皖南烟区可持续发展研究

结合皖南烟区烟叶生产的实际情况,从多个方面分析了烟区可持续发展过程中存在的制约因素,并从烟叶生产人力资源、生产种植规模化、科技支撑和服务、烟叶标准化生产管理和烟叶生产保障体系等几个方面,提出了皖南烟区生产可持续发展的若干对策及建议,为皖南烟区实现可持续发展提供参考。     

皖南烟区田间作业机械简易评价标准与方法的构建

为了给皖南烟区烟叶生产机械快速择优筛选与烟叶田间作业机械的研究开发提供一种评价手段,该文构建了皖南烟区烟叶田间作业机械的简易评价标准和方法,有效保障皖南烟区烟叶田间作业机械研究与选型的合理性。     

皖南烟区土壤和施肥存在的问题与烤烟施肥对策

对皖南烟区 2 3 7个土壤样品及 85个烟叶样品的分析 ,结果表明 ,皖南烟区土壤有机质含量中等 ,氮、磷含量较高 ,钾含量很低 ,土壤氯离子含量不高 ;烟叶化学成分与优质主料烟化学成分相比 ,尼古丁含量很高 ,钾含量很低 ,糖和氯含量适宜。同时 ,根据皖南烟区当前肥料施用过程中存在的问题 ,提出了相应的施肥对策     

皖南烟区水稻品种筛选试验

为了满足皖南烟区烟稻轮作的大农业生产模式,特开展了皖南烟区优质高产水稻品种筛选试验,了解不同品种的适应性、丰产性及稳产性,为大面积推广应用提供依据。通过对10个水稻品种进行比较分析,结果表明,Y两优1号、丰两优1号、天优华占、深两优5814、两优6326在皖南烟区具有较好的推广价值。     

皖南烟叶焦甜香风格特色形成的生态特点分析

该文系统分析了皖南烟区生态、土壤特点,并与津巴布韦烟区生态特点进行了比较。结果表明,皖南烟区生态气候兼具南北特征,烟叶生长发育阶段的平均温度较高,有利于烟苗的正常生长发育;降雨量适中且总体分布较均衡,有利于水肥耦合和优质烟叶的形成,特色烟开发潜力大。并且针对特色烟叶开发提出了几点建议。     

皖南烟区适宜特色品种研究

在皖南烟区进行生产示范,通过研究各品种农艺性状、经济性状以及抗病性的差异,选择出适宜皖南烟区种植的特色品种。结果表明：KRK26、云烟97在农艺性状、经济性状及抗病性方面表现突出,其次是云烟87、粤烟97和K326。4个品种在皖南烟区烟农愿意接受程度为：云烟97〉KRK26〉粤烟97〉K326。     

安徽省烟区土壤和烟叶镁含量状况与镁肥应用研究

皖北烟区33个和皖南烟区157个土壤分析表明：皖北烟区土壤的交换性镁含量很高,土壤不缺镁。皖南烟区有74％的土壤镁含量中等至偏低,仅有26％的土壤镁含量较高,大部分土壤缺镁或不足。皖北烟区23个和皖南烟区169个烟叶分析表明：皖北烟区烟叶镁含量都较高。皖南烟区仅有24％的烟叶镁含量较高．其余76％的烟叶样品轻度至严重缺钱。各县土壤类型不同,烟叶镁含量也有差异。在镁含量中等的粘重水稻土上,镁肥用量处理间烟叶的产量产值差异不显著。化学成分上,不施镁的处理烟叶镁含量已较高,但随着镁用量增加,烟叶镁含量仍增加,同时,钾、钙、铁、锰、锌含量均下降。     

皖南烟后稻栽培存在问题及对策

<正>以烟稻轮作模式下的皖南烟叶种植,是皖南烟区主要的种植形式。皖南烟区位于皖东南地区,是目前全国闻名的焦甜香烟叶产地。在我国大力支持农业发展的今天,皖南应当优化烟稻轮作栽培术,促进当地农业发展。但目前皖南烟后稻栽培存在一些问题,不仅不利于当地农业经济增长,还对烟叶种植有一定影响。所以,深入分析皖南烟后稻栽培存在的问题,探究皖南烟后稻高产栽培技术尤为重要。1皖南烟后稻栽培存在的问题由于皖南主要以盛产烟叶为主,烟后稻栽培为辅,促使当地     

