is imperative to speed up the formulation of production standards of biomass briquetting densification fuel which not only conform to international standards,but are in accordance with national conditions in China.Drawing on the standards of biomass briquetting densification fuel in Europe,a standard system should be concerned with raw material collection,transport and storage of the end products,terminology,denomination and classification of molding equipment,as well as with technical conditions,testing methods,safety and environmental protection.The establishment of a standard system is useful for the development of a healthy,orderly and sustainable biomass fuel industry.     

Assessment of China’s Green Public Procurement Policy on Forest Products

<正>How to effectively meet the globally increasing demands for forest products and meanwhile put forest resources and eco-environment under better protection for achieving the balance between protection and growth is a long-term challenge in face of the international community.China is the largest country in world forest products import/export.In such sense,the realistic state and future orientation of China's forest product procurement policy will impose considerable impacts on and play a significant role in forestry industry development in China as well as the global sustainable forestry development.In view of the state and trend of forest product procurement by Chinese enterprises,the paper analyzed the problems and challenges facing China's green procurement of forest product based on the results of field survey carried out for different types of forest product processors,including customers' weak awareness of green consumption,deficient green procurement resources of forest products,high prices of green procured products,limited list of forest products under green procurement,lack of laws and regulations for green public procurement and lack of policy support and green market planning.At the same time,by comparing and learning the experiences and lessons of the UK,Japan,France, Netherland and other countries in green public procurement of forest products,the paper,in line with the national and forest conditions in China,proposed some policy recommendations,e.g. strengthening dissemination and education for raising the awareness of green consumption, updating laws and regulations for government green procurement,adopting marketing means to encourage green enterprises development,updating green product lists to incorporate more green procurement enterprises into government green procurement programs,establishing monitoring and execution mechanism for green procurement and enhancing the oversight of green procurement,with the aim to facilitate China's green procurement process of forest products and quicken China's pace of green socioeconomic transition.     

Assumption of Phyto-Hormone Regulation and Gene Activation of Phyllostachys praecox Flowering

By determination of the change of endogenous hormone Zr, iPA, GA3, IAA and ABA during different flower bud differentiation stages of Phyllostachys praecox, which is identified through both field observation and lab analysis, and with the reference to the previous research achievements on bamboo flowering, the flowering mechanism assumption of Phyto-Hormone Regulation and Gene Activation of Ph. praecox is induced in this article： Bamboo flower bud differentiation can be divided into 3 stages, i.e. flower bud induction, flower bud initiation and flower bud development; Bamboo leaves sense and receive flowering signals from environments to change its hormone level, esp. ratios of iPA/ABA and iPA/GA3; Flowering gene is activated once the ratios of iPA/ABA and iPA/GA3 reach a proper threshold, and it produces DNA and RNA carrying flowering code and transports them to top or side buds nearby, and then protein necessary for flower bud differentiation comes out, as a result of which the flower bud induction is trigged and started, followed by flower bud initiation and development. In the induction stage, ratio of C/N is nearly constant, but increases in the initiation stage. Therefore it clarifies that the rising of C/N ratio does not bring about bamboo flowering initially, and it is a follow-up reactions of process initiation of bamboo flowering. It proves that bamboo rhizome is directly involved in the flower bud differentiation. This assumption can well explain mysterious phenomena of bamboo flowering, and by integrating the current several assumptions, answer the difficult and perplexing questions regarding bamboo flowering which have not been answered by the present assumptions.     

Physical and Mechanical Properties of Flakeboard Reinforced with Bamboo Strips

The objective of this study was to investigate the physical and mechanical performance of flakeboard reinforced with bamboo strips. The study investigated three different bamboo strip alignment patterns and an experimental control. All panels were tested in static bending both along parallel and perpendicular to the lengths of the bamboo strips. Internal bond strength (IB), thickness swelling (TS), linear expansion (LE), and water absorption (WA) were also examined. As expected, modulus of rupture (MOR) and modulus of elasticity (MOE) were substantially greater for all three experimental panel types as compared to the control group. LE was also improved for all three experimental panel groups. The bamboo strip alignment patterns had no significant effect on TS, WA and IB. The sample means for MOR, MOE and LE tested perpendicular to the bamboo strip lengths yielded slightly lower mean values than corresponding samples tested parallel to the bamboo strips lengths. This difference in mechanical properties is largely attributed to low panel density in the failure zones.     

Obstacles for Plantation to Get FSC Certification in China

The development of plantation plays a very important role in forestry industry development in China because of its unique advantages. However, the ecological and environmental issues urgently require sustainable plantation development. FSC certification for sustainable forest management balances the economic, environmental and social benefits and contributes to sustainable development of plantation. FSC certification for plantation is significantly important to China with the most plantation area in the wor...     

International Competitiveness of Main Bamboo and Rattan Commodities in China

Bamboo and Rattan(B&R) resources play a very important role for ecological and economical development as the two most important non-timber forest resources,due to deterioration of global ecological environment and supply pressure of timber resource.B&R industry has always been regarded as one of the green industries with great development potential as B&R can be used as wood substitute. Many countries and regions have their distinct advantages and successful experiences in developing bamboo and rattan in...     

Forest Resources and Environment in China

With a vast territory, China is rich in forest resources and diversified environments. The changes in forest resources have a direct bearing on environmental quality. The paper gives a detailed account of the dynamic change in forest resources in China, including the overall process of forest evolution, the status quo and features of the existing forest resources and the development and use of major forest resources. In addition, it analyses the current situation of China's environment and explores the main contributing factors based on the overall environmental situation. In order to achieve sustainable management of forest resources and improve the environment in China, the Chinese government attaches great importance to the protection and development of forest resources as well as environmental development and improvement. The paper gives an overview of the thinking for sustainable forest resource and environmental development in the future and current focus of efforts.     