安徽烟区土壤和烟叶的中微量元素含量的研究

安徽省烟区土壤铁、铜含量丰富,硼含量较低;皖南红壤区土壤锰、锌含量较高,其余烟区土壤锰、锌含量偏低,需适量补充锰肥和锌肥。皖南烟区烟叶的钙、锰、铜含量适宜,铁、锌含量较高,镁含量偏低。     

皖南烟区专业化分级散烟成件收购模式的探索与实践

介绍了皖南烟区专业化分级散烟成件收购新模式运行情况,总结了该模式在提高烟叶收购质量、减工降本、提高上等烟比例、质量追溯等方面取得的成效,同时对分级队伍、质量稳定性控制、分级现场管理等方面存在的问题进行了分析,并提出了改进意见,以期为皖南烟区专业化分级散烟成件收购模式的应用提供借鉴。     

二氯喹啉酸在烟草上发生药害原因及预防措施

简述了二氯喹啉酸作为中国水稻田常用的一种除草剂的特性及作用机理,回顾二氯喹啉酸在国内各烟草产区对烟草产生药害的历史,分析了二氯喹啉酸的使用对烟草产生药害的症状、原因及防治措施。通过各地的试验、实践得出如下结论,二氯喹啉酸是稻田中比较好的除草剂,对烟草产生的药害是可以防止的,通过轮作间隔期、合理施药等方法即可避免。但是,药害一旦发生,则很难通过生理生化等方法使烟草产生的畸形症状得以恢复。文章可为二氯喹啉酸类除草剂的合理使用提供依据及技术指导。     

影响抗药性杂草发生的因素

文章主要讨论了影响杂草抗药性快速发展的一些主要因素。影响杂草抗药性发展的主要因素是由于一类或一种除草剂以及使用作用靶标相同的不同类型的除草剂的大面积和长期连续使用。另外除草剂和杂草的一些特性也影响杂草的抗药性的快速发展。     

天津地区麦田杂草发生现状与防除对策

通过对天津地区麦田杂草发生现状的调查 ,阐述麦田杂草的危害及优势杂草产生变化的原因 ;结合麦田除草剂应用情况及杂草防除试验 ,探讨以药剂防除为主的防除对策。     

Two-Year Weed Seedling Population Responses to a Post-Emergent Method of Site-Specific Weed Management

Field experiments were conducted to determine how a site-specific weed management practice in Zea mays L. influenced the numerical and spatial distribution of a naturally occurring weed infestation in Z. mays and the succeeding Beta vulgaris L. crop. Compared to conventional broadcast herbicide applications, site-specific herbicide applications reduced herbicide load by 11.5 and 98.0% in two separate Z. mays fields. The broad range in outcomes was attributed to the spatial aggregation and density of target weed populations. While herbicide use was successfully reduced at field locations with low weed density, most survivors of multiple control tactics were in locations with the highest initial density. A greater understanding of interactions between weed management and weed density would increase the likelihood that site-specific weed management offers long-term improvements over conventional approaches.     

城市天然气管道动态泄漏扩散特性模拟分析

对城市天然气管道泄漏的动态特性进行研究,可以更好地预测泄漏气体的扩散危害后果和影响范围。通过对城市天然气管道动态泄漏过程及状态分析,建立了管道泄漏计算模型。根据动态泄漏速率的变化特征,将格林函数应用到流体扩散微分方程中,得到动态扩散的合成模型。结合实际案例进行数学模拟分析,得到不同条件和不同状态下的城市天然气泄漏扩散规律和危险区域。结果表明：管道泄漏比、风速及大气稳定度对城市天然气管道泄漏扩散均有影响,提高风速或增大泄漏比均会加大天然气泄漏扩散浓度分布范围,但当风速大于3m／s时,天然气向下风方向扩散范围反而减小;喷射火危害范围随风速的增大而增大,蒸汽云爆炸危害范围则随风速的增大而减小;风速较小时,蒸汽云爆炸伤害范围大于喷射火伤害范围,而当管道泄漏比较大、风速也较大时,喷射火伤害范围大于蒸汽云爆炸伤害范围,应根据不同情况确定应急疏散距离。（图6,表1,参11）     