Study on Decay Resistance Performance of CuAz Preservative for Bamboo

Blocks of Moso bamboo were used as experimental materials to test the toxicity of CuAz preservative on decay fungi by the lab test in this paper. The result showed that the natural decay resistance of 4-year-old Mao bamboo is moderate, and the resistance to brown fungi is stronger than that to white fungi. The anti-fungi properties of CuAz preservative at the retention of 3.3 kg/m3 are equal to those of CCA-C and ACQ-B at the retention of about 4.0 kg/m3 , and obviously superior to those of organic acids pr...     

Development Trend of Foreign Trade Policy for China’s Forest Industry

The paper analyzed the current status of foreign trade of forest industry in China and the national and international market changes. Based on the analysis, the orientation and transformation of foreign trade policy for China’s forest industry were discussed.     

Study of Priority Area Selection and Evaluation for Afforestation and Reforestation Project under CDM in China

This paper gives an expatiation on significance and specific requirements of developing afforestation and reforestation project under CDM in Kyoto Protocol. According to the international rules and the current forestry development situation in China, the priority area for CDM afforestation and reforestation （CDM A/R） project is finally found after scientific selection and assessment on indicators, including the non-forestland area in 1990, growth rate of tree, afforestation cost, biodiversity and community development. The outcome from the study provides a solid basis for finding and implementing CDM A/R carbon sequestration projects in China. The study also puts forward suggestions on the strategy to develop and manage CDM A/R projects in China     

Physiological changes of leaves in response to cold in Phyllostachys propinqua

There are no previous records about planting bamboo in Changli, Hebei Province, north China. Since they were introduced in 2004, the propinquity bamboo (Phyllostachys propinqua McClure) has demonstrated good adaptability to the cold climate in Changli. The overwintering status of the bamboo and some of its physiological changes after the winter have been studied to ascertain the adaptability of the bamboo to the cold weather in Changli and to establish a firm basis for growing the plants in larger areas in northern China. The bamboo lived through the winter without any protection. The leaves of windward bamboos growing at various intervals have been studied for their viability and health after the winter. The changes in some physiological indices of the leaves were measured in the following spring. Results showed that the bamboo is partly green even at a temperature as low as -22.3℃in Changli. During the winter, some leaves died and some partly died. Leaves are light in color and turn gradually to a dark green when the temperature increases in the following spring. As new leaves develop, the contents of chlorophyll and water and the ratio of free and bound water in the old leaves increase as does transpiration. At the same time the contents of free amino acid, proline, soluble sugar, malondialdehede (MDA), permeability of the membrane, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activities decrease. The direction of these physiological indices changes when the new leaves begin to sprout. The old leaves reduce their rate of photosynthesis, their blade functions decline gradually and the leaves fall off towards the middle of June. The cold wind affects the survival of bamboo leaves in winter, but has little effect on new leaves growing at the start of the following year. The results indicate that the propinquity bamboo can survive the winter in Changli quite well.     

Gender Issues in Household-based Bamboo Industries： A Case Study of Two Villages in Xinping County, Yunnan Province of China

A qualitative gender assessment of household-based bamboo industries was conducted in Zhuyuan and Lagadi villages in Laochang Township, Xinping County in Southwest China's Yunnan Province. Results showed that both women and men were actively involved in the production and marketing of bamboo products in the two villages. There were gender differences in bamboo-based rural industries that were closely associated with the ethnic habits, traditional norms of the rural society, the differences of educational levels that women and men achieved, and the gender blind-spots in the enforcement of laws and policies. It is evident that women were "equal" partners in the production of bamboo products, but "unequal" when the rights of access to and control over resources and personal independence are concerned. Suggestions are made to achieve a gender-balanced production system of bamboo products in rural areas of bamboo producing counties in Yunnan Province, China.     

Laminated Panel Manufacture of Two Kinds of Bamboo for Architecture Material and Property Comparison

The manufacture technologies of two kinds of bamboo laminated panel and their physical-mechanical properties have been studied in the paper. The species of bamboo are the D. yunnanicus Hsueh et D. Z. Li in Yunnan Province and P. heterocycla var. pubescens Ohwi in Zhejiang Province. The data are offered in order to provide proof to produce architectural panel by bamboo materials. The results show as follows: Laminated bamboo panel can be produced by the reconstruction technology, and the mechanical properties of the panels reached or even exceeded some pine used in architecture. Comparing the physical-mechanical properties of laminated panel made of two bamboo species, it can be seen that properties of laminated D. yunnanicus Hsueh et D. Z. Li panel were higher than those of laminated P. heterocycla var. pubescens Ohwi panel, but dimensional stability was poorer than the latter. In the comparison of laminated directions, it can be seen that parallel panel had better mechanical properties than crossed pan     

Effects of Bamboo Fargesia murielae on Plant Diversity in Fir Forest on Mountain Shennongjia

Simultaneous flowering caused a gregarious dieback of umbrella bamboo (Fargesia murielae) all over the world in 1993-2000. Mountain Shennongjia in Central China‘s Hubei Province is the only native home of umbrella bamboo, where it dominates the understorey of the farges fir (Abiesfargesii) forest between 2 400 and 3 100 m, covering the ground for more than one century before a periodically flowering death. Data from 20 quadrats along a vegetation sequence revealed that the density, coverage,and height of umbrella bamboo negatively affected the species richness, diversity, and evenness of vascular plants in the forest. Local climax community of fir-bamboo was the poorest in species diversity, while the bamboo-free communities (i.e. shrubs and meadows)were bearing a higher species diversity. The simultaneous dieback of umbrella bamboo is an ecological relcase, which can pcriodically promote the plant diversity in the fir forest.