Detection of Internal Leaf Structure Deterioration Using a New Spectral Ratio Index in the Near-Infrared Shoulder Region

Spectral reflectance in the near-infrared （NIR） shoulder （750-900 nm） region is affected by internal leaf structure, but it has rarely been investigated. In this study, a dehydration treatment and three paraquat herbicide applications were conducted to explore how spectral reflectance and shape in the NIR shoulder region responded to various stresses. A new spectral ratio index in the NIR shoulder region （NSRI）, defined by a simple ratio of reflectance at 890 nm to reflectance at 780 nm, was proposed for assessing leaf structure deterioration. Firstly, a wavelength-independent increase in spectral reflectance in the NIR shoulder region was observed from the mature leaves with slight dehydration. An increase in spectral slope in the NIR shoulder would be expected only when water stress developed sufficiently to cause severe leaf dehydration resulting in an alteration in cell structure. Secondly, the alteration of leaf cell structure caused by Paraquat herbicide applications resulted in a wavelength-dependent variation of spectral reflectance in the NIR shoulder region. The NSRI in the NIR shoulder region increased significantly under an herbicide application. Although the dehydration process also occurred with the herbicide injury, NSRI is more sensitive to herbicide injury than the water-related indices （water index and normalized difference water index） and normalized difference vegetation index. Finally, the sensitivity of NSRI to stripe rust in winter wheat was examined, yielding a determination coefficient of 0.61, which is more significant than normalized difference vegetation index （NDVI）, water index （WI） and normalized difference water index （NDWI）, with a determination coefficient of 0.45, 0.36 and 0.13, respectively. In this study, all experimental results demonstrated that NSRI will increase with internal leaf structure deterioration, and it is also a sensitive spectral index for herbicide injury or stripe rust in winter wheat.     

麦田除草剂药害诊断及对产量的影响研究

对青海省春小麦田常用6种除草剂进行药害症状诊断研究。2,4-D丁酯、氯氟吡氧乙酸两种除草剂高量的倍量处理区小麦药害等级达到4级,其余4种除草剂各处理小麦药害在3级以下。结果表明,在青海省土壤气候条件下,6种除草剂的药害发生情况不严重,对小麦产量影响较小。     

青少年网瘾的成因与对策

网瘾对青少年的危害巨大,应引起少儿工作者、家长、学校、社会等各方面足够的重视。文章从网瘾的概念、定义谈起,对网瘾的外在表现和网瘾的类型进行分析,阐述了网瘾对青少年的危害,剖析了青少年网瘾的成因,提出了有效戒除青少年网瘾的对策,最后介绍了如何利用少儿图书馆正确引导青少年上网,预防其上网成瘾。     

抗药性杂草产生原因及治理策略

分析了长时间或多次使用一类或一种除草剂及使用作用靶标相同的除草剂致使杂草抗药性产生的原因,同时指出除草剂和杂草的特性也对杂草的抗性产生影响。提出了治理杂草抗性的措施：以预防为主,多种手段相结合的方式延缓和治理杂草抗药性的产生。     

An economic evaluation of site-specific herbicide application

The objective of this study was to determine if site-specific application of postemergence herbicide was economically viable with current technologies. This objective was accomplished by: developing an algorithm that determined the economic optimal postemergence herbicide rate; creating models to determine the impact that postemergence herbicide rate has on yield; and determining whether site-specific application of postemergence herbicide has greater net returns than those from a uniform application of postemergence herbicide. Weed species identification and population counts were done on a regular grid in five fields across Kansas. A decision algorithm was developed to determine the economic optimal rate of postemergence herbicide for each grid cell. The site-specific herbicide rate and four standard herbicide rates [0, 0.5, 0.75, and full (1×) label rate] were applied according to a split-plot design. Weed population observations made three weeks after application showed that the site-specific treatment controlled the weeds present in the fields. Production functions developed to determine whether postemergence herbicide rate had an impact on yield showed that it had a positive, yet statistically insignificant, effect on yield. The difference in estimated net returns between applications of site-specific rate and uniform full-label rate covered all of the costs associated with site-specific application of postemergence herbicide. The margin between the estimated net returns for site-specific and uniform application of the economic optimal rate covered only a portion of the costs associated with site-specific application of postemergence herbicide.